Answers 050 Meteorology BRISTOL

050 Meteorology
(2H30/90 Questions)
Question n 1 - ID 1566
It decreases.
Remark :
Flying from south to north in the southern hemisphere meansthat on crossing the polar front the aircraft will go from the cold air mass(polar
maritime) to the warm air mass (tropical maritime). At FL400 theaircraft will be above the tropopause. The tropopause in the warm air will
behigher and colder than the tropopause in the cold air so the aircraft will notea decrease in temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 2 - ID 0
Yes, between ground level and 3000 FT/AGL.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 3 - ID 1774
downdraught of a cumulonimbus at the mature stage.
Remark :
It is a violent downdraught in the mature stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 4 - ID 12836
tropical air.
Remark :
Tropical maritime.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 5 - ID 13599
Whenever the sky is obscured by fog or heavy precipitation and the height of the cloud base cannot be measured.
Remark :
The observer can only report what he can see; if he cantsee clouds or sky he reports how far he can see upwards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 6 - ID 14264
ice pellets;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 7 - ID 2179
Coriolis force
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 8 - ID 2607
Refer to Image in Pop-up Window
Remark :
Note the chart shows the situation at 1500Z and the TAFstarts at 1300Z. At 1300Z the station is experiencing gusty SW windsassociated with
thunderstorms embedded in other cloud which indicates anapproaching cold front. The BECMG 1416 indicates the passage of the coldfront
and typical polar maritime airmass weather.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 9 - ID 10871
Stratocumulus.
Remark :
Layers but not flat.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 10 - ID 4190
QFE = 995 hPa, elevation = 1600 FT (488m)
Remark :
1000 + (1200 27) =1000 + 44.4 = 1044.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 11 - ID 12801
50 to 200 NM behind the cold front and 300 to 450 NM ahead of the warm front
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 12 - ID 10850
With a warm front.
Remark :
The core of the jet (greatest speed) is at approximatelyFL330. The direction of the core is from 310T. With a typical northernhemisphere
frontal system the cold front jet is from the south west and thewarm front jet is from the north west.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 13 - ID 1219
AS, AC.
Remark :
Alto = medium.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 14 - ID 12842
setting the altimeter to standard sea level pressure.
Remark :
It is the indicated altitude with 1013.2hPa set
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 15 - ID 64
It promotes vertical wind shear.
Remark :
An inversion means very stable conditions and, therefore,poor visibility.   However, itdoes produce wind shear between different
levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 16 - ID 4103
a change of horizontal wind direction and/or speed with height
Remark :
Along much of its length, where the converging surface windsbring moisture, there will be a great deal of Cb activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 17 - ID 2549
AS
Remark :
Alto = medium
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 18 - ID 4253
It is a cold and very strong wind that blows mainly in winter from a tableland downwards to the Adriatic
Remark :
With the airframe at a temperature below 0C when it climbsinto warmer, moister air there will be sublimation and the formation of hoarfrost.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 19 - ID 10874
31 000 FT
Remark :
The polar front jet is at approximately 30,000ft and that isjust above the cold air tropopause and just below the warm air tropopause; i.e.at mean
tropopause height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 20 - ID 1556
14100 FT.
Remark :
You are in warmer than ISA air so your altimeter will be underreading, this makes your true altitude 15,000ft x 1.5 x 4% = 900ft
So you are really flying at 15,900ft, but as you have to be at 15,000ft to beat the minimum recommended flight altitude you can fly that 900ft
lower thanthe stated 15,900ft which will give you an indicated altitude of 14,100ft butin reality you are at 15,000ft, only convert from a FL if they
specifyyou are at a FL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 21 - ID 10925
frontal fog and advection fog
Remark :
Frontal fog in front and advection fog behind
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 22 - ID 1548
16230 FT.
Remark :
You need to be at a true altitude of 15,000ft above the QNHdatum,1003hPa. The difference between standard pressure (1013hPa) and
QNH(1003hPa) is 10hPa and at 30ft/hPa this is equivalent to 300ft. This meansthat we need to be at 15,300ft above the 1013hPa pressure
datum. Thedifference between pressure altitude and true altitude is 4ft per thousand perdegree of temperature deviation; 4 x 15.3 x -15 =
918ft. We need to be at anindicated pressure altitude of 15,270 + 942 = 16,218ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 23 - ID 1276
0-7N.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 24 - ID 4055
from the water in daytime and from the land at night
Remark :
the question describes the ideal conditions for land and seabreezes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 25 - ID 4197
tens of metres
Remark :
Incredibly heavy precipitation gives very poor visibility.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 26 - ID 0
1 to 5 minutes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 27 - ID 2517
The true altitude will be higher at A than at B
Remark :
The question says this is an upper air contour chart, whichgives the height of upper pressure levels derived from both msl pressure andairmass
temperature. The tag "London" tells you it is northernhemisphere and the wind arrow tells you that the low contours are on the leftof
the arrow (Buys Ballot's law)
If you track back along the contours you find A is on a higher contour linethan B, so true height, which is what contours show, is higher at A.
Flying "on the contour chart" means you are flying at a constantpressure level, 500mb, 300mb or whatever the chart is drawn for.
The altimetersetting given, 1013.2, is irrelevant. If you fly at a constant pressuresetting, whatever it is, toward low contours you are going down,
toward highcontours, up.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 28 - ID 0
SN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 29 - ID 12853
-75C
Remark :
The tropopause is higher and colder at the Equator (tropics)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 30 - ID 1202
The temperature to which a mass of air must be cooled in order to reach saturation.
Remark :
Further cooling results incondensation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 31 - ID 2130
a lower rate than in dry air, as evaporation absorbs heat.
Remark :
Relative humidity will change if moisture is added to ortaken from the air mass or if the temperature changes. If temperatureincreases, RH
decreases and if temperature decreases, RH increases
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 32 - ID 12843
occasionally observed, in the average 12 per year.
Remark :
They are occasionally observed but less than 12 a year onaverage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 33 - ID 230
mature stage.
Remark :
The phenomenon is caused bycold downdrafts coming out of the bottom of the cloud meeting warm air beingsucked into the
cloud.   Thiswill only happen during the mature stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 34 - ID 13690
Winter: OVC, base 500 FT/AGL; summer: SCT, base 3000 FT/AGL.
Remark :
Winter: limited heating during the day will raise the cloudbase slightly. Summer: more heating will raise the cloud base and dissipatesome of
the cloud. The relatively high pressure (1028hPa) and light windsindicate anticyclonic conditions with stable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 35 - ID 12806
When the visibility decreases below 1500 m.
Remark :
ICAO recommendation: Runway visual range observationsshould be made, and the runway visual range reported, throughout periods
wheneither the horizontal visibility or the runway visual range is observed to beless than 1,500m.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 36 - ID 10931
30 or 40
Remark :
Only 30% or 40% risk factors are used.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 37 - ID 13829
An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 38 - ID 4134
true north
Remark :
The freezing level is at 9,000ft. At 10,000 it is ISA-3C. Between 16,000ft and 18,000ft the lapse rate is C/1,000ft;
absolutelystable. Apart from sea level the air is warmer than ISA throughout.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 39 - ID 2128
is almost constant
Remark :
The lower part of the stratosphere is isothermal and theupper part is an inversion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 40 - ID 1688
-45C
Remark :
The significant weather chart shows the tropopause atapproximately FL300.   AboveFL300 there will be an isothermal layer in the
bottom half of thestratosphere.   The upper windand temperature chart shows the temperature at FL390 as -45C so it will be
thesame at FL330.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 41 - ID 10897
50%
Remark :
5,500m = 18,000ft. The pressure at 18,000ft is 500hPawhich is half the pressure at sea level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 42 - ID 1089
increasing surface wind speed.
Remark :
Increasing wind will create aturbulence layer and fog or mist at the surface will lift to form a layer ofcloud as the surface temperature increases
and the temperature at the top ofthe turbulence layer decreases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 43 - ID 12732
turbulence.
Remark :
Lenticular cloud is the classic visible indication ofmountain waves. The associated turbulence occurs close to the surface, not athigh
levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 44 - ID 1265
Decreasing temperatures.
Remark :
                    &n
bsp;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 45 - ID 13694
Advection of maritime cold air over a warm sea surface.

Remark :
Cold air over an extensive warm sea surface gives themoisture, instability and trigger required for a thunderstorm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 46 - ID 2507
FL300
Remark :
The ones worth rememberingare:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 47 - ID 10937
Trade winds.
Remark :
Consistent winds the sailing ships relied on.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 48 - ID 13650
050/10
Remark :
Surface friction in the northern hemisphere will make thesurface wind back & slack compared to the free-flow wind so we arelooking for a
direction less than 050 and a speed of less than 15kts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 49 - ID 3484
Altocumulus and altostratus.
Remark :
Cirrus will not give icing and cumulonimbus will givemoderate to severe icing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 50 - ID 1561
It decreases.
Remark :
If you cross below the jet stream in thenorthern hemisphere and you are flying from south to north, then you are flyingfrom the warm subtropical
air into the colder polar air so the temperature willdecrease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 51 - ID 2245
More than 1018 hPa
Remark :
Warm QNH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 52 - ID 13658
Because the surface temperature increases.
Remark :
Warming the air reduces humidity and dissipates cloud
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 53 - ID 4194
Direction relative to true north and speed in knots
Remark :
Everything the met man tells you is true and we work inknots.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 54 - ID 4181
no low drifting snow is present
Remark :
ICAO Annex 3 Chapter 4 para 4.13.2. states:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 55 - ID 1207
When temperature increases, the relative humidity decreases, and the dewpoint remains constant.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 56 - ID 5535
half an hour after sunrise
Remark :
There is a lime lag between incoming insolation andatmospheric temperature which means that the air temperature continues to fallfor about
half an hour after sunrise.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 57 - ID 13611
atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity.
Remark :
The key word is directly. A radio-sonde can be used tomeasure wind but only if it is tracked by a ground radar.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 58 - ID 12859
900 feet
Remark :
Although the cloud base is 3 to 4 oktas at 1,500 ft therewill be temporary deteriorations between 1100hrs and 1800hrs where the cloudbase
comes down to 900 ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 59 - ID 4080
horizontal pressure gradient
Remark :
With the geostophic wind associatedwith straight, parallel isobars the pressure gradient force (PGF) is balancedby coriolis force.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 60 - ID 1580
The north-south horizontal temperature gradient at the polar front
Remark :
The polar front jets stream is a thermal wind caused by thetemperature differences in two air masses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 61 - ID 449
Mainly towering clouds
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 62 - ID 1998
A METAR signifies the actual weather report at an aerodrome and is generally issued in half-hourly intervals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 63 - ID 1589
Average horizontal visibility more than 1000 m; nil icing.
Remark :
No icing in cirrus (its already ice) and it isnt densecloud so reasonable visibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 64 - ID 13821
Flight with headwind toward high ground is likely to be more hazardous than flight with tailwind toward high ground
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 65 - ID 1769
ONH rounded down to the nearest hPa.
Remark :
QNH rounded down.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 66 - ID 2503
High
Remark :
300hPa = FL300. ISA = +15 - (2 x 30) = -45C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 67 - ID 13605
Stratiform clouds.
Remark :
The general characteristics are poor visibility andstratiform cloud. Fair weather cumulus will only form if there isconsiderable convective lifting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 68 - ID 63
The same as the starting temperature.
Remark :
It goes upcooling at the DALR and comes down warming at the DALR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 69 - ID 10943
260710 kt
Remark :
Coldocclusion
+9C
+5C
+6C

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 70 - ID 1767
1500 FT.
Remark :
Its in the TEMPO; 1,500ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 71 - ID 14261
lower than 63 knots and the air is descending;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 72 - ID 13603
Moderate to severe icing due to clear ice.
Remark :
Large SCWDs at -6C = moderate to severe clear ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 73 - ID 1221
Ice crystals.
Remark :
High level cloudis made up of ice crystals, medium level cloud is a mixture of ice crystals andliquid water droplets and low cloud is liquid water
droplets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 74 - ID 12860
3.0C/1000FT
Remark :
3C/1,000ft or 1C/100m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 75 - ID 2563
Moderate
Remark :
Light = not necessary, moderate = desirable, severe =essential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 76 - ID 1692
8 km
Remark :
The visibility isgenerally more than 10km but, between 1600hrs and 2000hrs it could temporarilyreduce to 8km.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20000 FT.
Remark :
The arctic jet at20,000ft, the polar front jet at 30,000ft and the subtropical jet at 40,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 78 - ID 2717
OFE and QNH decrease.
Remark :
As the warm front approaches surface pressure decreases. As the warm sector passes through surface pressure is stable. Once the
coldfront has passed through pressure will increase.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 79 - ID 1771
942 hPa.
Remark :
1411 27 = 52.3hPa. 994 52.3 = 941.7hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 80 - ID 13657
steaming fog.
Remark :
Cold air to warm surface = advection cooling = steaming fog(arctic or sea smoke). Warm air to cold surface = advection warming =advection
fog
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 81 - ID 13569
poor visibility in mist and drizzle
Remark :
In the middle of the warm sector we would expect toexperience typical tropical maritime conditions; low stratus, poor visibilityand drizzle.
the summer the cloud may lift and may even disperse but inthe winter the cloud base would remain low over the land.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 82 - ID 4025
Unsaturated parcels cool more rapidly than saturated parcels
Remark :
The DALR is greater than the SALR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 83 - ID 1209
It must decrease to +5*C.
Remark :
Unless the temperature gets down to +5C the air will not besaturated. NB it must decrease TO +5C, not BY +5C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 84 - ID 13814
polar air and arctic air.
Remark :
The arctic front involves arctic air and polar air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 85 - ID 2007
Probability of 30%.
Remark :
"PROB30" means that there is a 30% risk(probability) of these weather conditions occurring.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 86 - ID 2593
+FZRA
Remark :
Freezing rain will deposit ice on the runway.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In
CI
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 88 - ID 1997
Frontal thunderstorms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 89 - ID 13730
1,98C per 1000 FT up to 36090 FT after which it rema ins constant to 65617 FT
Remark :
1,98C per 1000 FT (6.5C/1,000m) up to 36090 FT after whichit remains constant at -56.5C to 65617 FT (20 km) and will then increase
at0,3C per 1000 FT up to 164,000 FT (50 km).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 90 - ID 10973
Advection of cold air over a warm sea
Remark :
Cold air over a warm surface can give convective lifting
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 91 - ID 13663
Between FL 120 and FL 60.
Remark :
The most serious accumulation of airframe ice occurs attemperatures just below 0C. Freezing level is at FL60 so between FL60 andFL120
the temperature range is 0C to -12C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 92 - ID 1228
Moderate.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 93 - ID 12841
high pressure systems over land.
Remark :
Radiation fog can only form over land and high pressurefives clear skies and light wind required for radiation fog to form
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 94 - ID 2250
1000 hPa
Remark :
__________________ QFE 990hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 95 - ID 0
are supercooled
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 96 - ID 13572
SC
Remark :
In the middle of the warm sector we would expect toexperience typical tropical maritime conditions; low stratus, poor visibilityand, possibly,
drizzle. In the summer the cloud may lift to givestratocumulus and may even disperse but in the winter the cloud base wouldremain low over
the land.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 97 - ID 2511
More than 1016 hPa
Remark :
_______________________________________Aerodromeelevation (QFE)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 98 - ID 4151
nocturnal radiation
Remark :
Air close to the surface is cooled significantly but the airabove it isnt and the surface temperature falls below the temperature of theair above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 99 - ID 2581
col
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 100 - ID 4165
absolutely stable
Remark :
Isothermal = lapse rate 0C/1,000ft, which is stable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 101 - ID 10911
slack pressure gradient and clear skies result in relatively high land temperatures
Remark :
A slack pressure gradient means that there is no othersurface wind flow. High land temperatures and low sea temperatures producethe sea
breeze.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 102 - ID 13708
Cumuliform clouds, large water droplets, temperatures between CTC and -15*C. Appears smooth and tends to spread back over an aircraft
wing.
Remark :
Large supercooled water droplets which partially freeze on impactwith the remaining liquid then spreading over the airframe before freezing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 103 - ID 1105
Altocumulus lenticularis
Remark :
Lenticular cloud = standingwaves = turbulence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 104 - ID 1559
He turns back before the aircraft loses manoeuvrability.
Remark :
Descending from2,000ft agl hoping that the freezing level is far enough above ground level isrisky.   Climbing into coldair means
you will not lose the ice and continuing means a dangerous build-upof ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 105 - ID 10926
cold high pressure area
Remark :
low upper air temperatures push
300hPa contour down
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 106 - ID 10965
A mild moist airstream flowing over colder surfaces with the wind speed less than 15 kt
Remark :
As wind speed increases there is more likelihood ofturbulence cloud forming.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 107 - ID 14265
It is present at latitudes higher than about 15 degrees north/south.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 108 - ID 2525
45 km/h
Remark :
(25nm x 6080) 2380 = 45km or
CRP5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 109 - ID 3727
varies with time
Remark :
The ELR can be any value at any time
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 110 - ID 2533
Just below the tropopause
Remark :
The strongest winds in this area are the polar frontjetstreams which are just below the warm air tropopause
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 111 - ID 1208
It decreases.
Remark :
As air descends temperature increases and RH decreases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 112 - ID 10918
air temperature and dew point are equal or close to one another
Remark :
High humidity is needed
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 113 - ID 10946
5000 feet
Remark :
By 2200 and after CAVOK will apply which means no cloudbelow 1,500m (5,000ft) or below the highest minimum sector altitude, whicheveris
greater, and no cumulonimbus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 114 - ID 13669
mostly before the front passes.
Remark :
The low cloud and continuous rain is ahead of the warmfront. Once the surface front has passed through the warm sector conditionsare more
settled.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 115 - ID 1216
Convection.
Remark :
Convective lifting, unstableair and moisture.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 116 - ID 0
Stratified clouds
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 117 - ID 1590
A marked increase in wind velocity near the ground
Remark :
A decent wind will lift the fog to form low stratus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 118 - ID 1766
6 km.
Remark :
It will generally be more than 10 km but it could go down to6km temporarily.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25014KT4500 SHRASCT015 BKN025CB 25/24 Q1006 NOSIG=
Remark :
In July the ITCZ will be to the North and the SW monsoonwill be influencing the weather in Bombay.
There would be a SW windbringing
considerable thunderstorm activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 120 - ID 2560
It will be increasing.
Remark :
As the warm sector goes through the pressure is stable butjust before the cold front arrives there is a marked drop in surfacepressure. Once
the front has passed pressure begins to rise. This is shownon the altimeter as an increase in reading shortly before the front
passesthrough.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 121 - ID 5028
NE monsoon
Remark :
In January the ITCZ will be to the South and the NE monsoonwill be influencing the weather in Bombay.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 122 - ID 4156
clear ice
Remark :
Large supercooled water droplets at a temperature only justbelow freezing is a perfect recipe for clear ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 123 - ID 1092
From the left and slightly on the nose
Remark :
Remember, in the southernhemisphere the air circulates clockwise around a low and surface frictioncauses the wind to veer and
decrease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 124 - ID 1570
Visibility 400 m, RVR for runway 16 1000 m with no distinct tendency, dew point -2*C, freezing fog.
Remark :
The visibility is 400metres, becoming 2,000 metres. RVR on runway 14 is more than 1,500 metres, RVRon runway 16 is 1,000
metres.  Vertical visibility is 300 feet in freezing fog.   Temperature -2C, dew point -2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 125 - ID 1992
500 m.
Remark :
BECMG 2124 means that this permanent change will begin tohappen after 2100Z and will be complete by 2400Z.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 126 - ID 2528
The average speed of the previous 10 minutes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 127 - ID 12832
Aircraft may be out of control for short periods, occupants are forced violently against seat belts, loose objects are tossed about.
Remark :
Severe turbulence causes large, abrupt changes in altitudeand/or attitude. Aircraft may be temporarily out of control. Occupants areforced
violently against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects aretossed about. Food service and walking are impossible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 128 - ID 1600
Fair weather CU
Remark :
The warm sector is inevitably moist stable tropical maritimeair which gives stratus and, possibly, drizzle. However, in summer months
theadditional heating tends to disperse the stratus and the odd fair weathercumulus can be seen. Because the air is stable there will not be
significantcumulus cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 129 - ID 12803
Between the "horse latitudes" and the doldrums.
Remark :
The horse latitudes are the areas of sub-tropical highpressure with very light surface winds. The trade winds are the consistentsurface winds
blowing between the sub-tropical high pressure and the equatoriallow pressure (the doldrums).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 130 - ID 10900
good and the precipitation is showers.
Remark :
Moist unstable polar maritime air gives good visibility,cumulus cloud and showers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 131 - ID 10979
Significant weather chart
Remark :
The 500hPa and 700hPa charts are used for winds andtemperatures and the surface chart shows isobars and fronts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 132 - ID 2543
2
Remark :
Lens shaped.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 133 - ID 1273
Cloud cover mostly scattered, isolated showers.
Remark :
Typical polarmaritime weather.   Moistunstable air giving good visibility, cumulus cloud and showers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 134 - ID 10924
close to the core on the side facing the polar air
Remark :
It is in the warm (tropical) air but on the cold air side ofthe core and level with the jet core.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 135 - ID 4255
Rime ice.
Remark :
The question gives a good description of the formation ofrime ice. Hoar frost would not be confined to the leading edges.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 136 - ID 1258
Shortly after sunrise.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 137 - ID 1254
The southern Balkan region and the Near East.
Remark :
Southern Italy and southern France lie in the path of thisair mass.   The source isNorth Africa and the Near East (includes
Egypt/Libya) are the best on offer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 138 - ID 5000
greater than the geostrophic wind
Remark :
The gradient wind is high round a high and low round a lowcompared to the geostrphic wind because of centrifugal force
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 139 - ID 1285

