Jose P.

Laurel
The President of the Japanese-sponsored Republic.
Added militant nationalism in education
Encouraged the propagation of Tagalog as national language.
Teachers have to obtained license.
Instructed that the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine History and character education
were reserved for the Filipinos.
Governing body of schools- majority are Filipinos.
Aliens are barred from teaching their own history.
The Republic
Was given to gain sympathy and cooperation.
Premiere Hideki Tozyo (Tojo)
Talked to the Imperial Diet on January 21, 1942 and the House of Peers on January
28 about the immediate granting of independence for the Philippines for as long the
Filipinos will cooperate on