Convergence with lifting.
Remark :
Convergence caused by the alignment of the isobars whichresults in lifting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 140 - ID 1359
OCNLCB.
Remark :
ISOL = individual, OCNL = well separated, FRQ = little or noseparation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 141 - ID 13610
ice crystals, water droplets and supercooled water droplets
Remark :
All three are present
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 142 - ID 12794
Cooling by the underlying surface.
Remark :
Increasing stability means a decreasing lapse rate which canbe achieved by warming the upper air or cooling the lower air
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 143 - ID 5020
June to October and are called cyclones
Remark :
In the Bay of Bengal they are called cyclones and TRSsalways occur summer into autumn.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 144 - ID 3736
ONH can be lower as well as higher than 1013.25 hPa
Remark :
The QNH is sea level pressure and normally within the range950 hPa to 1050hPa but it can be any value within that range.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 145 - ID 5001
Azores, SE USA, SW Europe
Remark :
There is predominantly low pressure overIceland/Greenland/NE Canada.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 146 - ID 13562
Remark :
In this square, above 7,000ft but below 18,000, you willfind medium level cloud (alto) and embedded cumuliform cloud. There will notbe high
cloud (CS) or low cloud (ST or SC).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 147 - ID 4064
in association with radiation inversions
Remark :
Surface inversions are invariably accompanied with windshear and turbulence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 148 - ID 5018
Because there is a maximum of humidity as a result of the trade winds long sea passage
Remark :
Their formation requires high humidity and high sea surfacetemperatures.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 km
Remark :
5km is FL165.   The pressure at FL180 is 500hPa– less than half the pressure at mean sea
level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 150 - ID 4070
the coriolis force tends to balance with the horizontal pressure gradient force
Remark :
The horizontalpressure gradient force is caused partly by differences in surface pressure(which gives the free flow wind) and partly by
temperature differences (whichgives the thermal wind component).  This horizontal pressure gradient causes air to move but the
movement isaffected by coriolis force.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 151 - ID 1613
Between-2C and-15C
Remark :
The most severe clear ice occurs at temperatures just below0C when there is least ice forming on impact with the SCWD and maximum
liquidflowing back over the airframe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 152 - ID 10950
9000 metres
Remark :
BECMG 1314 9000 means that between 1300hrs and 1400hrs thevisibility will change to 9,000m. The change will not start until after1300hrs
but will be complete by 1400hrs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 153 - ID 4136
intersects the CTC isotherm twice
Remark :
In order to intersect the 0C isotherm twice there must bewarm air above cold air. This occurs at a warm front and is where rain icewill be
encountered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 154 - ID 1986
In the wall of clouds around the eye.
Remark :
Anywhere in theeye of the storm is calm but as soon as you hit that wall of cloud the troublestarts and goes out to about 800km typically.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 155 - ID 132
At standard temperature.
Remark :
Density altitude is only thesame as pressure altitude in standard atmosphere conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 156 - ID 4193
300 - 200 hPa
Remark :
The tropopause is higher over the Equator and lower over thePoles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 157 - ID 4187
value representative of the touchdown zone
Remark :
The touchdown value is always given. On automated systemsthe mid-point and stop-end values may be given, subject to system parameters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 158 - ID 2337
freezing rain occurs at a higher altitude
Remark :
Ice pellets are frozen raindrops as opposed to hail which is ice formed within the cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 159 - ID 4083
is perpendicular to the horizontal pressure gradient force
Remark :
The geostrophic wind is a movement of air parallel to theisobars and, therefore, perpendicular to the pressure gradient force
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 160 - ID 1358
60 minutes.
Remark :
A TEMPO lasts forno more than one hour on any one occasion and the total time spent in thoseconditions will not add up to more than half the
period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 161 - ID 4067
straight lines and no friction is involved.
Remark :
The only forces acting on the air are pressure gradientforce and coriolis (geostrophic) force: no centrifugal force (curved isobars)or surface
friction
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 162 - ID 10891
BR = mist HZ = haze
Remark :
BR = brouillard is French for mist and HZ = haze which isa reduction in visibility due to solid particles in the atmosphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 163 - ID 1775
length of runway which a pilot in an aircraft on the ground would see, on the threshold of runway 23.
Remark :
RVR isspecifically the visibility down the runway from the
threshold.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 164 - ID 13732
the north-west Pacific, affecting Japan, Taiwan, Korea and the Chinese coastline.
Remark :
Most common in the China Sea.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 165 - ID 1279
March to May and October to November.
Remark :
The rain is associated with the ITCZ which follows the sunand the sun crosses the Equator at the equinoxes in March and September.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 166 - ID 2010
This phenomenon is absolutely normal as you are crossing the jet core.
Remark :
If you stay in the same air mass the temperature will remainconstant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 167 - ID 1587
ST
Remark :
Alto = medium level and cirro = high level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 168 - ID 239
The direction is relative to true north and the speed is in knots.
Remark :
Everything that the Met. mantells you is true and the speed is in knots.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 169 - ID 1098
The pressure at field elevation
Remark :
The pressure of the altimeter = rubbish, The pressurereduced to sea level using actual temperatures = QFF and The pressurereduced to
sea level using ISA temperatures = QNH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 170 - ID 2534
22030KT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 171 - ID 228
Spring, summer.
Remark :
Tornadoes aretriggered by very large cumulonimbus cloud and to get these clouds we need theoptimum combination of moist, unstable air and
convective lifting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 172 - ID 1684
Position B.FL 270.
Remark :
Cumulonimbus is very unlikely in the warm sector (A) orimmediately ahead of a warm front (D). It is also unlikely immediately aheadof an
occlusion (C). However, it is quite likely to form in the polarmaritime air behind the cold front and the significant weather area at Bindicates
embedded Cb up to FL270.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 173 - ID 13810
the sky is clear and the wind is weak
Remark :
Clear sky means lower minimum and higher maximumtemperatures. Weak wind retains the same air mass without turbulence mixing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 174 - ID 4131
neither added nor lost
Remark :
Heat energy is neither added or lost. Adiabatic changes intemperature are a response to changes in pressure and density
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 175 - ID 2251
-30C
Remark :
+15 - (2 x 30) = +15- 60 = -45C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 176 - ID 10913
terrestrial radiation on a calm clear night
Remark :
Terrestrial radiation cools the air at and close to thesurface but, with calm conditions (no mixing) the air above the surface remainswarm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 177 - ID 2716
at the top of a marked surface-based inversion.
Remark :
Wind shear occurswhen there is a dramatic change in wind direction and/or speed.   Within an inversion the wind canbe doing
something quite different from the wind above the inversion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 178 - ID 2583
Depression
Remark :
From the wind direction at Zurich we know that D is a centreof low pressure (anticlockwise in northern hemisphere) which means that C is
aridge of high pressure, A is a trough of low pressure and B is a col.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 179 - ID 235
Thunderstorms and rain.
Remark :
An easterly waveis a very active trough with a line of thunderstorms aligned N/S moving E/W.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 180 - ID 4071
higher if curvature is anticyclonic
Remark :
The gradient wind is high round a high and low round a low.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 181 - ID 12858
500 FT
Remark :
TEMPO 1018 introduces temporary deteriorations with 3 or 4oktas base 500ft between 1000hrs and 1800hrs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 182 - ID 5544
altocumulus lenticularis.
Remark :
Lenticular cloud is the classic indication of standing waves
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 183 - ID 1625
VRB01KT8000 SCT250 11/10 Q1028 BECMG 3000 BR =
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 184 - ID 2559
It will have decreased.
Remark :
As a warm from approaches surface pressure falls, it isstable during the passage of the warm sector but rises after the cold front hasgone
through. As pressure rises the reading on the altimeter decreases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 185 - ID 2587
Symbol a)
Remark :
a = severe line squall, b = widespread haze, c = tropicalrevolving storm,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 186 - ID 13693
201850Z 15003KT6000 SCT120 05/04 01032 BECMG 1600 BR=
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 187 - ID 1597
Warm air overrides a cold air mass
Remark :
The warm, less dense, air over-rides the cold, denser, air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 188 - ID 1362
Remark :
At the surface dew point = temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 189 - ID 3716
part of the atmosphere below the tropopause
Remark :
The bottom layer of the atmosphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 190 - ID 225
On a mast 6-10 m above the runway.
Remark :
The intention isto give a good idea of the wind which will be experienced by aircraft landingand taking off.    Onemetre above
the runway would be a hazard to the aforementioned aircraft!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 191 - ID 10914
cloud-free nights in winter when the ground is dry
Remark :
Terrestrial radiation cools the air at and close to thesurface but, with calm conditions (no mixing) the air above the surface
remainswarm. Cloudy conditions impede radiation. The summer/winter and groundwet/dry are there to add confusion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 192 - ID 3717
temperature ceases to fall with increasing height
Remark :
Temperature decreases with altitude up to the tropopause andabove the tropopause there is an isothermal layer
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 193 - ID 1989
Wind direction.
Remark :
The sub-tropical,polar front and arctic jets are all westerly but the equatorial jet is aneasterly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 194 - ID 10972
Subtropical jet stream / polar front jet stream.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 195 - ID 10861
6146 FT
Remark :
At B: QNH 1016 - Set 968 = 48hPa x 27 = 1296 ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 196 - ID 2708
A warm front passed the station early in the morning and a cold front during late afternoon
Remark :
At 0450Z the wind is from the SW, the station has low cloudand heavy rain; typical of an approaching warm front. By 0650Z the wind
hasveered, the rain has stopped, the temperature and dew point have bothincreased; all of these factors indicate that a warm front has passed
throughthe station. As we go through the day the temperature builds to a maximum of24C at 1450Z, the cloud dissipates and the visibility
improves but the winddirection is fairly consistent. This indicates a normal diurnal variation inthe same air mass; i.e. the passage of the warm
sector. After 1450Z we seethe thunderstorms and heavy rain associated with a cold front. By 1850Z thewind has veered and the
temperature and dew point dropped indicating thecompleted passage of the cold front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 197 - ID 1569
The RVR is unknown, because the "NOSIG" does not refer to RVR.
Remark :
NOSIG means thatthere will be no significant change to the overall situation.   At 0750Z the prevailingvisibility was 300m and the
RVR was 700m so by 0900Z the RVR could go up ordown but the overall situation will not change significantly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 198 - ID 10887
in continental interiors in middle latitudes
Remark :
There is more convective lifting over the land than over thesea and larger hailstones will form in Cb over the land because of the
extralifting. However, because the freezing level is so high in equatorialregions, hailstones do not normally reach the ground.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Advection fog
Remark :
Warm moist air mass moving over a cold surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 200 - ID 2585
Symbol c)
Remark :
a = severe line squall, b = widespread haze, c = tropicalrevolving storm,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 201 - ID 10943
The air ahead of the associated warm front is less cold than the air behind the associated cold front
Remark :
Coldocclusion
+9C
+5C
+6C

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 202 - ID 2544
4
Remark :
Capillatus indicates that the cloud has a cap or anvil.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 203 - ID 2047
Looking downstream, the area to the left of the core.
Remark :
The CAT is found in the warmair, level with and just below the core of the jet but on the cold air side ofthe jet.   If you have
yourback to the wind the CAT will be on your left.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 204 - ID 4030
moisture content and temperature of the air
Remark :
Relative humidity depends on moisture content andtemperature of the air
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 205 - ID 4267
Aircraft made by composite material may get severe damage, the crew may be blinded and temporarily lose the hearing.
Remark :
Any aircraft, whatever the construction, may be struck bylightning and there may be structural damage. Occupants may suffer from
flashblindness and temporary loss of hearing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 206 - ID 0
Moist air over land during clear night with little wind
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 207 - ID 4143
an ascending parcel of air continues to rise to a considerable height.
Remark :
It is only in an ISA atmosphere that the ELR will be 1.98degrees/1000ft or 6.5 degrees per km (0.65 degrees per 100m). On any given daythe
ELR varies quite a lot and is very seldom ISA.
The DALR is always fixed at 3 degrees/1000ft or 9.8 degrees per km (0.98degrees per 100m), and in our latitudes we accept the SALR as
being fixed at1.8 degrees/1000ft or 6 degrees per km (0.6 degrees per 100m).
As it is not the DALR or the SALR it can only be an ELR on a day that is notISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 208 - ID 2174
Surface friction
Remark :
Coriolis causes the free-flow wind to be parallel to theisobars but surface friction makes the surface wind back & slack in thenorthern
hemisphere (veer & slack in the southern hemisphere).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 209 - ID 10852
greater than both saturated adiabatic lapse rate and dry adiabatic lapse rate
Remark :
If the ELR is more than 3C/1,000ft the air is unstable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 210 - ID 10360
4485 FT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 211 - ID 12792
A cold front approaching a mountain range in the evening.
Remark :
The combination of frontal lifting and orographic liftingwill intensify thunderstorm activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 212 - ID 1259
500 FT.
Remark :
Radiation fog is not very thick; less than 1,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 213 - ID 4174
the polar air is below and to the east of the core of the jet
Remark :
In the northern hemisphere if you stand with your back tothe polar front jet (facing South) low pressure and low temperature will be onthe left
(East). The polar front jet is found in the warm air which is abovethe cold air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 214 - ID 3721
Water vapour
Remark :
Moisture causes all the phenomena we call weather.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 215 - ID 0
FL100
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 216 - ID 5027
SW monsoon
Remark :
In July the ITCZ will be to the North and the SW monsoonwill be influencing the weather in Bombay.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 217 - ID 1199
exceeds the dry adiabatic lapse rate
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 218 - ID 4084
frictional forces
Remark :
The pressure gradient will try to move the air from the high tothe low at the surface, but coriolis will deflect it to the right in thenorthern
hemisphere, so in theory, it will "neutralise" theconvergence.
With a low pressure system the pressure gradient is already in towards thecenter. Surface friction slows the flow and it turns across the isobars,
meaningthat you have more flow into the low, giving convergence and feeding theconvection.
With a high pressure system, the pressure gradient is away from the high, andsurface friction means more air is "sucked" from the
high, givingdivergence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 219 - ID 12824
19310ft
Remark :
1033 -1013 = 20hPax 30 = 600ft. Altitude in ISA conditions = 20,600ft.
FL200 ISA = +15C (2 x 20)
= -25C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 220 - ID 2550
Little or no cloud
Remark :
Radiation fog requires a moist atmosphere, clear skies,light winds and land cooling at night.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 221 - ID 13598
RVR RWY 24 right above 1500 metres.
Remark :
RVR RWY 24 right above (P) 1500 metres.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 222 - ID 13560
mean position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during July
Remark :
This is the July position of the ITCZ; Y shows the Januaryposition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 223 - ID 2006
5-7oktas,ceiling400FT.
Remark :
It is required when there is an unexpected (un-forecast)change in the weather and is required for improving as well as deterioratingconditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 224 - ID 1583
Relative humidity
Remark :
The absolute humidity is a measure of mass of water vapourper unit volume of air (grams per cubic metre) and mixing ration is a measureof
mass of water vapour per unit mass of air (grams per kilogram); these willnot change as temperature changes. The relative humidity is a
measure of thepercentage degree of saturation and this will change as temperature changes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 225 - ID 4066
If the wind is from the north you are gaining altitude
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 226 - ID 10951
Thunderstorms, showers of heavy rain.
Remark :
The SW monsoon brings moist unstable air from the IndianOcean.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 227 - ID 1264
Low cloud base and poor visibility.
Remark :
Warm fronts are not associated the thunderstorms or cumulus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 228 - ID 13563
AS
Remark :
In this square, above 7,000ft but below 18,000, you willfind medium level cloud (alto) but cumuliform cloud on a warm front isextremely unlikely.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 229 - ID 128

16 km
Remark :
The averageheight of the tropopause across the globe is 11km; lower at the poles andhigher at the equator, but 40km is far too
high.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 230 - ID 5014
Azores high and weak low over NE Canada
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 231 - ID 4163
absolutely unstable
Remark :
You are flying towards low pressure/low temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 232 - ID 4138
mainly in the form of freezing rain or freezing drizzle
Remark :
Usually associated with a warm from but it can be found neara cold front or even away from fronts Generally falls as rain or drizzlewhich then
freezes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 233 - ID 12854
Fog can be supercooled and can also contain ice crystals.
Remark :
A reduction in visibility due to moisture in the atmosphereis referred to as fog or mist but a reduction in visibility due to solidparticles is referred
to as haze. The moisture can be water droplets (whichmay be supercooled) or ice crystals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 234 - ID 4043
instability in the atmosphere
Remark :
Cumulus forms in unstable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 235 - ID 13654
there is no horizontal motion perpendicular to the front.
Remark :
stationary a. not moving, fixed (Collins Dictionary).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 236 - ID 2173
south and speed increases
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 237 - ID 10883
rise in temperature, rise in dew point temperature, wind veers and decreases
Remark :
On the passage of a warm front temperature and dew pointwill rise, pressure will stabilise and in the northern hemisphere the wind willveer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 238 - ID 2565
Light
Remark :
Light = de-icing system can cope, moderate = may have todivert, severe = must divert.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 239 - ID 13823

Normally atmospheric pressure stops falling rapidly behind a warm front, the air temperature rises.
Remark :
The warm sector is normally stable tropical maritime air;thunderstorms are unlikely in the warm sector or on the warm front. Pressurefalls as
the warm front approaches, is stable during the passage of the warmsector and rises after the passage of the cold front. Temperature rises
onthe passage of the warm front and falls on the passage of the cold front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 240 - ID 130
Greater than the density of the ISA at FL 180.
Remark :
At FL180 in astandard atmosphere, the temperature is (+15 – 2x18) = -21C. If the temperature is colder than ISA,the air will be
denser than ISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 241 - ID 12798
Heavy duststorm.
Remark :
A strong inversion near the surface might trigger awindshear warning, thick fog would be the subject of an aerodrome warning and
acontaminated runway surface would be detailed in the METAR. A SIGMET is awarning of hazardous weather phenomena for aircraft in flight.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 242 - ID 1363
The center of a tropopause "high", where the tropopause is at FL400.
Remark :
The centre of atropopause "high", where the tropopause is at FL 400.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 243 - ID 1271
Cold front.
Remark :
Coldfronts move faster than warm fronts and fronts move faster than occlusions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 244 - ID 10921
1,98C per 1000 FT up to 36090 FT after which it rema ins constant to 65617 FT
Remark :
1,98C per 1000 FT up to 36090 FT after which it rema insconstant at -56.6C to 65617 FT and will then rise at 0,3C per 1000 FT up to104,987
FT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 245 - ID 4024
warm air is advected in the upper part and cold air in the lower part
Remark :
With fog it is not really advectingand replacing the cold air, it is warm moist air mixing with cold air.
If you have warm aloft and cold air trapped below it, it will be stable,because if a parcel of air is forced to rise, it will be colder than the air itis
rising into, so the moment the trigger stops lifting it, it will sink backto the level it started from, because it is more dense.You have an inversion if
the temperature increases with height.
If you have cold advected at height, then you haveinstability. The parcel of air that is forced to rise will be warmer than thecold air, so it will
continue to rise after the trigger is removed. The lapserate is getting greater.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 246 - ID 3728
rc/ioom
Remark :
DALR = 3C/1,000FT or 1C/100m.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 247 - ID 13561
There are two wet seasons
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Height above ground or water of the lowest layer of cloud below 20000 ft covering more than half of the sky.
Remark :
ICAO definition: Ceiling: The height above the ground or waterof the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6,000m (20,000ft) covering
morethan half the sky.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 249 - ID 4266
The turbulence is a small scale one and can cause damage. The manoeuvring of the aircraft will be made more difficult or even impossible. For
the passengers the flight will be unpleasant.
Remark :
This is an example of a badly worded question and we wouldlike more detail of the wording if it comes up again. When they talk aboutsmall
scale or Large scale (waving) turbulence they appear to be referringto the oscillation frequency of the turbulence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 250 - ID 4060
horizontal pressure differences
Remark :
Wind is caused by pressure gradient force but modified bycoriolis and surface friction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 251 - ID 13463
On the polar air side of the core.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 252 - ID 2566
When gusts are at least 10 knots above the mean wind speed
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 253 - ID 233
Bands of intensive thunderstorms.
Remark :
Bands of intensivethunderstorms usually associated with surface troughs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 254 - ID 2595
23015KT 8000 BKN030 OVC070 17/14 01009 BECMG 4000 =
Remark :
Low cloud base, high RH, deteriorating visibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 255 - ID 12865
4 km
Remark :
The visibility will be generally 7km but temporarydeteriorations to 4km in blowing sand.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 256 - ID 4075
veers in the friction layer and veers above the friction layer
Remark :
Because of the density difference between the cold air andthe warm air, you will have a pressure difference as well, so you will have akink
(refraction) in the isobars at the frontal surface. The isobars will berefracted towards the low pressure. This occurs in all the layers affected
bythe front, so it will veer all the way from the surface to the top of thefront. The catch is in the first words of the question. At the approach of
awarm front . If there was a wind before the approach of the front, thenthe surface wind would have had backed in relation to the
freestream flow. Asthe warm front approached, because of the explanation above, both the surfacewind and the upper wind would have
veered. The angular difference between thesurface wind and the freestream flow will remain.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 257 - ID 1554
Severe mountain waves.

Remark :
A SIGMET is awarning issued to aircraft in flight about weather conditions en route. Severe mountain waves would be anaerodrome
warning; fog or a thunderstorm at an aerodrome would be reported inthe runway state group of the METAR and a sudden change in the
weatherconditions contained in the METAR would be a SPECI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 258 - ID 12795
DZ
Remark :
Drizzle is precipitation; sand, thunderstorms and squallsare not.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 259 - ID 12807
Volcanic ash.
Remark :
Snow and ice on the runway would be mentioned in the METAR,Thick fog would be in the METAR and the TAF. A strong temperature
inversionwarning at the surface might trigger a turbulence warning.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 260 - ID 2336
Freezing rain.
Remark :
If you ever have the misfortune to experience freezing rain(rain ice) you will know just how serious it is.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 261 - ID 10393
below the tropopause at about 200 hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 262 - ID 4068
turbulence at and below the cloud level
Remark :
There is some lifting action to create small cumulus but theair is too stable for thunderstorms. However, the air is not so stable thatvisibility will
be poor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 263 - ID 2524
660 feet.
Remark :
_______________________________
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 264 - ID 2523
1080 FT
Remark :
_______________________________
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 265 - ID 13827
The risk of fog is greater ahead of and behind the warm front than ahead of and behind the cold front.
Remark :
It is possible to have frontal fog ahead of the warm frontand advection fog behind the warm front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 266 - ID 1367
Position 3
Remark :
Thesystem will move in the direction of the inner two isobars in the warm sector.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 267 - ID 10878
surface wind speed tends to be highest during the mid afternoon
Remark :
Surface friction is greatest at night and least during theday
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 268 - ID 1674
Moderate turbulence, moderate icing
Remark :
Moderate turbulence and moderate icing between FL100 andFL210.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 269 - ID 2005
The new conditions are achieved between 1800 and 2100 UTC
Remark :
BECMG 1821 indicates a permanent change to weatherconditions which will begin after 1800hrs and be complete by 2100hrs.
can happen at any time between 1800 and 2100hrs and can happen quicklyor gradually.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thechange

10C colder than ISA.
Remark :
FL200 ISA = +15 - (2 x 20) = +15 - 40 = -25C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 271 - ID 13643
Greater than the density of the ISA at FL 180.
Remark :
FL180ISA = +15C (2 x 18)
= -21C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 272 - ID 233
When the visibility decreases below 1500 m.
Remark :
Bands of intensivethunderstorms usually associated with surface troughs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 273 - ID 2558
A warm front
Remark :
The halo around the moon is caused by the high cirrus. Thecirrus becomes alto stratus and then nimbo stratus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 274 - ID 4061
backs and decreases
Remark :
The effect of surface friction will make the wind back andslack in the northern hemisphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 275 - ID 1582
FL400
Remark :
Approximate jet stream levels are: Arctic 20,000ft, PolarFront 30,000ft, Sub-tropical 40,000ft and Equatorial 50,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 276 - ID 1608
A marked advance of cold air in South America
Remark :
A cold outburstof air from Antactica similar to the Southerly Buster in Australia.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 277 - ID 2258
There is insufficient information to make any assumption
Remark :
The reason for the difference between pressure altitude andtrue altitude could be the difference between standard pressure (1013.2hPa)
andQNH and/or temperature deviation from ISA.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 278 - ID 4052
Stratus
Remark :
High and medium level cloud wont give precipitation andthis cloud could, but isnt, so its not nimbo.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 279 - ID 1628
The competent aviation weather office will issue a SIGMET
Remark :
The appropriatewarning to aircraft in flight is a SIGMET.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 280 - ID 2541
It can only be equal to, or lower, than the temperature of the air mass
Remark :
Dew point can only be equal to or lower than temperature. To calculate relative humidity temperature and dew point are both required
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 281 - ID 4253
taking off from an airfield with a significant ground inversion (sky clear).
Remark :
With the airframe at a temperature below 0C when it climbsinto warmer, moister air there will be sublimation and the formation of hoarfrost.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 282 - ID 10902
tropical air below the tropopause
Remark :
It is in the warm (tropical) air, below the warm airtropopause and above the level of the cold (polar) air tropopause
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 283 - ID 1210
Solid direct to vapour
Remark :
It misses theliquid state.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 284 - ID 1993
Vertical visibility 100 FT.
Remark :
VV = vertical visibility in feet.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 285 - ID 13602
South Atlantic Ocean.
Remark :
The South Atlantic is too cold.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 286 - ID 1615
Thunderstorms
Remark :
The squall line associated with thunderstorms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 287 - ID 5540
Towering cumulus and cumulonimbus.
Remark :
Showers come from cumulus clouds in unstable air.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Summer
Remark :
We get more warm occlusions in the winter and more coldocclusions in the summer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 289 - ID 2553
CB
Remark :
GR = hail; only from cumulonimbus (CB)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 290 - ID 3723
16 km and -75*C over the equator
Remark :
Typical figures are 8 km and -40C over the Poles and 16 kmand -75C over the equator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 291 - ID 12791
The aircraft is temporarily part of the lightning trajectory
Remark :
The lightning flows through the aircraft and then goes onits way. Spherical lighting rarely enters aircraft. Lightning does notalways cause
structural damage, nor does it always affect compasses orelectronic systems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 292 - ID 1697
220/120kt
Remark :
The speed is 120 knots (two black triangles (or pennants)and two feathers = (2 x 50 + 2 x 10 = 120kts) and it is from the SW.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 293 - ID 2571
500 hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 294 - ID 2555
CI
Remark :
CB and NS are producing precipitation, AS could produceprecipitation but CI wont.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 295 - ID 2248
1025 hPa
Remark :
________________________ QFE 980hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 296 - ID 1213
Drizzle.
Remark :
Large raindrops and hail areproduced by large cumulus clouds, which contain both water droplets and icecrystals. Nimbostratus is usually
made up only of liquid water droplets andwill produce drizzle.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 297 - ID 13696
cs
Remark :
Cirrus clouds are entirely ice crystals with no SCWDs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 298 - ID 1611
SE
Remark :
The trade winds are consistent throughout the year: NE inthe northern hemisphere and SE in the southern hemisphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 299 - ID 1585
Through water vapour released during fuel combustion
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 300 - ID 1263
Warm fronts, warm occlusions.
Remark :
Freezing rain is caused by rain falling into a colder airmass. It is associated with warm fronts and warm occlusions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 301 - ID 2602
Gusts of 38 knots, thunderstorm with heavy hail, dew point 18*C
Remark :
Wind 250T, 20 knots, gusting 38 knots. Thunderstorm withheavy hail, five to seven eighths of cloud, base six hundred feet and five toseven
eighths of cumulonimbus, base one thousand five hundred feet. Temperature+23C, dew point +18C, QNH 1016hPa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 302 - ID 241
Significant weather chart.
Remark :
CAT is shown onthe significant weather chart.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 303 - ID 13808
the passage of a warm front.
Remark :
The sequence is very typical of a warm front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 304 - ID 1983
On the polar air side of the core.
Remark :
The maximum CAT is in the warm (tropical) air but on thecold (polar) air side.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 305 - ID 4179
stated in the TAF
Remark :
A TAF usually covers a nine hour period between the timesstated in it which does not start at the time of issue. However, a TAF cancover any
period and it will be stated in the identifier block at the beginningof the TAF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 306 - ID 3725
remains constant with height
Remark :
Isothermal = equal temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 307 - ID 2257
It is colder than ISA
Remark :
In ISA conditions the aircrafts altitude would be 13,500 +(6 x 30) = 13,680ft. Since the true altitude is lower (13,500ft) the air iscolder than ISA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 308 - ID 1196
850 hPa.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 309 - ID 2000

Decrease the speed /try to climb above the zone of convective currents if aircraft performance parameters allow.
Remark :
In the cruise there will be a speed range within which youcan safely operate and you will be flying at the upper end of that range.
In turbulence the aircraftsspeed will fluctuate and to prevent the speed going above the maximum or belowthe minimum the aircraft speed
should be reduced to the middle of the permittedrange of speeds.   Turbulencecaused by convective currents reduces with altitude
so climb, rather thandescend, to get out of it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 310 - ID 2711
TAF LSZH 101601 VRB02KT8000 SCT280 BECMG 1618 00000KT3500 MIFG BECMG 1820 1500 BCFG BECMG 2022 0100 FG W001 =
Remark :
Typical anti-cyclone conditions; light wind, moderatevisibility and little or no cloud because of the stability of the air mass. Clear skies permit
the formation of radiation fog through the night.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 311 - ID 2546
1500 - 7000 FT above ground
Remark :
During the summer months the cloud base would be higher than100 1,500ft and if the base was above 6,500ft it would be classified as AS
orCS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 312 - ID 2247
1005 hPa
Remark :
________________________ QFE 980hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 313 - ID 1676
FL300
Remark :
The tropopause isat FL290 to the NE of Paris and at FL340 to the SW.   Over Paris it will be at about
FL300.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 314 - ID 14262
the gradient wind in a low pressure area is weaker than in a high pressure area;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 315 - ID 4111
Continuous updraft
Remark :
In the initial, or development, stage only up draughts willbe present. Down draughts, lightning and the other typical hazards will occurin the
mature stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 316 - ID 13597
Revised TAF.
Remark :
TAF AMD = terminal aerodrome forecast amendment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 317 - ID 1215
Radiation during the night from the earth surface in moderate wind.
Remark :
Stratus forms in stable air.   If there is more than about ten knots of wind then weshall see low stratus forming instead of radiation
fog.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 318 - ID 1267
1/150
Remark :
1:150 for a warmfront and 1:50 for a cold front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 319 - ID 10853
a mild moist airstream flows over snow covered ground and the wind speed is less than 10 kt
Remark :
Advection fog forms when warm air is cooled below its dewpoint
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 320 - ID 450
Track B-D
Remark :
Track B – Dcuts through a cold front and a warm front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 321 - ID 2518
The true altitude will be higher at B than at A
Remark :
In the northern hemisphere the upper wind blows parallel tocontours with low contour height on the left. From the wind direction atMadrid it is
noted that the contour height (and, therefore, true altitude) at Ais lower than B. The contours at A are closer than at Madrid or B thereforewind
speed will be higher at A than at Madrid or B
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 322 - ID 4034
expanding it adiabatically
Remark :
When it expands adiabatically, it cools, so RH must increase.The adiabatic process means that no heat is added, or taken away, from theparcel
of air. It is in effect insulated from the rest of the air.
The only way it can expand is by using its own heat energy. If you compress it,it will heat up, and if you expand it will cool.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 323 - ID 4058
left and behind
Remark :
The free-flow wind would be a direct cross wind from theleft but at 1,000ft agl the effect of surface friction will make the wind backand slack in
the northern hemisphere
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 324 - ID 10938
Heavy rain showers
Remark :
Between 1700Z and 2000Z there could be +SHRA which is aheavy shower of rain.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 325 - ID 4193
has a greater vertical extent above the equator than above the poles
Remark :
The tropopause is higher over the Equator and lower over thePoles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 326 - ID 4085
continuously backing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 327 - ID 12818
Showers and good visibility.
Remark :
Moist unstable air gives good visibility, cumulus andshowers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 328 - ID 2712
Severe airframe icing is unlikely under these conditions
Remark :
Severe icing would be encountered in layered cloud between0C and -10C but at -25C only light or moderate icing would be experienced.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 329 - ID 1994
Latent heat released from condensing water vapour.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 330 - ID 1248
-75C.
Remark :
The equatorial tropopause is higher and colder than thepolar tropopause.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 331 - ID 1702
5 to 8 oktas
Remark :
BKN = 5 7 oktas, OVC = 8 oktas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 332 - ID 2501
+2C
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 333 - ID 4041
subsidence
Remark :
Cloud is dissipated by warming the atmosphere and subsidencecauses adiabatic warming.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 334 - ID 10863
4824 FT
Remark :
At B: Set 1021 - QNH 983 = 38hPa x 27 = 1026 ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 335 - ID 4999
greatest at 40N
Remark :
As latitude increases wind speed decreases
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 336 - ID 13600
Milky granular appearance, forming on leading edges and accumulating forward into the air stream. Stratiform clouds at temperatures of -1CTC
to -2CTC are most conducive to its formation.
Remark :
Rime ice builds up on the leading edges as SCWDs freeze onimpact. It forms at temperatures below -7C in stratus and below -23C
incumulus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 337 - ID 2177
12000 feet
Remark :
You could encounter rain ice anywhere between 2,000ft and10,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 338 - ID 4997
cirrus
Remark :
The SALR depends on the moisture content, so the more moistureair contains the slower it will cool.
We use 1.8 degrees/1000 ft in the mid latitudes. Close to the Equator where theair is warm and can contain a lot of moisture, the SALR can be
as low as 1degree/1000 ft. At the poles where it is very cold, the air cannot hold muchmoisture, so the SALR can be 2.8 degrees/1000 ft as it is
virtually dry.
As we go up in the atmosphere the air gets colder and cannot hold the same moisture,so the SALR varies with height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 339 - ID 4073
density, earth's rotation, geographic latitude
Remark :
The geostrophic wind is the result of pressure gradientforce being balanced by coriolis (geostrophic) force. Coriolis =
2ρωvsinlatwhere ωrotation of the Earth and ρ = air density.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 340 - ID 1768
9hourTAF.
Remark :
1300hrs to2200hrs = 9 hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 341 - ID 10346
at the time of observation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 342 - ID 1781
only in the summer of the northern hemisphere at approx. 45 000 FT
Remark :
The easterly jet is present at the Equator when the ITCZ isat its most northerly position, i.e. mid-summer in the northern hemisphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 343 - ID 2536
19040KT
Remark :
In the northern hemisphere the free-flow wind will veer andincrease compared to the surface wind
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 344 - ID 5005
subtropical high pressure, with the occasional passage of fronts originating in the adjacent zone of westerly waves
Remark :
July is the southern hemisphere winter. The ITCZ is wellnorth, the southern hemisphere sub-tropical high pressure is over the centre
ofAustralia and the polar front is just south of Melbourne.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 345 - ID 4150
during the early afternoon
Remark :
Maximum insolation at midday, maximum atmospheric heating (andassociated turbulence) just after.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 346 - ID 10929
airport forecasts
Remark :
TAF = Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 347 - ID 10917
relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water droplets
Remark :
A small amount of the SCWD freezes on impact and theremainder flows back over the aircraft and freezes slowly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 348 - ID 10858
1030
Remark :
Alt is over reading by 450 feet which is (450/27) about 17hpa. QNHwill be 17 higher than standard so 1013 + 17 = 1030.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 349 - ID 10390
the airport must be at MSL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 350 - ID 3726
absolutely stable
Remark :
If the ELR is less than -1.8C per 1,000 ft the air isstable. In an inversion the air temperature is increasing; i.e. a positivelapse rate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 351 - ID 1776
3 - 4 oktas
Remark :
Airborne weatherradar detects precipitation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 352 - ID 13633
cause the fog to lift and become low stratus.
Remark :
The increase in wind speed will result in temperaturechanges in the turbulence layer and the formation of turbulence cloud
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 353 - ID 2046
Change of flight level.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 354 - ID 4129
at any time of the year
Remark :
They are present throughout the year but not in high(cirrus) clouds which are composed of ice crystals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 355 - ID 13812
1:80
Remark :
Normally 1:50 on the cold front and 1:150 on the warm frontso we go to the nearest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 356 - ID 1101
reduced to sea level
Remark :
QFF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 357 - ID 1765
Winter: OVC, base 500 FT/AGL; summer: SCT, base 3000 FT/AGL.
Remark :
Winter: limited heating during the day will raise the cloudbase slightly. Summer: more heating will raise the cloud base and dissipatesome of
the cloud. The relatively high pressure (1028hPa) and light windsindicate anticyclonic conditions with stable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 358 - ID 4264
Rainshowers, hail showers and thunderstorms occur the whole year, but frequency is highest during two periods: April-May and
October-November.
Remark :
Big cumulonimbus and heavy showers at any time but highestintensity around the time when the sun crosses the equator (equinoxes) in
Marchand September.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 359 - ID 5015

Azores, Siberia
Remark :
When they talk about "main anticyclones" they aretalking about the permanent anticyclones.
The warm highs occur at 30 degrees North and South under the sub tropicaldescending air. They are most prevalent in the summer of the
hemisphere and arevery intense over the oceans where there is no convection to break them up. TheAzores high is there all year but stronger
inour summer.
The other permanent highs are cold highs, firstly at the poles, again becauseof descending air, and secondly over Siberiain winter, because the
ground gets so cold the air mass above it coolssubstantially as well.
You get temporary cold highs lasting about 2 weeks whenever the ground getsvery cold so they are possible over Canada,Greenland and
Scandinavia in winter. You alsoget temporary warm highs that break away from the Azoreshigh and drift to the north. They move slowly and
can become blocking highsfound between 50 and 70 degrees north.
So out of the answer options the only logical one is the Azores and Siberia.
Iceland is in the area where we find low pressures so that is incorrect, andthe Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal) does not get cold enough
in winterto get a cold high, and the convection prevents a warm high.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 360 - ID 1567
possible but a very rare phenomenon.
Remark :
Winds in excess of 300ktsoccasionally happen over the western pacific.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 361 - ID 1095
At some 800 km CS, later AS, and at some 300 km NS until the front
Remark :
As you approachthe front the cloud base gets progressively lower but no CB.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 362 - ID 12796
+SHSN
Remark :
VA = volcanic ash, BR = mist, BR = mist, MIFG = shallow fogbut +SHSN = heavy snow shower.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 363 - ID 1198
summer in the afternoon.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 364 - ID 1995
AC castellanus.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 365 - ID 4056
closer the isobars and the stronger the wind
Remark :
Close isobarsmeans rapidly changing pressure and stronger wind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 366 - ID 1584
Gas to liquid
Remark :
Latent heat is released when going from gas to liquid orliquid to solid or gas to solid.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Bergeron-Findeisen process is mainly based on the difference of maximum vapour pressure over water and over ice of the same
temperature
Remark :
Water is known to exist as liquid below 0C (i.e.supercooled). Such water droplets can be mixed with ice crystals in cloudabove the freezing
level. If the air is still rising and water vapour iscontinuing to condense it will tend to sublimate directly onto the nucleus ofan ice crystal rather
than condensing as small supercooled water droplets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 368 - ID 4054
presence of mountain waves
Remark :
Lenticular cloud is the classic indication of standingwaves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 369 - ID 12823
23770 FT/AMSL.
Remark :
FL250 ISA = +15C (2 x 25)
= -35C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 370 - ID 2606
That the weather at Nice is clearly more volatile than the TAF could have predicted earlier in the morning
Remark :
The weather has not developed as expected and the forecasterwill, no doubt, issue a TAF AMD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 371 - ID 5033
sublimation
Remark :
Strictly speaking sublimation means solid to vapour andvapour to solid should be referred to as deposition but poor use of thelanguage leads to
sublimation being used for the process of skipping out theliquid state
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 372 - ID 1579
At a temperature greater than or equal to that of the ISA and where the QNH is greater than or equal to 1013.25 hPa
Remark :
If the QNH is 1023hPa thenFL30 represents an altitude of 3,270ft and in warmer air the true altitude willbe higher than the pressure altitude.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 373 - ID 3729
has a constant fixed value
Remark :
Its fixed
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 374 - ID 13558
CB
Remark :
On the cold front between 7,000ft and 18,000ft we wouldexpect to see cumulonimbus (CB) embedded in altostratus (AS).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 375 - ID 5534
slightly below+3C.
Remark :
Even with cloud cover there will still be a significanttemperature drop on a winter night.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 376 - ID 2715
the warm air is unstable.
Remark :
Thunderstorms need moisture, a trigger action and unstableair.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 377 - ID 4035

convective clouds
Remark :
Showers = convective cloud, continuous = stratus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 378 - ID 4112
are typically associated with severe thunderstorms
Remark :
Large hailstones may be found in any severe thunderstorm atany latitude and can be hard hail (clear ice) or soft hail (rime or mixed icewith
trapped air).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 379 - ID 13639
condensation of air saturated by evaporation of precipitation
Remark :
The area ahead of a warm front is subject to prolongedcontinuous rain and the same air mass is pushed ahead of the front. Thereduction in
visibility is caused by the very high relative humidity
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 380 - ID 2580
Trough of low pressure
Remark :
The wind at Zurich is flowing anticlockwise around system Dwhich must be a depression in the northern hemisphere. Therefore C is aridge, B
is a col and A is a trough of low pressure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 381 - ID 1096
Continuous rain or snow during 6 hours until the warm front arrives. The precipitation stops for several hours within the warm sector. On the
arrival of the cold front, showers within a couple of hours.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 382 - ID 2592
DZ;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 383 - ID 12802
At any level in the atmosphere if associated with either a change of wind direction and/or wind speed.
Remark :
Wind shear is not only or primarily associated with jetstreams or mountain waves; it can occur whenever there is a rapid change inwind
direction or speed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 384 - ID 13813
more southerly during the winter than during the summer.
Remark :
In the winter the polar front runs from Florida to Folkestoneand in the summer it runs from Newfoundland to Norway.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 385 - ID 41
meteorological and operational information
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 386 - ID 1623
No significant changes
Remark :
This is a TREND at the end of a METAR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 387 - ID 10941
A concentrated downdraft with high speeds and a lower temperature than the surrounding air.
Remark :
More commonly called a microburst; must have lost somethingin the translation. A violent downdraught of cold air under a cumulonimbus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 388 - ID 2252
+5C
Remark :
ISA FL100 = +15 (2 x 10) = -5C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 389 - ID 2522
11520 feet
Remark :
Since it is warmer than ISA theaircraft will be higher than indicated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 390 - ID 1224
NS.
Remark :
N = nimbo =rain bearing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 391 - ID 3724
increases with height
Remark :
Or decreases with descent !
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 392 - ID 2569
Hail
Remark :
Only large water droplets and hailstones will reflectsufficient radar energy to be indicated on the AWR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 393 - ID 2531
25-35.
Remark :
Sub-tropical highs are centred at about 30N and 30S.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 394 - ID 2502
Low
Remark :
700hPa = FL100
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 395 - ID 10892
in the vicinity of the "roll" cloud or rotor zone beneath the first wave on the leeward side
Remark :
The most turbulent area is found one wavelength down wind,near the surface and under the crest of the first wave.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 396 - ID 10882
flight into freezing rain, resulting in clear ice formation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 397 - ID 1581
The polar front jet stream
Remark :
The easterly and equatorial jetstreams are the same thing and there is no front. Nor is there a front associated with the sub-tropicaljetstream
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 398 - ID 4141
-15C
Remark :
Ascending unsaturated air will cool at the dry adiabaticlapse rate (3C/1,000ft)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 399 - ID 1606
SE coast
Remark :
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and Florida.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 400 - ID 5538
actual water vapour content and saturated water vapour content
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 401 - ID 10953
In summer from south-east Asia extending over southern India to central Africa.
Remark :
The equatorial jet is the only easterly jet which runs justnorth of the Equator from the West Pacific to Central Africa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 402 - ID 3722
11 km
Remark :
Typically 8 km (25,000ft) over the Poles and 17 km(55,000ft) over the Equator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 403 - ID 13591
clear ice accretion to the airframe
Remark :
In squares 2C and 3C the freezing level in the warm sectoris above 7,000ft and in the cold sector it is below 7,000ft. At FL40 theaircraft would
be very close to the cold sector freezing level and if it isslightly above the freezing level this would be the most likely area toencounter rain
ice. Thunderstorms are not usually associated with warmfronts. There might be light to moderate turbulence on the frontal boundarybut not
ahead of the front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 404 - ID 4119
warm air is moist and the environmental lapse rate exceeds the saturated adiabatic lapse rate
Remark :
Thunderstorms need moisture, a trigger action and unstable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 405 - ID 1605
Sinking air
Remark :
Sinking stable air withconvergence aloft and divergence at the surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 406 - ID 2253
FL 110
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 407 - ID 5036
It forms over land in summer
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 408 - ID 13820
27019G37KT 9999 BKN050 18/14 Q1016 NOSIG =
Remark :
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

140/20 kt gusts 34 kt
Remark :
BECMG 1315 changes the wind to 140T/20kts gusting to34kts. The wind the changes to 340T/10kts but not until after 2300hrs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 410 - ID 2539
Crosswind from the right
Remark :
This is a sea breeze scenario. If the coast and runway arealigned East/West a right hand circuit would mean runway 27 in use, sea to theNorth
and land to the South. At touch down the northerly sea breeze would befrom the right.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 411 - ID 12789
A layer of 5 feet deep.
Remark :
MI = shallow: ICAO definition is less than 2m (6ft) aboveground level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 412 - ID 13592
below AS type cloud, generally smooth air with light precipitation
Remark :
The system is moving from left to right so ahead of thefront in square 2D means bottom right hand corner of 2D. There will beextensive
altostratus (AS) associated with the warm front above the aircraftand the possibility of light precipitation. Thunderstorms are not
usuallyassociated with warm fronts. There might be light to moderate turbulence onthe frontal boundary but not ahead of the front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 413 - ID 2514
It will decrease
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 414 - ID 10959
Looking downstream, the area to the left of the core.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 415 - ID 4134
Assuming that the MSL pressure is 1013.25 hPa the true altitude of an aircraft would actually be higher than the indicated altitude.
Remark :
The freezing level is at 9,000ft. At 10,000 it is ISA-3C. Between 16,000ft and 18,000ft the lapse rate is C/1,000ft;
absolutelystable. Apart from sea level the air is warmer than ISA throughout.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 416 - ID 5019
May to November and are called cyclones
Remark :
Tropical revolving storms occur at and just after thepassage of the ITCZ (July position shown as z). They are called hurricanes inthe
Caribbean and Typhoons in the China sea; elsewhere they are known ascyclones.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 417 - ID 4104
wave in a trade wind belt, moving from east to west, with severe convective activity in rear of its trough
Remark :
Aligned N/S moving E/W, may be referred to as a tropicaltornado and may develop into a tropical revolving storm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 418 - ID 10893
wind speed excess of 20 kt at the surface and increasing with height, wind direction perpendicular to the general direction of the range
Remark :
Also a layer of stable air with less stable air above andbelow it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 419 - ID 10399

conditionally unstable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 420 - ID 2610
230/10
Remark :
The chart is for FL 100; near enough to FL110.   The wind is coming from the SouthWest at 5 to 15 knots; average 10 knots.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 421 - ID 133
is smaller at higher levels than at lower levels.
Remark :
The rate of change of pressure is notlinear, it is logarithmic. It is much greater near the surface than ataltitude.   It is about27ft/hPa
at sea level but 110ft/hPa at 40,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 422 - ID 1272
ST.
Remark :
The air mass in the warm sector is almost invariably warm,moist and stable tropical maritime giving low stratus which will persistthroughout the
day during the winter but it may dissipate during the summer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 423 - ID 4026
stability increases in the layer
Remark :
By advected they mean warmed; an example of poortranslation. Warming the upper air or cooling near the surface will decreasethe ELR
and increase stability
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 424 - ID 2542
ST, AS
Remark :
Cumulus and cumulonimbus indicates unstable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 425 - ID 14263
The temperature of the surface is lower than the dew point of the air and the dew point is lower than 0C;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 426 - ID 4032
heat is absorbed
Remark :
The relative humidity will increase and the latent heat ofevaporations is absorbed by the water
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 427 - ID 10879
become southerly to southwesterly and increase in velocity by afternoon
Remark :
The light northerly wind is either a gradient wind or a landbreeze which has built up overnight. We have the ideal conditions for a seabreeze to
be there during the day and this will initially be a southerly butcoriolis will turn it to southwesterly as it increases during the afternoon.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 428 - ID 13653
insolation resulting in the lifting of the condensation level
Remark :
Warming the air reduces humidity and dissipates cloud
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 429 - ID 1280
The zone where the trade winds of the northern hemisphere meet those of the southern hemisphere.
Remark :
trade winds of the northern hemisphere meet those of thesouthern hemisphere is sometimes referred to as the heat equator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 430 - ID 12837
Maritime tropical warm and maritime polar cold.
Remark :
Polar maritimeand tropical maritime air masses are the most common.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 431 - ID 14143
towering Cumulus;
Remark :
Altostratus and altotrratus castellanus would have anextensive layer of cloud. Broken cumulus would be more uneven.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 432 - ID 3731
0.65C per 100m
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 433 - ID 2547
15000 - 35000 FT above the terrain
Remark :
Cirrocumulus is a high level cloud and for reportingpurposes its base would be above 16,500ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 434 - ID 1695
ISA-13C
Remark :
A look at thechart tells us that the temperature over Frankfurt at FL180 is -35C.   In a standard atmosphere thetemperature at
FL180 = (+15 – (2 x 18)) = -21C so environment is about 14C colder than
standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 435 - ID 3485
A high probability for icing in clouds. Severe icing may occur in the upper part due to accumulation of large droplets.
Remark :
There may not be precipitation but there will be plenty ofsuper-cooled liquid water droplets in the cloud which will give extensiveicing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 436 - ID 1685
FL330
Remark :
The tropopause is at FL350 to the S & W and at FL300 tothe E & N so somewhere between those two.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 437 - ID 4047
Altostratus and altocumulus
Remark :
Alto = medium.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 438 - ID 0
warm high
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 439 - ID 2506
QFF
Remark :
It is based on the pressure at mean sea level.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

for six month from the North East and for six month from the South West
Remark :
The air must travel over the mountains in order to set upthe wave !
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 441 - ID 1549
the air at Marseille is warmer than that at Palma de Mallorca.
Remark :
To be at the same true altitude over the 1012hPa datum(Marseille) the air must be warmer than it is over the 1015hPa pressure datum(Palma
de Mallorca)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 442 - ID 2170
Stable air at mountain top altitude and a wind at least 20 knots blowing across the mountain ridge.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 443 - ID 0
the warm air is lifted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 444 - ID 13571
VMC above layers of ST and SC, generally stable conditions
Remark :
In the middle of the warm sector we would expect toexperience typical tropical maritime conditions; low stratus, poor visibilityand drizzle at the
surface but at FL120, without frontal lifting action, theaircraft would be in clear, stable air and above the cloud layers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 445 - ID 10127
supercooled precipitation.
Remark :
Unstable clouds above 6,500ft (medium levels) may or may nothave SCWDs. Zones where the temperature is below -15C may be clear of
cloudand devoid of SCWDs. Cirrus will not cause icing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 446 - ID 1773
20 FT.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 447 - ID 10932
latitude
Remark :
The rotation of the Earth is fixed (one revolution perday). The troposphere is shallower at the Poles and deeper at the Equator
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 448 - ID 12848
1500 feet
Remark :
BECMG 2123 changes the lowest cloud base to 3 to 4 oktas at1,500ft by 2300hrs. The TEMPO 2306 indicates that the cloud base
could,temporarily come down to 800ft but the permanent conditions are more likely.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 449 - ID 13645
0C to -23C
Remark :
Clear ice forms at temperatures just below 0C. In stratusit forms between 0C and -7C but the larger SCWDs in cumulus will allow clearice
to form at temperatures as low as -23C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 450 - ID 1100
mountain during daylight hours.

Remark :
Downhill at night (katabatic)and uphill by day (anabatic).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 451 - ID 1693
210/40
Remark :
Its coming fromjust West of South at about 40 knots by inspection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 452 - ID 4105
SW monsoon in summer and NE tradewind in winter
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 453 - ID 10885
5CTN with a cyclonic circulation
Remark :
For a given pressure gradient force the gradient wind ishigh round a high and low round a low. As latitude increases, wind speeddecreases
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 454 - ID 5035
convergence and widespread ascent
Remark :
There is certainly widespread ascent which typically givesactive cumulonimbus. Ascent is caused by convergence at the surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 455 - ID 5016
December to April and are called cyclones
Remark :
Autumn in the southern hemisphere and they are nottornadoes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 456 - ID 10923
greater over the water surface
Remark :
It is easier for the supercooled liquid water to changestate into vapour than it is for ice to sublimate into vapour so there will bemore molecules
of water vapour in the atmosphere over the supercooled waterthan over the ice (i.e. a greater vapour pressure).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 457 - ID 13664
an absolutely stable layer
Remark :
Inversions (and isothermal layers) are always stable:ELR<SALR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 458 - ID 3738
horizontal motion of air
Remark :
Advection = horizontal, convection = vertical
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 459 - ID 4114
formed by the cold air outflow from a thunderstorm
Remark :
Intense downdraughts of cold air will force itself under thewarm air at the surface producing gusts and low level wind shear at a gustfront
moving ahead of the thunderstorm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 460 - ID 1571
from the right
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 461 - ID 4162
A curved jet stream near a deep trough
Remark :
The curved jet stream will have a greater rate of change ofwind speed (isotachs pushed closer together) so more CAT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 462 - ID 10865
the cold air behind is warmer than the cold air ahead
Remark :
A warm occlusion has the characteristicsof a warm
front.
warmair
cold air
colderair
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less

In clouds pushed up against the mountains, moderate to severe mixed ice.
Remark :
The additionallifting action (orographic) will mean larger super-cooled water droplets arepresent which will increase the severity of the icing to
moderate tosevere.   At -12C mixed ice(clear and rime) is to be expected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 464 - ID 10856
fog, poor visibility and layered clouds.
Remark :
Cooling from below makes theair mass more stable.   Stableair means poor visibility and stratus cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 465 - ID 57
FL390.
Remark :
200hPa = FL390 is worth remembering.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 466 - ID 4200
cold catabatic wind with the possibility of violent gusts
Remark :
It is mainly winter, it is not associated with a maritimeair mass or clouds and heavy showers. It is a strong, cold, northerly,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 467 - ID 4154
Environmental lapse rate
Remark :
Stability is determined entirely by the environmental lapserate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 468 - ID 2577
700 hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 469 - ID 0
The wind at 3000 feet is parallel to the isohypses and the surface wind direction is across the isobars toward the low pressure and the surface
wind is weaker.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 470 - ID 2526
50 kt
Remark :
CRP5 conversion or (90 x 3280)/6080 = 48.6kts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 471 - ID 3742
it expands
Remark :
The change in temperature is a response to changes inpressure and density
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 472 - ID 1990
Subtropical jet stream / polar front jet stream.
Remark :
The equatorial jet is only present in the northern hemispheresummer and the arctic jet is only there in the winter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 473 - ID 2129
The coldest air mass behind and the less cold air in front of the occlusion; the warm air mass is above ground level.
Remark :
                    &n
bsp;   +9C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 474 - ID 1097
Stability
Remark :
An inversion isabsolutely stable because it has a positive lapse rate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 475 - ID 4126
clouds, fog and precipitation
Remark :
In all the phenomena listed
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 476 - ID 2600
15003KT9999BKN100 17/11 01024 NOSIG =
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 477 - ID 1778
34 000 FT
Remark :
300hPa = 30,000ft and 200hPa =39,000 so 250hPa is about halfway between them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 478 - ID 4076
curvature of isobars
Remark :
The curvature of the isobars will determine the centrifugal(cyclostrophic) force.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 479 - ID 1624
METAR
Remark :
The runway state code group appears in the METAR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 480 - ID 4161
In the northern hemisphere both westerly and easterly jet streams occur
Remark :
In the northern hemisphere there are westerly polar frontand sub-tropical jet streams and an easterly equatorial jet in the summer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 481 - ID 10876
Newfoundland to N Scotland
Remark :
In the winter the polar front runs from Florida toFolkestone and in the summer it runs from Newfoundland to Norway.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

when strong ground inversions are present and near thunderstorms
Remark :
Temperature inversions and thunderstorms are always sources of windshear.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 483 - ID 1675
LSZH
Remark :
The only airfield clear of frontal systems and in ananticyclone.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 484 - ID 12833
The layer just above the tropopause is absolutely stable
Remark :
Above the tropopause there is an isothermal layer which willhave absolute stability.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 485 - ID 53
15 m (50 FT).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 486 - ID 13646
present weather within a range of 8 km, but not at the airport.
Remark :
VC = in the vicinity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 487 - ID 2500
-8C
Remark :
7,000ft at 2C per 1,000ft (near enough to 1.98C/1,000ft) =14C. -22 + 14 = -8C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 488 - ID 1574
Cumulonimbus
Remark :
In tropical regions convective lifting can be so violentthat air can go through the tropopause and into the stratosphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 489 - ID 13817
201350Z21005KT9999 SCT040CB SCT100 26/18 Q1016 TEMPO 24018G30KTTS =
Remark :
Moderate to poor visibility implies stable air and athunderstorm requires instability. Furthermore, only one METAR has a TRENDwhich
mentions TS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 490 - ID 13709
In temperatures lower than -23*C icing is still possible.
Remark :
Mixed ice and rime ice is possible down to about -40C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 491 - ID 13668
warm air is lifted as cooler air pushes under it.
Remark :
At the cold front the cold air pushes the warm air forwardand up.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 492 - ID 10940
Light - rime
Remark :
In stratus, with small SCWDs clear ice will form between 0Cand -7C. As it gets colder there will be mixed ice, clear and rime, with
anincreasing proportion of rime ice. By the time the temperature gets down to-20C it will be only rime ice and, with more ice crystals mixed
with the SCWDsin the cloud, the degree of icing will be light or, at worst, light tomoderate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 493 - ID 2256
The air at Marseille is warmer than that at Palma de Mallorca
Remark :
If elevation is zero or in ISA conditions QNH = QFF
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 494 - ID 2533
A SIGMET is a warning of dangerous meteorological conditions
Remark :
The strongest winds in this area are the polar frontjetstreams which are just below the warm air tropopause
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 495 - ID 1557
ISA-20C
Remark :
Difference between pressure alt andtrue alt = 4ft per 1,000ft per C dev
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 496 - ID 4260
the temperature contrasts between arctic and equatorial areas are much greater in winter.
Remark :
The warm air is fairly consistent throughout the year butthe cold air is much colder in the winter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 497 - ID 10942
Low pressure area in the western part of the mediterranean sea
Remark :
The scirroco blows from North Africa into the Mediterraneanso requires low pressure in the Mediterranean.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 498 - ID 240
Positions with the same height in a chart of constant pressure.
Remark :
Contours are lines of equalheight of the same pressure (isohypses) and not equal thickness (isopleths).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 499 - ID 0
with cold mass properties
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 500 - ID 12825
15100 ft
Remark :
FL160 ISA = +15C (2 x 16)
= -17C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 501 - ID 1203
Ratio between the actual mixing ratio and the saturation mixing ratio X 100
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 502 - ID 10916
wind direction approximately at right angles to the mountain range - wind speed 30 kt and steadily increasing with height- an inversion just
above the crest level with less stable air above and below
Remark :
A strong wind perpendicular to the ridge, increasing withaltitude and a layer of stable air with less stable air above and below it.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Altocumulus Castellanus
Remark :
Castellanus requires considerable instability.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 504 - ID 4127
rapidly and do not spread out
Remark :
For rime ice the super cooled droplet. freeze on impact andbuild up on leading edges.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 505 - ID 2552
NS
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 506 - ID 10906
we will probably have to divert around some cumulus tops.
Remark :
The cloud tops are given as FL100.   In order to maintain VFR at FL85 we will have to dodgearound the clouds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 507 - ID 2001
From the ground up to a maximum of FL450.
Remark :
                    &n
bsp;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 508 - ID 2341
intensity of vertical and horizontal wind shear
Remark :
Relative movement of the air horizontally and vertically.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 509 - ID 1366
3
Remark :
The occlusion is following the line of the warm front so itis probably a warm occlusion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 510 - ID 10963
Ground radiation
Remark :
Convection, Convergence and Orographic lifting all provide alifting action capable of triggering a thunderstorm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 511 - ID 4115
An adequate supply of moisture, conditional instability and a lifting action
Remark :
Thunderstorms need moisture, a trigger action and unstableair
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 512 - ID 2008
In the tropical air mass.
Remark :
It is in the warm (tropical) air, below the warm airtropopause but above the level of the cold (polar) air tropopause
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 513 - ID 4175
topography is 552 decameters above MSL
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 514 - ID 13648
clockwise around anticyclones and anti-clockwise around cyclones.
Remark :
In the northern hemisphere the wind blows clockwise aroundanticyclones and anti-clockwise around cyclones
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 515 - ID 1596
Ahead of a warm front in the winter
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 516 - ID 127
It decreases from south to north.
Remark :
The tropopause is higher overthe equator and lower over the Poles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 517 - ID 1586
Lifting
Remark :
Radiation will burn off stratus cloud and/or could lead toconvective lifting which will replace the stratiform cloud with cumulus. Orographic or
fontal lifting will produce more extensivenimbostratus/altostatus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 518 - ID 12862
Because the cloud base is below the highest minimum sector altitude.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 519 - ID 1268
Polar front low.
Remark :
A front would be found in a frontal depression.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 520 - ID 4173
It lies at a height where there is no horizontal temperature gradient; the slope of the pressure surfaces at the height of the core is at its
maximum
Remark :
The polar front jet core is in the warm air but above thecold air tropopause at a point where the temperature in the warm airtroposphere is the
same as the cold air stratosphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 521 - ID 12838
in the friction layer mixing occurs by turbulence and the condensation level is situated below the top of the turbulent layer
Remark :
Turbulence cloud is formed within the turbulence layerbecause mixing of the air modifies the temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 522 - ID 5030
fine and warm at first- AC Castellanus and CB in late afternoon with thunderstorms
Remark :
Typical summer cold conditions: air mass thunderstorms inthe afternoon.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 523 - ID 4023
The environmental lapse rate is less than 1C/100m
Remark :
Conditional instability means that the air is unstablebecause it is saturated but it would be stable if it was dry. The ELR is lessthan 1C/100m
but greater than 0.6C/100m.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 524 - ID 1565
30000 FT.
Remark :
The polar front jet istypically at 30,000ft (300hPa) and the sub-tropical jet is typically at40,000ft (200hPa).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 525 - ID 4053
instability in the middle troposphere
Remark :
Alto = medium so there is stable air in the lowertroposphere but unstable air in the middle troposphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 526 - ID 10844
a cumulus that is of great vertical extent
Remark :
Congestus = cumulus clouds with marked sprouting normallywith extensive vertical extent, resembles a cauliflower.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 527 - ID 2570
700 hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 528 - ID 4038
air temperature
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 529 - ID 1987
Because of the expected turbulence you select a flight level below FL 250.
Remark :
You are not flying through that airspace.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 530 - ID 1981
LOVWV
Remark :
Note that thechart shows the synoptic situation at 1200 and the TAF starts at 1000.   At 1000 LOWW would have been inthe warm
sector and the TAF indicates typical warm sector weather; visibility6,000m and 3 -4/8 at 3,000ft.  The TEMPO 1113 marks the
passage of the cold front and the BCMG 1315brings in typical cold sector conditions with good visibility and showers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 531 - ID 12849
Advectionfog.
Remark :
A relatively warm air mass moving over the cold Labradorcurrent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 532 - ID 3740
the surface of the earth, which heats the air in the troposphere
Remark :
Short wave radiation from the sun is absorbed by the earthwhich then emits long wave radiation which is absorbed by the atmosphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 533 - ID 1226
Pressure gradient force, Coriolis force.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 534 - ID 10927

the main body of the warm or cold front, or of the occlusion
Remark :
In the warm sector the precipitation, if any, would bedrizzle. After the cold front has passed through the precipitation would beshowers.
front or occlusion would give continuous rain.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 535 - ID 10124
tropical air below the tropopause
Remark :
It is in the warm (tropical) air, below the warm airtropopause and above the level of the cold (polar) air tropopause.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 536 - ID 4103
There are frequent occurrences of CB
Remark :
Along much of its length, where the converging surface windsbring moisture, there will be a great deal of Cb activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 537 - ID 10975
Ragged altocumulus lenticularis is an indication for the presence of moderate/severe turbulence at the level of these clouds
Remark :
Lenticular cloud is the classic indication of standingwaves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 538 - ID 13607
2C/1000FT
Remark :
Strictly speaking 1.98C/1,000ft but near enough
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 539 - ID 4191
standard atmospheric conditions occur
Remark :
Indicated altitude is pressure altitude and it is only thesame as true altitude in ISA conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 540 - ID 5025
mean position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during January
Remark :
ITCZ in January.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 541 - ID 1547
QFE is greater than QNH.
Remark :
QFE is thepressure measured at the airfield datum and if that is below sea level thepressure will be greater than sea level pressure
(QNH).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 542 - ID 1576
FL80
Remark :
At an averagelapse rate of 2C per 1,000ft -6 would be 3,000ft above the freezing level,which is at
5,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 543 - ID 10877
thunderstorms, hail, tornadoes, wind gusts, heavy showers, lightning strikes
Remark :
Convective phenomena do not include haze, advection fog,mist, light rain over a large area or stratocumulus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 544 - ID 13640

3515 FT
Remark :
1013 - 958 = 55hPax 27 = 1,485ft. Height in ISA conditions = 3,515ft.
5,000 ISA = +15C (2 x 5)
= +05C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 545 - ID 5013
col
Remark :
The area between two highs and two lows.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 546 - ID 4135
showers of rain or snow
Remark :
Unstable air gives good visibility (pollution removed vertically)except in showers. Drizzle and stratus are associated with stable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 547 - ID 13667
Low stratus will develop caused by increasing wind speed.
Remark :
Turbulence cloud is formed within the turbulence layerbecause mixing of the air modifies the temperature
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 548 - ID 10939
Light or moderate hoarfrost
Remark :
If the aircraft is really cold (-45C) when it descends intowarm air water vapour will sublimate and form hoar frost on the aircraft. Toget rime or
clear ice requires flight through cloud with SCWDs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 549 - ID 2172
long streaks of cirrus clouds.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 550 - ID 12827
Visibility 2,5 kilometres, mist, cloud base 500 feet, wind speed 5 knots
Remark :
BECMG 1012 means that the weather will change to these newconditions between 1000hrs and 1200hrs. The change will not happen
untilafter 1000hrs but it will be complete by 1200hrs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 551 - ID 4077
stability, wind speed, roughness of surface
Remark :
Some of the answers include temperature and this is not afactor. The air could be warm orcold, stable or unstable.  The
primary factors are; stability, wind speed, roughness of surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 552 - ID 10875
Florida to SW England
Remark :
In the winter the polar front runs from Florida toFolkestone and in the summer it runs from Newfoundland to Norway.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 553 - ID 13606
9999, NSC, NSW
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 554 - ID 1229

Dust and poor visibility.
Remark :
The Harmattan will give dust and poor visibility but not upto FL150.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 555 - ID 2720
the north-west Pacific, affecting Japan, Taiwan, Korea and the Chinese coastline.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 556 - ID 12861
By interpolation of the wind information available from the 500 and 300 hPa charts, while also considering the maximum wind information found
on the Significant Weather Chart.
Remark :
Consider all the information available.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 557 - ID 1266
Nimbostratus.
Remark :
The action described is a warm front so stratus rather thancumulus and low cloud rules out altostratus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 558 - ID 12852
The visibility generally is less than the RVR.
Remark :
The methods for measuring RVR and prevailing visibility arequite different. RVR is measured in a specific direction, usually
usingtransmissiometers, while the prevailing visibility will be the average and, ifless than 1,500m, the minimum value in a specific
direction. This means thatthere can be no direct comparison and RVR is likely to be the same as orgreater than the lowest reported value of
prevailing visibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 559 - ID 229
Mid- afternoon.
Remark :
Maximum convective lifting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 560 - ID 4195
a very strong temperature inversion
Remark :
At night, radiation cools the surface which then cools theair close to the surface, but at 3,000 ft or so the air is still very warm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 561 - ID 2510
FL50
Remark :
1013 850 = 163hPa x 30 = 4,890 ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 562 - ID 4102
September, October, November
Remark :
The SW monsoon is the summer monsoon which is present whenthe ITCZ is north of India and the NE monsoon is the winter monsoon which
blowswhen the ITCZ is south of India. The ITCZ is at its most northerly positionin July and its most southerly position in January..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 563 - ID 10903
on the downwind side of the mountain chain
Remark :
The air must travel over the mountains in order to set upthe wave !
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 564 - ID 10945
Radiation fog forms due to surface cooling at night in a light wind. Advection fog forms when warm humid airflows over a cold surface.
Remark :
Radiation fog forms due to surface cooling at night in alight wind. Advection fog forms when warm humid air flows over a cold surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 565 - ID 12797
air pressure
Remark :
Change of stability does not affect density. As humidityand temperature increase density will decrease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 566 - ID 1622
5-7 Eights of the sky is cloud covered
Remark :
Broken = five to seven eighths.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 567 - ID 10954
back and decrease
Remark :
The surface wind in the northern hemisphere will back andslack compared to the free-flow wind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 568 - ID 10963
It can only be equal to, or lower, than the temperature of the air mass
Remark :
Convection, Convergence and Orographic lifting all provide alifting action capable of triggering a thunderstorm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 569 - ID 5012
Iceland / Greenland
Remark :
There is high pressure over the major land masses (USA &Siberia) during the winter and low pressure during the summer.
Azoreshigh is a feature throughout the year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 570 - ID 12793
Mixing ratio
Remark :
The mixing ratio is the ratio of water vapour to air by mass(usually expressed as gm/kg).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 571 - ID 4121
100 to 150 metres
Remark :
The core diameter is measured in tens or hundreds of metres
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 572 - ID 1233
down the slope during the night.
Remark :
Cold kat atnight, warm ana in the day.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 573 - ID 4192
Less than 0 FT
Remark :
If you have set the QNH your altitude will be correct at theairfield.
The
Most of the questions ask what will happen if you cross a mountain, or if youare at a FL. They are above your reference point (the airfield) so if
it iscolder than ISA your true altitude will be less than your indicated.
If you are flying below the airfield elevation the correction will be reversed.In cold air, true altitude (the sea) will be more than yourindicated.
That means when your altimeter reads zero you will still be someheight above the water.
Now the dangerous one is high temperatures. You will hit the water while thealtimeter is showing you some height above zero.
The altimeter assumes ISA because it is calibrated according ISA so if thetemperature is not ISA then the altimeter will falsely calculate the sea
level.If the airfield is above MSL and it is colder than ISA the altimeter thinks sealevel is higher than it really is.
That is why it is only correct at airfield elevation, and you have to correctif you are above or below the airfield elevation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 574 - ID 13564
cs
Remark :
On the warm front the moist, stable tropical maritime airproduces stratiform cloud when lifted. Above 18,000ft this will becirrostratus (CS)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 575 - ID 13651
cool dry air is moving over a warmer surface.
Remark :
Good visibility is associated with unstable air. Cool airmoving over a warm surface will become unstable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 576 - ID 1614
large supercooled water drops
Remark :
Small SCWD generally give rime ice but large SCWD generallygive clear ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 577 - ID 4201
below 5 kt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 578 - ID 5542
11 to 50 km
Remark :
from 36,000ft to 164,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 579 - ID 2125
stable
Remark :
The lapse rate is 2C/1,000m = 0.6/1,000ft or0.2C/100m. This is less than the SALR (1.8C/1,000ft or 0.6/100m) the air isstable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 580 - ID 4130
large and at a temperature just below freezing
Remark :
Small SCWDs can give clear ice but with large ones it iscertain at temperatures just below freezing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 581 - ID 10952
strengthens "upwind" of the mountains.
Remark :
The orographic lifting supplements the frontal lifting andthe activity on the front is intensified.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 582 - ID 1222
7000 -15000 FT above the terrain.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 583 - ID 4042

ice crystals, water droplets and supercooled water droplets
Remark :
All three are present.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 584 - ID 10971
CU.CB.
Remark :
Stratus = stable, cumulus = unstable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 585 - ID 2003
A special aerodrome weather report, issued when a significant change of the weather conditions have been observed.
Remark :
It is required when there is an unexpected (un-forecast)change in the weather and is required for improving as well as deterioratingconditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 586 - ID 3737
elevation while landing
Remark :
When you are parked on the airfield and you set QNH it willalways correctly give you the airport elevation. Because it uses QFE at thestation it
already corrects for any temperature or pressure deviations, it onlyhas to be corrected for the pressure variation due to the elevation. If it
wasonly correct at ISA your airport elevation would constantly vary. That is theadvantage of QNH. However if you are not at the airport
elevation and thetemperature and pressure is not ISA then you will have an error above or belowthe airport elevation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 587 - ID 2527
20 m/sec
Remark :
40 nm per hour =40 x 6,080 ft per hour = (40 x 6,080) 60 ft per min
= (40 x6,080)(60 x 60) ft per sec = (40 x 6,080)(60 x 60 x 3.28)
m per sec
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 588 - ID 10977
Frontal thunderstorms.
Remark :
Frontal thunderstorms move with their cold front, occlusionor trough and this can be quite rapid. Air mass thunderstorms can be static
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 589 - ID 2537
33025KT
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 590 - ID 1626
LSGG 22003KT9999 SCT120 BKN280 09/08 Q1026 BECMG 5000 BR =
Remark :
LSZH 26024G52KT 9999 BKN060 17/14 Q1012RETS TEMPO 5000 TSRA =
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 591 - ID 4167
neutral for dry air
Remark :
The DALR is 9.8 degrees/1000m (3 degrees/1000ft) and the SALR is6 degrees/1000m (1.8 degrees/1000ft).
It is ISA that is 6.5 degrees/1000m (1.98 degrees/1000ft).
If the ELR is 10 degrees/1000m, it is very close to the DALR, so it will beneutral while dry.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Freezing rain.
Remark :
Highest accumulation rate is in freezing rain, then cumuluscloud followed by stratus. Airframe ice does not form in cirrus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 593 - ID 4106
The significant weather forecast for the time given on the chart
Remark :
The SWC is published every six hours.   The information on the chart(e.g. positions of fronts) is for the mid point of that six hour
period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 594 - ID 2697
FL360
Remark :
Interpolate between FL350 and FL410.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 595 - ID 2556
SC.AS
Remark :
CB and NS canboth produce heavy rain.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 596 - ID 2543
CI
Remark :
Lens shaped.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 597 - ID 453
Remark :
Virtually cold conditions over Europe; air massthunderstorms in the summer and radiation fog in the winter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 598 - ID 1621
A landing forecast appended to METAR/SPECI, valid for 2 hours
Remark :
A trend covers the two hours after the actual report(METAR).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 599 - ID 4128
at a temperature below freezing
Remark :
They can be any size but the temperature will be between 0Cand -40C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 600 - ID 1283
Showers and thunderstorms.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 601 - ID 454
0Cto-10C
Remark :
It needs to be below freezing (0C) for ice to form.   The most serious ice forms attemperature just below freezing and as it gets
colder there are lesssuper-cooled liquid water droplets and more ice
crystals.                   &
nbsp;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Continental polar air.
Remark :
Arctic maritime and polar maritime rou over relatively warmocean surfaces. Polar continental comes to Europe over avery cold
land surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 603 - ID 5017
It tends to move round the primary in a cyclonic sense
Remark :
The smaller secondary depression moves around the maindepression anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in thesouthern
hemisphere; i.e. in the same direction as the airflow around an areaof low pressure (a cyclonic system).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 604 - ID 2576
850 hPa
Remark :
850hPa = FL50.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 605 - ID 1592
Cold air moving over warm water
Remark :
The cold air in contact with the warm water picks upmoisture (water vapour).  When it is lifted into the main cold air mass it is
cooled below its dewpoint and the water vapour condenses into droplets – steam fog or arcticsmoke.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 606 - ID 4037
stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence
Remark :
Convective cloudgives showers, stratus gives steady precipitation.   Severe turbulence with statiform cloud is associatedwith wind
shear and not an indication of precipitation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 607 - ID 2042
50N.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 608 - ID 12799
Initial stage
Remark :
Up draughts only in the initial, cumulus or developmentstage, up and down draughts in the mature stage and weakening vertical movementin
the dissipating stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 609 - ID 2623
Hamburg - Oslo
Remark :
All of the airfields are circled but it does need a littleknowledge of geography to know which is which. Only Hamburg Oslo goes througha
significant weather area and icing is expected between below FL100 and FL210.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 610 - ID 14363
the air is relatively moist in the lower part and dry in the upper part
Remark :
The trade winds are the flow of air from the belt ofsub-tropical high pressure into the ITCZ. As the air sinks in thesub-tropical high pressure it
warms adiabatically which decreases its relativehumidity; it becomes drier. However, as it flows over the ocean towards theITCZ the lower
levels (up to approximately 5,000 feet) pick up moisture.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 611 - ID 13670
Only a small change of altitude is necessary.
Remark :
1013 -976 = 37hPa x 27 = 999ft. Altitude in ISA conditions= 3,001ft

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 612 - ID 1552
ktnOOFT.
Remark :
It is important to know the change in wind speed withheight.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 613 - ID 3483
Level flight below a rain producing cloud when OAT is below zero degrees C.
Remark :
Airframe icing will not happen in cirrus cloud (composed ofice crystals) or if the temperature is above 0C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 614 - ID 5002
w
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 615 - ID 1599
Cold air pushes under a warm air mass
Remark :
The cold air pushes the warm air up.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 616 - ID 1274
Moderate (several km).
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 617 - ID 10936
Mature stage.
Remark :
All of the hazards associated with thunderstorms are presentin the mature stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 618 - ID 2575
300 hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 619 - ID 1770
3006 FT.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 620 - ID 10955
a headwind.
Remark :
The is a pressure gradient from high pressure (left) to lowpressure (right). Coriolis will turn the wind through 90 to the right in thenorthern
hemisphere
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 621 - ID 13679
Continental polar air.
Remark :
Polar and arctic air are both cold at source. The maritimeair masses route to Europe over relatively warm ocean surfaces and warm up
butpolar continental air travels over a very cold land surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 622 - ID 4117
Tropical
Remark :
Greatest convective lifting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 623 - ID 0
dust particles are trapped below an inversion
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 624 - ID 5539
Stratus.
Remark :
Small drops of drizzle come from stratus cloud in stableair.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 625 - ID 4062
warm katabatic wind
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 626 - ID 2244
1022 hPa
Remark :
If elevation is zero or in ISA conditions QNH = QFF
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 627 - ID 2504
Within +/-5C of ISA
Remark :
200hPa = FL380
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 628 - ID 452
Apparently nothing, because any changes would be small.
Remark :
With pressure changing verylittle there will be little or no change on the altimeter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 629 - ID 2619
230/20
Remark :
The wind is from the SW and between 10 25 knots.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 630 - ID 5026
Wet and thundery due to the proximity of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
Remark :
The ITCZ will be just about overhead Dakar in July.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 631 - ID 13608
June in southern India to reach Pakistan in July.
Remark :
The sun crosses the Equator in March with the ITCZ laggingbehind it. By June the ITCZ gas reached India.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 632 - ID 13590
6-8 oktas SC and ST, visibility moderate to poor in drizzle
Remark :
In the middle of the warm sector we would expect toexperience typical tropical maritime conditions; low stratus, poor visibilityand drizzle.
the summer the cloud may lift and may even disperse but inthe winter the cloud base would remain low over the land.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 633 - ID 4196
Visibility is reduced by water droplets
In
Remark :
N means that the RVR has not changed in the last tenminutes before the report. The RVR on 26R is more than 1,500m (P) and onrunway
26L it is 1,500m. BR = mist and mist is caused by water droplets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 634 - ID 2521
15100 ft
Remark :
1013 1003 = 10hPa x 27 = 270ft Altitude in ISA = 16,000 270 = 15,730ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 635 - ID 4183
all aircraft
Remark :
A SIGMET is a warning issued to all aircraft in flight aboutcertain,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 636 - ID 12831
The cold front becomes a front aloft.
Remark :
Warm occlusion
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 637 - ID 2254
the air at Palma de Mallorca is warmer than that at Marseille
Remark :
In ISA conditions the altitude at Marseille would be 10,000 30 = 9,970ft and at Palma it would be 10,000 (7 x 30) = 9,790 ft. Sincethe
aircraft are at the same true altitude the air at Palma is warmer than theair at Marseille.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 638 - ID 2604
Moderate to severe clear air turbulence to be expected north of the Alps. Intensity increasing. Danger zone between FL 260 and FL 380
Remark :
The moderate to severe CAT is between FL260 and FL380. Itis stationary and intensifying.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 639 - ID 4078
surface wind speed tends to be highest during the early afternoon
Remark :
Early afternoon is the time when air temperature ishighest. High temperature gives low density and as atmospheric densitydecreases, surface
friction decreases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 640 - ID 10969
Flight with headwind toward high ground is likely to be more hazardous than flight with tailwind toward high ground
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 641 - ID 4254
Aircraft S experiences more icing than T.
Remark :
It is a fact that high performance profiles tend toaccumulate ice easier and quicker than low performance aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 642 - ID 453
CI
Remark :
Virtually cold conditions over Europe; air massthunderstorms in the summer and radiation fog in the winter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 643 - ID 12828
In the friction layer the wind backs with increasing height
Remark :
In the southern hemisphere the surface wind veers anddecreases compared to the free flow wind which means that, going up from thesurface
the wind will back and increase

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 644 - ID 2127
latitude
Remark :
Thicker at the Equator, thinner at the Poles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 645 - ID 1629
EDDL
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 646 - ID 10873
29 000 FT
Remark :
The polar front jet is at approximately 30,000ft and that isjust above the cold air tropopause and just below the warm air tropopause; i.e.at mean
tropopause height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 647 - ID 1996
thermal triggering.
Remark :
A cold front will produce a line of thunderstorms, notisolated thunderstorms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 648 - ID 5037
leeward side of a mountain range and is caused by significant moisture loss by precipitation from cloud
Remark :
As a result of the moisture loss (precipitation) the cloudbase will be higher on the leeward side than the windward side and this causesthe
temperature difference.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 649 - ID 10847
decreases TC per 100 m
Remark :
Dry air forced to rise will cool at the DALR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 650 - ID 14151
1000 feet
Remark :
Between 1300hrs and 1400hrs the cloud base will lift to1,500ft but temporarily between 1400hrs and 1600hrs it will come down to1,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 651 - ID 59
Elevation of the airfield.
Remark :
QNH is QFE reduced to sealevel assuming ISA conditions so to calculate QFE from QNH we only need to knowfield
elevation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 652 - ID 1551
July to November.
Remark :
The season fortropical revolving storms is Summer into Autumn.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 653 - ID 2249
990 hPa
Remark :
__________________ QFE 990hPa

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 654 - ID 4045
saturation of the cold air by rain falling into it and evaporating
Remark :
The very low cloud ahead of the warm front is the fractostratus which is found below the nimbo stratus. The nimbo stratus is in thewarm air
and the fracto stratus is in the cold air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 655 - ID 12805
In the rotor zone
Remark :
The turbulence associated with a mountain wave is in therotor zone level with and just below the high ground and one wavelength downwind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 656 - ID 2535
11020KT
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 657 - ID 4139
the elevation = 0
Remark :
Smoke is held in the atmosphere by stable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 658 - ID 5032
the temperature to which moist air must be cooled to become saturated at a given pressure
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 659 - ID 1232
Sea to land.
Remark :
The sea breeze blows from seato land.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 660 - ID 2043
The wind components correspond to the seasonal change of the regional wind system.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 661 - ID 1275
Frequent and widespread thunderstorms are to be expected within the area of the ITCZ.
Remark :
The ITCZ moves with the seasons and extensive thunderstormactivity is found along most of its length.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 662 - ID 4124
water or ice particles falling out of a cloud that evaporate before reaching the ground
Remark :
Precipitation leaving the cloud but disappearing before itreaches the ground.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 663 - ID 1689
Warm front
Remark :
Just look at the symbol.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Large water droplets, instability, turbulence, showers and mainly clear ice.
Remark :
The lifting action gives large droplets, turbulence etc.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 665 - ID 0
is usually most evident in the circulation and temperature fields of the middle troposphere and may show little or no sign on a surface chart
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 666 - ID 4164
more than 1C per 100m
Remark :
ELR greater than 1C/100m (3C/1,000ft) = unstable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 667 - ID 2538
It blows from land to water
Remark :
A land breeze blows from land to sea at night.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 668 - ID 1204
It increases with increasing water vapour.
Remark :
If the amount ofwater vapour increases then relative humidity increases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 669 - ID 10960
Altocumulus lenticularis
Remark :
A bit naughty because the turbulence referred to is not inthe cloud. None of the cloud types listed will have severe turbulence in thembut
lenticular cloud is a confirmation of mountain waves and they areassociated with turbulence at lower levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 670 - ID 2563
To locate fronts in areas with few observation stations
Remark :
Light = not necessary, moderate = desirable, severe =essential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 671 - ID 12844
the pressure is constant all over the chart.
Remark :
Each chart is for a specified flight level which is aconstant pressure altitude.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 672 - ID 4172
There is no cross wind
Remark :
At FL180 the pressure difference is caused by a temperaturedifference. High temperature = high pressure. If there is no change in yourtrue
altitude you are flying along the isobars, so you will have a head wind ora tail wind but no crosswind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 673 - ID 10970
CB
Remark :
Only Cumulonimbus has the necessary vertical extent
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 674 - ID 5537
in standard atmosphere, the height of the aircraft above the official airport elevation.
Remark :
QFE is the pressure observed at the airfield datum and thealtimeter is calibrated to ISA conditions
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 675 - ID 2513
It will decrease
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 676 - ID 10981
from your right
Remark :
There is a pressure gradient from high pressure (ahead) tolow pressure (behind). Coriolis will turn the wind through 90 to the rightin the
northern hemisphere
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 677 - ID 456
It will not occur in clear-sky conditions
Remark :
You have to be in cloud for clear or rime ice to form orbelow cloud for rains ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 678 - ID 1564
The subtropical jet stream.
Remark :
The sub-tropical and polarfront jets are present throughout the year.   The polar night jet is only there in the winter andthe
equatorial jet is only present during the northern hemisphere summer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 679 - ID 1777
zones of precipitation, particularly liquid-state precipitation, and also their intensity
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 680 - ID 1214
The north side of the alps with a prevailing Foehn from the south.
Remark :
Fronts and occlusions produceplenty of precipitation. Foehn winds produce precipitation on the windward sideof the hills but are dry (and warm)
on the leeward side.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 681 - ID 2515
It will increase
Remark :
If the transition altitude is 3,000ft and the sub-scale isreset from 996hPa to 1013hPa the reading will increase from 3,000ft to3,460ft. Wind on
pressure, wind on height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 682 - ID 3486
A cloud consisting of both supercooled water droplets and ice crystals produces aircraft icing
Remark :
Icing will not occur at temperatures below -40C becausecould will be entirely ice crystals but a mixture of ice crystals andsupercooled water
droplets will produce icing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 683 - ID 1287
A tendency for fog and low ST.
Remark :
High pressure is associatedwith stable, sinking air.  Without convective or frontal lifting there will be little or no cloudand
precipitation.   Any cloudformation in winter will be stratus rather than cumulus and the precipitationwill be drizzle (or granular
snow) rather than rain (or snow).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 684 - ID 2574
500 hPa
Remark :
300 hPa = FL300, 500 hPa = FL180, 700 hPa = FL100, 850 hPa =FL50.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 685 - ID 10334

environmental lapse rate is greater than both dry adiabatic lapse rate and saturated adiabatic lapse rate
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 686 - ID 67
Terrestrial radiation on a clear night with no or very light winds.
Remark :
It gets cold near thesurface and stays warm above.  This is a temperature inversion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 687 - ID 5031
Chinook
Remark :
The Chinook is warmed by blowing over two mountain ranges;the coastal range and then the Canadian Rockies. By the time it reaches
thePrairie Provinces it is a very warm wind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 688 - ID 12864
10 kilometres or more
Remark :
9999 means 10km or more.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 689 - ID 2335
Radiation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 690 - ID 4122
Mature stage
Remark :
Up draughts only in the cumulus or development stage, up anddown draughts in the mature stage and weakening vertical movement in
thedissipating stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 691 - ID 13635
At a temperature greater than or equal to that of the ISA and where the QNH is greater than or equal to 1013.25 hPa
Remark :
If the QNH is more than 1013hPa but temperature is the sameas ISA the true altitude will be greater than pressure altitude (indicationwith
1013hPa set). If it is warmer than ISA the true altitude will be greaterthan indicated altitude
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 692 - ID 4036
a droplet still in liquid state at a temperature below CTC
Remark :
Below 0C but above -40C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 693 - ID 2131
The surface wind usually has its direction parallel to the front
Remark :
If the isobars cut the front it will move but if they areparallel to the front it will be quasi-stationary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 694 - ID 13568
frequent showers of rain and snow, good visibility outside precipitation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 695 - ID 13630
Strong horizontal temperature gradients.
Remark :
The horizontal temperature gradient is essential for theformation of the thermal wind.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

centrifugal force is added to the pressure gradient
Remark :
The gradient windis hi round a hi and lo round a lo compared to the geostrophic wind.   It is hi round a hi becausecentrifugal
(cyclostrophic) force acts with pressure gradient force.   Note that coriolis effect is atright angles to pressure gradient and
centrifugal forces; coriolis forceopposes the combined pressure gradient and centrifugal forces.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 697 - ID 1225
Strong and flowing somewhat across the isobars.
Remark :
The isobars being close together means that there will be astrong wind.   Because ofsurface friction the wind will back and
slack in the northern hemispherewhich means that the surface wind will flow across the isobars rather thanparallel to them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 698 - ID 13647
blowing dust in the vicinity.
Remark :
VC = in the vicinity, BL = blowing and DU = dust.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 699 - ID 61
3.0C/1000FT
Remark :
3C/1,000ft or 1C/100m.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 700 - ID 13638
true.
Remark :
Typically on the passage of a warm front the wind veers fromSW to W and on the passage of a cold front the wind veers from W to NW.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 701 - ID 10349
10 m/sec
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 702 - ID 1277
Thunderstorms, showers of heavy rain.
Remark :
The ITCZ is tothe North of India and the SW monsoon brings moist unstable air from the
IndianOcean.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 703 - ID 2545
CB
Remark :
Only Cumulonimbus has the necessary vertical extent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 704 - ID 0
in unstable atmosphere
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 705 - ID 13661
by stagnation of the air for a long period of time over areas having particular characteristics
Remark :
The properties of temperature, stability and moisturecontent are determined by those properties at source and how they are modifiedby the
passage of the air mass over a warm or cold, land or sea surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 706 - ID 1682
From FL220to FL400, moderate
Remark :
Just look in the CAT AREAS box on the chart.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 707 - ID 4133
0.6C
Remark :
SALR = 0.6C/100m or 1.8C/1,000ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 708 - ID 1609
In the vicinity of Dakar
Remark :
In July the ITCZwill be just about over Dakar.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 709 - ID 4149
lifted air returns to its original level
Remark :
In a stable environment if air is pushed up it always triesto return to the level in the atmosphere where it started.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 710 - ID 1780
surface convergence and upper level divergence causing widespread ascent of air in the depression
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 711 - ID 5022
December to April
Remark :
Southern hemisphere Summer/Autumn.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 712 - ID 2048
FL150
Remark :
At FL80 the temperature is above freezing so there will beno ice forming. At FL150 it is -8C and the most severe icing occurs between0C and
-10C. At FL180 and above the temperature is -14C or lower and willbe less severe at these lower temperatures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 713 - ID 1195
Tropopause.
Remark :
It just has to bethe tropopause.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 714 - ID 10862
4625 FT
Remark :
At B: Set 1012 - QNH 977 = 35hPa x 27 = 945 ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 715 - ID 1249
Cold low.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 716 - ID 1598
Showers associated with thunderstorms
Remark :
An active cold front will have embedded cumulonimbus.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

between 0C and -23C in large CU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 718 - ID 10867
high relative humidity and instability throughout a deep layer
Remark :
Thunderstorms need moisture, a trigger action and unstableair
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 719 - ID 2551
Heat loss from the ground on clear nights
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 720 - ID 4110
Dissipating stage
Remark :
Up draughts only in the initial (cumulus) stage, up and downdraughts in the mature stage and down draughts in the dissipating stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 721 - ID 1262
Light wind, little or no cloud, moist air.
Remark :
Cloud cover will prevent radiation cooling and a strong windwill lift the fog to low stratus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 722 - ID 10922
1000 nautical miles, 150 nautical miles, 18000 feet
Remark :
They mean "depth" or "thickness". It can bea lot thicker than 10,000 ft although 10,000 ft is a
"typical"thickess.
The 1000 nm, 150 nm and 18,000 ft is the only answer that fits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 723 - ID 1284
As a low pressure area aloft (e.g. on the 500 hPa chart).
Remark :
The surface chart will show high pressure but, because of apool of cold air at the centre of the system there will be low pressurealoft, normally
above about 10,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 724 - ID 2704
Constantly in the stratosphere
Remark :
At FL 340 you will be well above the tropopause.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 725 - ID 10920
July until November.
Remark :
The main hurricane season is late summer/early autumn whensea temperatures are highest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 726 - ID 13570
low cloud, mist
Remark :
In the middle of the warm sector we would expect toexperience typical tropical maritime conditions; low stratus, poor visibilityand, possibly,
drizzle. In the summer the cloud may lift to givestratocumulus and may even disperse but in the winter the cloud base wouldremain low over
the land.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cumulus and cumulonimbus
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 728 - ID 4022
absolutely unstable
Remark :
Remember you determine the stability or instability of theair by comparing the DALR or SALR to the ELR. The DALR and the SALR will applyto
a parcel of air that is forced to rise by some trigger action.
The DALR is always 3 degrees/1000ft or 0.98 degrees/100m (use 1 degree forpractical calculations) and in our latitudes the SALR is 1.8
degrees/1000ft or0.6 degrees/100m.
The variable is the ELR. It can be any temperature, but if it is an ISA daythen it will be 1.98 degrees/1000ft or 0.65 degrees/100m.
If the ELR is less than 1.8 degrees/1000ft then the air is stable, because aparcel of air that is forced to rise will cool at either at the DALR or
theSALR (from the cloud base) so it is cooling faster than the environment, so theminute the trigger action stops, the parcel will sink back to its
originallevel.
If the ELR is more than 3 degrees/1000ft then the air is unstable, because aparcel of air that is forced to rise, will always be warmer than
theenvironment, so it no longer needs a trigger, it is like a hot air balloon.
If the ELR is between 3 and 1.8 degrees/1000ft the the air is conditionallyunstable. The condition is that the trigger must be strong enough to
take it tothe height where it will become unstable. The reason is that if it is coolingat the DALR, initially it will be stable, but from the cloud base
it will nowcool at the SALR so it will slowly catch up to the ELR, and if the trigger isstrong enough, to lift it enough, it will eventually get warmer
than theenvironment, and therefore become unstable.
In this example the environment is cooling at more than 1 degree/100m (morethan 3 degrees/1000ft) so the parcel, regardless of whether it is
dry orsaturated, will always be warmer than the environment, so it will be a hot airballoon, and no longer needs a trigger. That is absolutely
unstable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 729 - ID 4086
fog or low cloud
Remark :
Such high humidity will produce fog or cloud very easily.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 730 - ID 12840
increases if the air is cooled whilst maintaining the vapour pressure constant
Remark :
As temperature goes down, RH goes up.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 731 - ID 1783
decreases and its temperature increases
Remark :
The tropopause is lower and warmer at the Pole than it is atthe Equator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 732 - ID 2178
not less than 1,5 km but could be in excess of 10 km.
Remark :
There is a 30%probability that visibility could temporarily be as low as 1.5km, it couldtemporarily fall to 5km but most of the time it will be more
than 10km.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 733 - ID 13797
RVR for runway 14 800 metres, vertical visibility 100 feet, calm, visibility improving to 800 metres in the next 2 hours
Remark :
Wind calm, visibility 200 metres, RVR for runway 14 is 800metres and increasing, RVR for runway 16 is more than 1,500 metres andincreasing,
moderate freezing fog, vertical visibility 100ft, temperature -3C,dew point -3C, QNH 1022hPa, visibility expected to improve to 800 metres
inthe next two hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 734 - ID 1103

21 % oxygen, 78 % nitrogen, and the rest other gasses
Remark :
Figures which must beremembered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 735 - ID 1696
15 kt
Remark :
The arrow pointing to the East shows the speed as 15 knots.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 736 - ID 10394
strong wind shear, convection and snow showers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 737 - ID 0
usually better than visibility
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 738 - ID 2041
In June.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 739 - ID 1558
small supercooled water drops.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 740 - ID 2255
None, the reason for the change is that the air around Palma is warmer than the air around Marseille
Remark :
Thepressure is the same at both stations, so the reason for the difference in truealtitude must be a change in temperature. If the true altitude is
increasingthen we must be flying from a colder air mass to a warmer air mass.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 741 - ID 10930
increase
Remark :
A drop of 6C in 4,000ft = 1.5C per 1,000ft. This is lessthan the SALR (1.8C per 1,000ft).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 742 - ID 1627
LSZB 28012KT 9999 OVC100 16/12 Q1012 BECMG 5000-RA=
Remark :
At LFSB the cloudceiling at 5,000ft is below the MSA; similarly at LSGG the ceiling is belowMSA.   At LSZH the visibilityis less than
10km.   At LFZBthe weather at the time of the report is CAVOK but it will deteriorate later.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 743 - ID 2339
mature stage.
Remark :
All of the hazards associated with thunderstorms will bepresent during the mature stage of its life when there is precipitation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 744 - ID 4145
is heavy and is difficult to remove from the aircraft surfaces
Remark :
It spreads over the whole aircraft, it is clear andsometimes difficult to see.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 745 - ID 1255

Siberian landmass.
Remark :
From Russia with love but not much heat.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 746 - ID 4147
water vapour turning directly into ice crystals on the aircraft surface
Remark :
Sublimation !
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 747 - ID 2493
-4C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 748 - ID 4158
Elevation of the airfield
Remark :
Since the process assumes ISA conditions only fieldelevation is required
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 749 - ID 5006
travelling low pressure systems
Remark :
This is thedisturbed temperate climate band.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 750 - ID 223
Winter.
Remark :
Florida to Folkstone in thewinter and Newfoundland to Norway in the summer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 751 - ID 13807
Visibility 400 m, RVR for runway 16 1000 m with no distinct tendency, dew point -2*C, freezing fog.
Remark :
Surface wind 160T/3kts, visibility 400 metres, RVR forrunway 14 more than 1,500 metres, RVR for runway 16 is 1,000 metres,
moderatefreezing fog, vertical visibility 300ft, temperature -2C, dew point -2C, QNH1026hPa, visibility increasing over the next two hours to
2,000 metres in mist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 752 - ID 4063
occurring only in the lower layers of the atmosphere in daytime
Remark :
Day and surface
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 753 - ID 13641
1-5 minutes and 4 km
Remark :
Generally accepted figures are duration of 1 to 5 minutesand a diameter of up to 5km.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 754 - ID 1201
polar air and tropical air.
Remark :
Polar maritimeand tropical maritime.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 755 - ID 13818
The temperature lapse rate changes abruptly at the tropopause.
Remark :
The tropopause is higher and colder at the Equator; lowerand warmer at the Poles. Above the tropopause there is an isothermal layer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 756 - ID 10964
Environmental lapse rate greater than saturated adiabatic lapse rate through a great vertical extent, high relative humidity and an initial lifting
process
Remark :
Thunderstorms need moisture, a trigger action and unstableair.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 757 - ID 10907
the instability of the air mass between the surface and the top of Cumulus clouds.
Remark :
Since the wind at FL50 and FL100 is the same there is nowind shear but the cumulus clouds, base 6,000ft and tops 10,000ft indicate thatthe air
mass is unstable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 758 - ID 12855
5 km
Remark :
BECMG 0205 changes the visibility to 10km or more (9999) butthe TEMPO 0002 indicates that the visibility could decrease to 5km.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 759 - ID 10957
fog
Remark :
Fog = visibility less than 1,000m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 760 - ID 12829
The diameter of the affected area on the surface does not exceed 4 km
Remark :
Microbursts are found under cumulonimbus clouds but they canoccur where rain is falling at the cloud base but not reaching the surface(virga).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 761 - ID 455
It is likely to occur in nimbostratus cloud
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 762 - ID 1595
East of Greenland
Remark :
The edge of the arctic highpressure system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 763 - ID 2243
It is not possible to give a definitive answer
Remark :
We need the temperature to calculate the QFF
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 764 - ID 2601
15003KT9999BKN100 17/11 01024 NOSIG =
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 765 - ID 1288
Significant weather chart.
Remark :

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

160 metres
Remark :
1000 980 = 20hPa. 1hPa = 8 m. 20hPa x 8m= 160m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 767 - ID 1546
Lowest value of QNH and the highest negative temperature deviation from ISA.
Remark :
They are looking for the worst case.   If the QNH is more than 1013hPaand it is warmer than ISA then your pressure altitude (FL)
will be higher thantrue altitude.   In order tocalculate minimum safe flight level you need lowest forecast QNH and
lowesttemperature deviation on the route.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 768 - ID 1703
Remark :
The temperature at FL180 is shownas -20C.   An average lapserate is 2C/1,000 ft so the temperature at FL 200 would be 4C
colder at -24C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 769 - ID 66
6240 FT.
Remark :
The difference between the6,000ft pressure depth and the depth of a standard atmosphere will be 4ft per1,000ft per C deviation = 4 x 6 x
10 = 240ft.   The actual depth of the layer between FL60 and FL120 =6,000 + 240 = 6,240ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 770 - ID 1617
greater
Remark :
The small water drops indrizzle indicate very little lifting action in stable air but the larger raindrops indicate greater lifting action and unstable
air.   Unstable air clears pollutionvertically and visibility is better.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 771 - ID 2582
ridge of high pressure
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 772 - ID 1251
Severe turbulence in CB cloud.
Remark :
On a cold front there will be cumulonimbus cloud and that isalways associated with moderate to severe turbulence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 773 - ID 1252
South-southeast.
Remark :
At 2,500ft you will be in the free-flow wind. Surfacefriction will make the surface wind back and slack in the northernhemisphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 774 - ID 2594
+RA
Remark :
Heavy rain can leave standing water on the runway.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 775 - ID 13649
the approach of a warm occlusion.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 776 - ID 2564

Severe
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 777 - ID 1701
Mainly 5 to 8 oktas of stratiform cloud in layers
Remark :
BKN = 5 7 oktas, OVC = 8 oktas and STR = stratus. Thecloud base is below FL 100, there is moderate icing up to FL130 and
moderateturbulence up tp FL180.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 778 - ID 3739
vertically downwards motion of air
Remark :
Described in the dictionary as sink, settle or collapse.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 779 - ID 1218
CU.CB.
Remark :
Cumulus cloudwith unstable air and status with stable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 780 - ID 2520
19310ft
Remark :
1033 1013 = 20hPa x 27 = 540ft Altitude in ISA = 20,540ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 781 - ID 1223
Nimbostratus.
Remark :
Stratus, altostratus and cirrus tend to form a single layerbut nimbostratus appears as a number of layer, especially if we include thefractostratus
normally found below the nimbostratus on a warm front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 782 - ID 4171
change significantly in speed and direction
Remark :
The wind within the inversion is usually quite differentfrom the wind immediately above the inversion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 783 - ID 4082
Harmattan
Remark :
Scirocco and Khamsin are southerly winds blowing into theMediterranean and the Pampero is a cold southerly blowing over Argentina.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 784 - ID 1553
SIGMET.
Remark :
The SIGMET is specifically a warning of hazardous conditionsfor aircraft already in flight but its content will be available to crewsbriefing prior to
flight.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 785 - ID 10895
a temperature inversion
Remark :
In the tropics the tropopause is not the upper limit ofcumulonimbus cloud because the momentum of strong convective currents will takerising
air into the stratosphere. Since an isothermal layer will not stop thevertical ascent an inversion is required. A radiation inversion is asurface
phenomenon.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 786 - ID 1278
A veering in the wind direction.
Remark :
The change in head/tail wind component will depend on theangle between the front and the isobars and the wind direction relative
totrack.   However, on thepassage of a front in the northern hemisphere the wind always veers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 787 - ID 236
North-easterly winds bringing dry and hazy air.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 788 - ID 227
Morning.
Remark :
During themorning wind speed and turbulence will increase and calmest conditions will bein the early
morning.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 789 - ID 2499
+7C
Remark :
6,000ft at 2C per 1,000ft (near enough to 1.98C/1,000ft) =12C. -5 + 12 = +7C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 790 - ID 4182
a METAR
Remark :
RVR is only reported as an actual value, it is not forecast.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 791 - ID 10974
Their eye can be well observed by weather satellites
Remark :
Tropical revolving storms form over warm oceans andinitially move from East to West. They then curve away from the equator. They weaken
as they track over land. Satellites are used to track theirprogress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 792 - ID 1365
Track D-A
Remark :
The line DA crosses and occluded front; probably a warmocclusion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 793 - ID 2591
+SHSN;
Remark :
Patches of fog, freezing fog and haze are obscuration notprecipitation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 794 - ID 4169
an increase of temperature with height
Remark :
It gets warmer as you climb.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 795 - ID 12863
Equatorial air
Remark :
Tropical and polar most of the time, arctic sometimes butnever equatorial.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 796 - ID 4040
medium level clouds
Remark :
Alto = medium
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 797 - ID 1577
Positions with the same air pressure at a given level
Remark :
Isobar means same pressure and it is at mean sea level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 798 - ID 13665
at the rear of the occlusion is less cold than the cold air ahead, with the warm air at a higher altitude.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 799 - ID 19
-54C.
Remark :
300hPa = 30,000 ft(FL300).   The temperature fallsat 2C per 1,000ft to be -54C at FL330, the tropopause.   Above
FL330 the temperature isconstant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 800 - ID 2536
Symbol b)
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 801 - ID 2534
Symbol d)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 802 - ID 1550
1375 FT.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 803 - ID 14146
A lower altitude than the elevation of the summit;
Remark :
High pressure and high temperature both make the altimeterover read the aircrafts altitude.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 804 - ID 13825
Airframe icing can occur in clear air
Remark :
Turbulence may be encountered above the tropopause in thearctic jet stream and mountain waves do not have cloud associated if the air
isdry. Haze is a reduction in visibility due to solid particles in theatmosphere, not water. However, hoar frost and rain ice can form clear
ofcloud; hoar frost in clear air and rain ice under the cloud on a warm front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 805 - ID 13609
smaller and slower.
Remark :
The slope of the warm front at 1:150 is shallower (smaller)than the cold fronts 1:50 which is steeper (greater) and the warm fronttypically
moves at two thirds of the speed of the cold front.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 806 - ID 4261
It reaches its maximum northerly position of 15* - 20* N in July
Remark :
In this area it moves between about 20N (July) an 5N(January).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 807 - ID 13656
exceeds the dry adiabatic lapse rate
Remark :
If the ELR is greater than the DALR the air is unstable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 808 - ID 1985
With a warm front.
Remark :
The core of the jet (greatest speed) is at approximatelyFL330. The direction of the core is from 310T. With a typical northernhemisphere
frontal system the cold front jet is from the south west and thewarm front jet is from the north west.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 809 - ID 62
is unstable for saturated air and stable for dry air.
Remark :
Lapse rate between 1.8C and3C per 1,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 810 - ID 2718
western Africa between 1CTN and 2CTN and the northern coasts of the Arabian sea in July.
Remark :
In July the ITCZ reaches its most northerly latitude whichis about 20N across North Africa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 811 - ID 3719
-5C
Remark :
+15C (2 x 10) = +15 - 20 = -5C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 812 - ID 1316
8640 ft
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 813 - ID 4252
Cloud temperature and droplet size
Remark :
The type of ice (clear, rime or mixed) will be determined bythe size of SCWD and the air temperature. Large droplets just below freezingwill
produce clear ice but as droplet size reduces an/or temperature gets lowerthe clear ice will become mixed with rime and then rime ice only will
form.
Theamount of ice building up will depend on other factors such as the design andspeed of the aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 814 - ID 1601
The coldest air mass is ahead of the original warm front
Remark :
Warm occlusion
+9C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 815 - ID 1555
1028 hPa.
Remark :
            Fieldelevation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 816 - ID 10396
close to the core on the polar side
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 817 - ID 1588
In Nimbostratus cloud
Remark :
Airframe icing will not happen in cirrus cloud (composed ofice crystals) or if the temperature is above 0C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 818 - ID 13688
8640 ft
Remark :
Difference betweentrue altitude and pressure altitude is calculated as:
4ftper1,000ft per C ISA deviation = 4 x 10 x 15 = 600ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 819 - ID 1200
An inversion over a large area with haze, mist.
Remark :
Sinking air willdissipate cloud, especially at lower levels, and trap any pollution giving poorvisibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 820 - ID 4152
supercooled water droplets spreading during the freezing process
Remark :
The SCWDs partially freeze on impact, spread over theairframe as liquid and then freeze.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 821 - ID 1281
West in the earlier stages and later turning north east.
Remark :
Tropical revolving storms form over warm oceans andinitially move from East to West. They then curve away from the equator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 822 - ID 4074
at night down from the mountains
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 823 - ID 10947
1 - 2 oktas.
Remark :
FEW = 1 2 oktas, SCT = 3 4 oktas, BKN = 5 7 oktas andOVC = 8 oktas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 824 - ID 65
Remark :
FL140 =
            -12C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 825 - ID 4033
lifting the parcel to a higher level
Remark :
Air will become saturated by either adding more water orcooling. Adiabatic cooling is achieved by lifting the air
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 826 - ID 10366
cumuliform cloud and good visibility except in precipitation

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 827 - ID 10905
Wind from 230 true at 20 knots
Remark :
Everything the met man tells you is true and 10 metres persecond = 20kts
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 828 - ID 4163
It decreases
Remark :
You are flying towards low pressure/low temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 829 - ID 4140
heat is released during the condensation process
Remark :
Ascending saturated air will have the latent heat ofcondensation released into the environment
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 830 - ID 2516
The true altitude will be higher at A than at B
Remark :
The upper wind blows parallel to contours with low contourheight on the left in the northern hemisphere. From the number of contoursbetween
the wind over Paris and A and the wind over Paris and B it can be seenthat B is at a lower contour height than A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 831 - ID 2605
Thunderstorms must be expected in the western part of the Athens FIR. The thunderstorm zone is moving east. Intensity is constant
Remark :
The thunderstorms are forming in the West and moving East. NC means no change in intensity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 832 - ID 1677
FL220
Remark :
Above themoderate icing and moderate turbulence which goes up to FL180 but below themoderate CAT in area 3 between FL280 and
FL380.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 833 - ID 10363
50N.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 834 - ID 13588
dry season - mainly SE winds - visibility reduced by dust and haze
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 835 - ID 1683
Remark :
Its probably closer to central Scandinavia but its theonly one.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 836 - ID 1227
Changes in altitude or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times.
Remark :
Answer, changesin altitude or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control atall times is the definition of a phenomenon known
as chop. Rapid andsomewhat rhythmic bumpiness is experienced without appreciable changes inaltitude or attitude and large, abrupt
changes in altitude or attitude occurbut the aircraft may only be out of control momentarily describe severeturbulence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 837 - ID 2242
More than 1009 hPa
Remark :
With the air colder thanISA the column of air between the airfield and QNH will be shorter and so QNHwill be found at a higher level/lower
pressure:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 838 - ID 1269
In the direction of the warm sector isobars.
Remark :
The isobars in the warm sector tend to be straight andparallel and give a good indication of the direction of travel of the systemuntil it occludes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 839 - ID 1104
Decreases
Remark :
Temperature, pressure anddensity all decrease with altitude up to the tropopause in a standardatmosphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 840 - ID 4166
absolutely stable
Remark :
Inversion = positive lapse rate, which is stable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 841 - ID 2171
Descending
Remark :
The jet core is at FL310 and the CAT is likely to besignificant 6,000ft of the core: between FL250 and FL370. Descent to FL250should be
enough but descent to FL230 may be necessary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 842 - ID 4081
Foehn
Remark :
The sirocco, mistral and bora are winds in Morocco, Franceand the Adriatic
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 843 - ID 13824
FG is reported only when visibility is reduced by water droplets or ice crystals to less than 1000 m
Remark :
VC means not at the aerodrome but within 8km (not nm). Fogand mist are both reductions in visibility due to moisture in the atmosphere;fog is
reported when the visibility is less than 1,000 metres and mist isreported when the visibility is between 1,000 and 5,000 metres.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 844 - ID 4170
moderate or poor because there is no vertical exchange
Remark :
Stable air = poor visibility
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 845 - ID 2529
In the transition zone between two air masses
Remark :
At the centre of pressure systems and where there is a slackpressure gradient winds are very light but they are stronger along the line ofa front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 846 - ID 1568
The report is possible, because shallow fog is defined as a thin layer of fog below eye level.
Remark :
The shallow foggoes up to eye level; above that visibility is better.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 847 - ID 13636
45- 70
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 848 - ID 1250

Wind from the right.
Remark :
Coriolis deflects to the left in the southern hemisphere sothe wind will be coming from the right.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 849 - ID 1603
Along the front towards the east
Remark :
The polar front is aligned E/W and the movement is from Westto East.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 850 - ID 4101
a warm anticyclone/quasi stationary/situated between 5CTN and 7CTN
Remark :
So called because it blocks the passage of other pressuresystems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 851 - ID 2573
200 hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 852 - ID 2169
Air temperature higher than standard
Remark :
On a warm day at an indicated 10,000ft the aircraft could beat 11,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 853 - ID 1290
The tropopause is generally well above the flight level actually flown.
Remark :
The tropical tropopause is above FL500 and commercialaviation does not operate that high.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 854 - ID 13644
correspond to the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
Remark :
As a result of mixing the temperature in the turbulencelayer will modify to the DALR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 855 - ID 21
When the isobars are close together, the pressure gradient force is greater and wind velocities are stronger.
Remark :
The angle between the true great-circle track and the truerhumb-line track is convergencey which is half convergency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 856 - ID 4072
falling pressure and likely formation of clouds
Remark :
Upper divergencecauses surface pressure to drop.  It also causes air to rise which leads to the formation of
cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 857 - ID 13819
LSZB 28012KT 9999 OVC100 16/12 Q1012 BECMG 5000-RA=
Remark :
At LFSB there is oktas of cloud below MSA. At LSZH thevisibility is less than 10km. At LSGG there is 5 to 7 oktas of cloud
belowMSA. LSZB fulfils all the requirements for CAVOK at the time of the report;the rain will come in the next two hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 858 - ID 13604
ahead of a warm front.
Remark :
The gentle slope of the warm front gives the broadest bandof precipitation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 859 - ID 2709
Westerly waves
Remark :
Central Europe is being subjected to a series of warm sectordepressions: westerly waves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 860 - ID 1286
Subsidence.
Remark :
Sinking = subsidence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 861 - ID 10343
backs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 862 - ID 4050
temperature and dewpoint at the surface
Remark :
Note that we calculate cloud base (lifting saturation level)from dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 863 - ID 4044
is heated by compression
Remark :
Adiabatic heating reduces relative humidity
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 864 - ID 12839
usually better than visibility
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 865 - ID 1681
FL260
Remark :
There is icing up to FL180, turbulence up to FL200 and CATbetween FL 280 and FL390. We need a FL between 200 and 280.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 866 - ID 1999
2 hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 867 - ID 2338
initial stage.
Remark :
Only updraughts in the initial stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 868 - ID 4079
warm and dry wind that forms as air descends on the leeward side of the Rocky Mountains
Remark :
It is a good example of a Foehn wind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 869 - ID 1099
wind speed decreases and therefore coriolis force decreases
Remark :
Coriolis is 2ωρVsinLat.   Wind speed (V) is reduced bysurface friction, which reduces coriolis force.
Pressure gradient force remains the same so it has theeffect of making the wind back and slack in the northern hemisphere (veerand
slack in the southern hemisphere).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 870 - ID 2603

RVR for runway 14 800 metres, vertical visibility 100 feet, calm, visibility improving to 800 metres in the next 2 hours
Remark :
Calm, visibility 200 metres, RVR for runway 14 800 metres, RVR for runway 16 more than 1,500 metres and increasing in the last 10
minutes,moderate freezing fog, vertical visibility 100 feet, temperature -3C / dewpoint -3C, QNH 1022hPa, visibility improving to 800 metres in
the next 2hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 871 - ID 2497
Troposphere
Remark :
Water in the atmosphere gives us weather phenomena andthat is generally confined to the troposphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 872 - ID 13655
backs
Remark :
In the northern hemisphere the circulation is anti-clockwisearound low pressure. If the centre of the depression passes to the south ofthe
observer the wind will change from SE to E to NE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 873 - ID 10978
Radiation fog
Remark :
Radiation fog can only form over land at night
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 874 - ID 13622
Strong and flowing somewhat across the isobars.
Remark :
The isobars close together means there is a strong pressuregradient and strong winds. The free flow wind will be parallel to the isobarsbut
surface friction will make the wind direction change to flow at an angle tothe isobars
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 875 - ID 1231
during the night and is weaker than the sea-breeze.
Remark :
Sea breeze during the day is much stronger than the landbreeze at night.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 876 - ID 459
+FZRA
Remark :
Heavy freezing rain will cause serious airframe icing butthe other forms of precipitations are ice and will not tend to stick to theaircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 877 - ID 10901
wind speeds
Remark :
This is fact you need to know.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 878 - ID 4088
warm moist airflows over a colder surface
Remark :
Advection fog forms when warm air is cooled below its dewpoint.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 879 - ID 1686
220 / 60
Remark :
You could just eyeball it and look at the answers: something fromthe southwest at about 60 knots.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 880 - ID 4185
an aviation special weather report
Remark :
It is a special report required if conditions changesignificantly from the last report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 881 - ID 4143
Environmental lapse rate
Remark :
It is only in an ISA atmosphere that the ELR will be 1.98degrees/1000ft or 6.5 degrees per km (0.65 degrees per 100m). On any given daythe
ELR varies quite a lot and is very seldom ISA.
The DALR is always fixed at 3 degrees/1000ft or 9.8 degrees per km (0.98degrees per 100m), and in our latitudes we accept the SALR as
being fixed at1.8 degrees/1000ft or 6 degrees per km (0.6 degrees per 100m).
As it is not the DALR or the SALR it can only be an ELR on a day that is notISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 882 - ID 1694
Remark :
Oslo and Paris are markedon the chart and you can work out the average temperature by adding the up anddividing by the number you have
added:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 883 - ID 2530
In front.
Remark :
The wind is coming from the right. In the southernhemisphere if you stand with your back to the wind low pressure is on the rightand that will
be ahead of the aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 884 - ID 13652
an extensive body of air within which the temperature and humidity in horizontal planes are practically uniform.
Remark :
A reasonable definition of the term
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 885 - ID 12834
It blows from southerly directions and can carry dust and sand which may reach Europe.
Remark :
A southerly wind from the Sahara.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 886 - ID 2532
45 - 70
Remark :
The travelling depressions associated with the polar frontmove to a higher latitude in the summer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 887 - ID 4051
up and downdrafts
Remark :
Cumulus clouds are found in the unstable air on and behind acold front.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 888 - ID 4048
thickness of the unstable layer
Remark :
The cloud will continue to build vertically while the air isunstable
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

clear ice.
Remark :
Hoar frost is not normally a problem and dry ice is solidCO2.   Clear ice ismore dangerous than rime ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 890 - ID 12851
The lower part is relatively moist and the upper part is relatively dry.
Remark :
The air originates from the sub-tropical high pressure beltwhere the air is sinking, warming adiabatically and its relative humiditydecreasing but
the lower levels, over the ocean, are picking up moisture.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 891 - ID 12804
Between subtropical high pressure cells and ITCZ.
Remark :
They are squall lines aligned N/S and travelling E-W.   Approximately 10% of them developinto a TRS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 892 - ID 1612
Clouds, on the southern sides of passes in the Alps
Remark :
The southerly wind will give low cloud base on the southernside and a higher cloud base on the northern side.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 893 - ID 1690
Sub-tropical jet stream
Remark :
A is the easterly equatorial jet, B is the sub-tropical jetand C is the polar front jet.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 894 - ID 13822
At the equator horizontal motions do not induce any horizontal Coriolis force
Remark :
Coriolis is directly proportional to the sine of latitude. Since sin0 = 0 there is nor coriolis force at the Equator
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 895 - ID 10336
towards the south and the speed increases
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 896 - ID 1616
4 km
Remark :
A concentrateddowndraught under a CB.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 897 - ID 2707
TAF LSGG 040716 23016KT 8000-RABKN030 OVC070 BECMG 0810 5000 RABKN020 OVC050 TEMPO 3000 +RABKN010 OVC030
BECMG 1215 25014KT8000 SCT030 BKN090 =
Remark :
At 0700Z (start of the TAF) the warm front is approachinggiving a SW wind, overcast conditions and light rain. As the front getscloser
(BECMG 0810) the cloud base gets lower, the visibility decreases and therain becomes moderate. Temporarily the cloud will thicken and the
rainbecomes heavy. Between 1200Z and 1500Z the warm front will go through; thevisibility increases and the cloud breaks up in the warm
sector.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 898 - ID 4137
SWC and SIGMET
Remark :
Significant weather chart (SWC) and warning to aircraft in flight(SIGMET).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The air of the Azores is warmer and more humid than the North-Russian air.
Remark :
The air over Russia is always drier and cooler than the airover the Azores.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 900 - ID 1772
7650 FT.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 901 - ID 10961
It can appear suddenly by day or by night
Remark :
It can form and dissipate quickly by day or night
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 902 - ID 13699
a warm anticyclone/quasi stationary/situated between 5CTN and 7CTN
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 903 - ID 13666
Clouds with considerable vertical development and associated turbulence.
Remark :
Unstable air = cumulus, stable air = stratus
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 904 - ID 4120
Cumulonimbus
Remark :
Large, active cumulonimbus
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 905 - ID 4159
From the earth's surface up to the tropopause the core is warmer than its surroundings
Remark :
The main hurricane season is late summer/early autumn whensea temperatures are highest. They are quite large with the diameter
measuredin hundreds of miles. As the hurricanes reach land they are beginning toweaken.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 906 - ID 4109
Cumulonimbus
Remark :
Cumulus bad, cumulonimbus worse.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 907 - ID 12857
1000 FT
Remark :
BECMG 1315 changes the lowest cloud base to 1,500ft (1 to 2oktas Cb) but there is a 30% probability (PROB30 TEMPO) that there could be 3
to4 oktas at 1,000ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 908 - ID 2176
Unstable conditions and high moisture content
Remark :
Instability + lifting + moisture = thunderstorm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 909 - ID 1984
60 kt.
Remark :
            Afigure set by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 910 - ID 12856
Squall line thunderstorms.
Remark :
Individual (air mass) thunderstorms can be quite large butthe hazards produced by a group of thunderstorms together, as happens in a
linesquall, are intensified. The gust front, for instance is pushed out to up to40nm; about twice the distance of the gust front associated with an
individualthunderstorm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 911 - ID 222
Calm winds, haze.
Remark :
High pressure isassociated with stable air; no significant cloud, no cumulus, light winds andpoor visibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 912 - ID 232
In front of an active cold front.
Remark :
A squall isproduced by the gust front which precedes a thunderstorm and an active coldfront will have a line of cumulonimbus clouds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 913 - ID 10956
1 km
Remark :
Fog = visibility less than 1,000m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 914 - ID 4262
South-west monsoon.
Remark :
The Summer wind from the Indian Ocean.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 915 - ID 1560
Tropical jet stream.
Remark :
Otherwise known as the equatorial jet stream; the easterlyone.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 916 - ID 13660
FL 500 from June to August.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 917 - ID 4144
supercooled water droplets
Remark :
The liquid water droplets are supercooled and will freeze onimpact with any object which is at a temperature below 0C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 918 - ID 2241
Less than 1016 hPa
Remark :
QFF is atmospheric pressure at sealevel. QNH is the setting which will give airfield elevation when parked onthe airfield (n.b. altimeter is
calibrated to ISA). In cold conditions acolumn of air will shrink so the cold QNH will be less than QFF and thewarm QNH will be more than
QFF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 919 - ID 0
340/20
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Humid stable air mass, wind blowing towards the hills.
Remark :
Orographiclifting of moist stable air is required for hill fog.   Unstable air will produce cumulus cloud above
thehills.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 921 - ID 10909
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Bengal, Indian Ocean east of Madagascar
Remark :
Tropical cyclones are not found between 5N and 5S, nor arethey found in the South Atlantic or South East Pacific.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 922 - ID 4139
there is a low level inversion
Remark :
Smoke is held in the atmosphere by stable air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 923 - ID 12830
visibility is good between showers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 924 - ID 129
Troposphere.
Remark :
Higher, colder air holdslittle moisture.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 925 - ID 4087
radiation fog
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 926 - ID 2508
FL180
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 927 - ID 1220
3.
Remark :
Like thebattlements of a castle.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 928 - ID 12816
Because there is a maximum of humidity as a result of the trade winds long sea passage
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 929 - ID 10857
clear ice
Remark :
Rain ice is a severe form of clear ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 930 - ID 3735
ONH can be equal to QFE
Remark :
QNH and QFE will only be the same if the airfield is at sealevel.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

They occur only in the lower part of the troposphere and more pronounced over the oceans
Remark :
Named by the sailors they are a surface wind over the sea.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 932 - ID 4177
NE trade winds
Remark :
The sub-tropical high over the North Atlantic is centred atabout 30N and the ITCZ moves very little through the year; between about 5Nand
5S. This means that the winds between 10N and 20N are consistent NEtrades.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 933 - ID 1206
It decreases with increasing temperature.
Remark :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 934 - ID 12845
polar air and tropical air.
Remark :
We occasionally see arctic air and very rarely see equatorialair. We generally see polar and tropical air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 935 - ID 1593
Rain falls through a layer where temperatures are below CTC
Remark :
The options of:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 936 - ID 3741
the sky is clear and the wind is weak
Remark :
Clear skies allow radiation in and out. Strong winds canmodify temperatures in the layer of air near the surface of the earth anddistort
maximum/minimum values which would normally be observed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 937 - ID 5536
indicates the true altitude of a pressure level
Remark :
It shows the altitude (amsl) at which a given pressure isfound
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 938 - ID 4132
re
Remark :
DALR = 1C/100m or 3C/1,000ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 939 - ID 4996
It is higher in polar regions than in equatorial regions
Remark :
The tropopause is higher and colder at the Equator; lowerand warmer at the Poles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 940 - ID 1230
Bora.
Remark :
Cold air flowing down the slopes of the Alps.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hoar frost
Remark :
There is no mention of cloud or SCWD, just a humid air mass.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 942 - ID 2567
3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 943 - ID 5011
Precipitation may be snow, sleet or rain. Icing is probable and may range between light and severe. Turbulence is rarely more than moderate.
Remark :
Precipitation could be anything except hail (cumulonimbusonly), icing would probably be light or moderate but could be severe andturbulence
would only be light or moderate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 944 - ID 12846
8 km
Remark :
BECMG 1114 means that the weather will change to these newconditions between 1100hrs and 1400hrs. The change will not happen
untilafter 1100hrs but it will be complete by, or before, 1400hrs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 945 - ID 4118
has a diameter up to 4 km
Remark :
Typically up to 5km across and lasting up to five minutesthis very intense downdraught is not found with all thunderstorms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 946 - ID 2260
It is warmer than ISA
Remark :
If the temperature of the airwas the same as ISA then the aircrafts altitude would be 10,000 – (10 x27) = 9,730ft. If the aircraft
isat a true altitude of 10,000ft, the air must be warmer than ISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 947 - ID 2597
201850Z 15003KT6000 SCT120 05/04 01032 BECMG 1600 BR=
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 948 - ID 3718
over the North Pole than over the equator
Remark :
The tropopause is lower over the poles and in winter andhigher over the equator and in summer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 949 - ID 1364
Flat pressure pattern.
Remark :
Light and variable winds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 950 - ID 10872
are most evident in the temperature and wind fields of the upper levels
Remark :
Cold air pools are occur when there is very cold upper airand warm surface air. The surface chart may show high pressure but above10,000ft
there may be a low pressure system which will be evident on the upperwind and contour charts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 951 - ID 2539
It is a landing forecast added to the actual weather report
Remark :
This is a sea breeze scenario. If the coast and runway arealigned East/West a right hand circuit would mean runway 27 in use, sea to theNorth
and land to the South. At touch down the northerly sea breeze would befrom the right.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 952 - ID 2703
Remark :
    N.B. it isassumed that you have a basic knowledge of where major European cities arelocated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 953 - ID 2703
Zurich - Athens
Remark :
    N.B. it isassumed that you have a basic knowledge of where major European cities arelocated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 954 - ID 2044
A polar front jet stream followed by one or two subtropical jet streams.
Remark :
The northern hemisphere polar front and sub-tropical jetsfollowed, possibly, by the southern hemisphere sub-tropical jet.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 955 - ID 10870
-56.5C
Remark :
+15C at msl then a lapse rate of 1,98C per 1000 FT up to36090 FT after which it remains constant at -56.6C to 65617 FT and will thenrise at
0,3C per 1000 FT up to 104,987 FT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 956 - ID 4065
clouds can be formed
Remark :
Convergence at low level indicates rising unstable air andthe formation of cumulus cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 957 - ID 1212
Warm air aloft from which rain is falling into air with a temperature below CTC.
Remark :
Rain formed justabove freezing falls into air below freezing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 958 - ID 41
subsidence inversion
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 959 - ID 1678
FL220
Remark :
CAT area 2 shows moderate CAT between FL220 and FL350.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 960 - ID 13612
temperatures are above freezing at some higher altitudes.
Remark :
This question talks about ice pellets. That is freezing rainthat froze before reaching the ground. They are different to hail which buildsup in
layers as it is picked up, and falls, repeatly in a thunderstorm.
So ice pellets indicate an area where freezing rain is falling at some higheraltitude.
The rule of thumb for temperature correction is 4% x (per 10 degrees ISAdeviation) x the height in question.
So if the ISA deviation is 15 degrees you multiply by 1.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 961 - ID 4160
If in this pressure surface the wind comes from the direction 360 degrees, then true altitude is increasing
Remark :
Stand with yourback to the wind in the northern hemisphere and low pressure is on yourleft.   If the wind is comingfrom the North,
low pressure will be to the East.   If the aircraft is heading West it is flying towardshigh pressure/high altitude.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 962 - ID 10966
The average westerly component is greater in the winter than in the summer. The latitude of the axis of greatest seasonal wind speed is further
south in winter than in summer
Remark :
The polar front jet on the North Atlantic moves South andincreases speed in the winter then moves North and decreases speed in
theSummer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 963 - ID 1094
in the warm sector
Remark :
The depressionmoves with the first to isobars in the warm sector.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 964 - ID 2706
London - Stockholm
Remark :
On the London – Stockholm route the icing andturbulence only go up to FL120 but on the other three routes it is up to FL180or higher.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 965 - ID 234
Good visibility, turbulence.
Remark :
On the northern side of the Alps,the air will be dryer and warmer, resulting in less cloud and little or noprecipitation but there could be some
turbulence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 966 - ID 2505
Inversion is temperature increasing with altitude. ;;;;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 967 - ID 13811
can be reached by cooling the air whilst keeping pressure constant
Remark :
Dew point is equal to or less than air temperature and it isreached by cooling the air
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 968 - ID 1211
water vapour condenses.
Remark :
When temperatureis equal to or less than dew point and relative humidity is 100% then watervapour will condense.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 969 - ID 10855
a sudden strong increase in wind speed and strong veering of the wind a short time after take-off
Remark :
The conditions described are likely to create a surfacetemperature inversion and there will be a marked change to the wind as theaircraft climbs
through the inversion level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 970 - ID 1575
It separates the troposphere from the stratosphere
Remark :
The tropopause is theboundary between the troposphere and the
stratosphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 971 - ID 13637
between 0 C and -15 C.
Remark :
As it gets colder there will be more ice crystals
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 972 - ID 2693
Moderate or severe turbulence and icing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 973 - ID 4199
QFF
Remark :
Real sea level pressure: QFF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 974 - ID 2710
High pressure
Remark :
An anticyclone.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 975 - ID 10904
Mountain waves
Remark :
Lenticular cloud is the classic visible indication ofmountain waves. The associated turbulence occurs close to the surface, not athigh levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 976 - ID 2259
Its average temperature is the same as ISA
Remark :
QNH = standard pressure and pressure altitude = truealtitude. It must be ISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 977 - ID 5021
July to October and are called typhoons
Remark :
They are called typhoons in the China Sea, hurricanes in theCaribbean and cyclones in other places.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 978 - ID 1257
Cumulonimbus.
Remark :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 979 - ID 1282
Summer and autumn.
Remark :
Tropical revolving storms form when sea surface temperaturesare highest which is at and just after the passage of the ITCZ.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 980 - ID 2554
ST
Remark :
Drizzle comes from stratus (small drops) not cumulus (bigdrops).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 981 - ID 1991
of the low water temperature.
Remark :
The formation of a tropical revolving storm require high seasurface temperatures in excess of +26C. The south Atlantic and the southeast
Pacific are cold oceans.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Trade winds.
Remark :
Consistent winds the sailing ships relied on.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 983 - ID 1691
Heavy rain showers
Remark :
SHRA tempo +SHRA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 984 - ID 12800
In the tropical air mass.
Remark :
It is in the warm (tropical) air, below the warm airtropopause but above the level of the cold (polar) air tropopause.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 985 - ID 4256
freeze immediately and create rime ice.
Remark :
A small SCWD is more likely to freeze on impact and formrime ice whereas a large one would partially freeze on impact, flow back andform
clear ice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 986 - ID 1563
1/100
Remark :
Typically 2nm (12,000ft) deepand 200nm wide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 987 - ID 1270
Behind the front.
Remark :
When the cold front catches up the warm front if the coldair behind the cold front is colder than the cold air ahead of the warm front(e.g. +5C
behind the cold front and +6C ahead of the warm front) the lessdense air ahead of the warm front is pushed up over the cold front and forms
acold occlusion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 988 - ID 1236
It decreases
Remark :
Starboard drift, northernhemisphere means pressure is decreasing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 989 - ID 4046
the surface to 6500 FT
Remark :
Low cloud has a base up to 6,500 ft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 990 - ID 13659
fog, poor visibility and layered clouds.
Remark :
Air cooled from below will become stable and thecharacteristics of a stable air mass are poor visibility and stratus cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 991 - ID 3730
the vertical motion of rising air tends to become weaker and disappears
Remark :
Stable = no vertical movement. A steep lapse rateindicates unstable air
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

warm katabatic wind
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 993 - ID 13815
air temperature.
Remark :
Dew point is determined by the amount of water present andRH is determined by the amount of water present and temperature.
amountof water which the air can hold is determined by temperature
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The

SE trade winds and NE trade winds
Remark :
At the equinox (sun overhead Equator) the surface wind fromthe southern hemisphere is south-easterly and from the northern hemisphere itis
north-easterly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 995 - ID 0
in advance of a warm front
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 996 - ID 2572
300 hPa
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 997 - ID 0
counter-clockwise around, and toward the centre of, a low pressure area
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 998 - ID 1234
Friction between the wind and the surface.
Remark :
Friction causes the surfacewind to back & slack in the northern hemisphere.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 999 - ID 12835
North-easterly winds bringing dry and hazy air.
Remark :
The winter monsoon is from Siberia; a NE wind which is dryand brings hazy conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1000 - ID 1988
Headwinds.
Remark :
At this time of year there will be easterly winds in thisarea between 20N and 05S.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1001 - ID 2246
More than 1030 hPa
Remark :
Warm QNH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1002 - ID 4057
strong
Remark :
Close isobars = strong wind. So simple you think there isa trap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1003 - ID 4136
0.5 hour
Remark :
In order to intersect the 0C isotherm twice there must bewarm air above cold air. This occurs at a warm front and is where rain icewill be
encountered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1004 - ID 4178

SW monsoon in July and a NE monsoon in January
Remark :
The prevailing winds are the surface flow into the ITCZ andin this area they reverse direction summer and winter. The ITCZ has anenormous
movement through across India; being well to the North in the Summerand well to the South in the Winter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1005 - ID 2596
201350Z21005KT9999 SCT040CB SCT100 26/18 Q1016 TEMPO 24018G30KTTS =
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1006 - ID 1090
centrifugal force opposes the pressure gradient
Remark :
Centrifugal force is pullingout and pressure gradient force is pulling in.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1007 - ID 4113
For severe squall lines a SIGMET is issued
Remark :
Squall lines constitute a hazard and a warning will beissued; SIGMET.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1008 - ID 3734
QFE reduced to MSL using the values of the standard atmosphere
Remark :
Option: pressure at MSL in the standard atmosphere =1013.25hPa,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1009 - ID 13631
Stratified clouds.
Remark :
The general characteristics are poor visibility andstratiform cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1010 - ID 1235
backing of the wind and decrease of wind speed at the surface.
Remark :
In the northern hemisphere the surface wind backs andslacks compared to the free flow wind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1011 - ID 4021
stable for unsaturated air and unstable for saturated air
Remark :
Conditional stability means that the air is stable if drybut unstable if saturated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1012 - ID 2557
CB
Remark :
A cumulonimbus will produce a thunderstorm and heavy rain.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1013 - ID 10910
at 900 feet AGL
Remark :
The forecast cloud bases are 3 - 4 oktas base 1,500ft and 3 4 oktas base 8,000ft then 5 7 oktas base 900ft and 8 oktas base 7,000ft. These
are all heights above the airfield.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1014 - ID 4133
airfield level
Remark :
SALR = 0.6C/100m or 1.8C/1,000ft
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1015 - ID 10330
easterly to southeasterly and increase in velocitiy by afternoon
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1016 - ID 12850
-25C
Remark :
+15 - (2 x 20) = -25C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1017 - ID 1594
CB
Remark :
Hail is producedby cumulonimbus cloud.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1018 - ID 10930
stable
Remark :
A drop of 6C in 4,000ft = 1.5C per 1,000ft. This is lessthan the SALR (1.8C per 1,000ft).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1019 - ID 2561
It will first increase then decrease.
Remark :
Surface pressure decreasesthen increases which will make the altimeter reading increase then decrease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1020 - ID 2561
It will first increase then decrease.
Remark :
Surface pressure decreasesthen increases which will make the altimeter reading increase then decrease.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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050 Meteorology

Incredibly heavy precipitation gives very poor visibility.

Advection of maritime cold air over a warm sea surface.

Question n 119 - ID 10881

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 139 - ID 1285

Question n 149 - ID 2126

aridge of high pressure, A is a trough of low pressure and B is a col.

Question n 199 - ID 2175

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 229 - ID 128

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 239 - ID 13823

Question n 248 - ID 13642

Severe mountain waves.

Question n 270 - ID 1197

andQNH and/or temperature deviation from ISA.

Question n 288 - ID 1602

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 309 - ID 2000

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 359 - ID 5015

Question n 367 - ID 10967

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 377 - ID 4035

Question n 409 - ID 10949

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 419 - ID 10399

Question n 440 - ID 10903

mountain during daylight hours.

Question n 463 - ID 226

Question n 482 - ID 4107

Question n 503 - ID 10935

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 534 - ID 10927

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 544 - ID 13640

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 554 - ID 1229

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 583 - ID 4042

Question n 592 - ID 13662

Question n 602 - ID 1256

1013 -976 = 37hPa x 27 = 999ft. Altitude in ISA conditions= 3,001ft

the wind will back and increase

__________________ QFE 990hPa

Question n 664 - ID 1217

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 685 - ID 10334

Question n 696 - ID 1091

Just look in the CAT AREAS box on the chart.

Question n 717 - ID 10339

Question n 727 - ID 5541

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 734 - ID 1103

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 745 - ID 1255

Question n 766 - ID 4202

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 776 - ID 2564

moves at two thirds of the speed of the cold front.

cumuliform cloud and good visibility except in precipitation

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 848 - ID 1250

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 870 - ID 2603

Question n 889 - ID 2340

Question n 899 - ID 1253

Question n 920 - ID 1102

Question n 931 - ID 4176

Question n 941 - ID 10854

Question n 982 - ID 1982

Question n 992 - ID 13809

Question n 994 - ID 1610

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question n 1004 - ID 4178

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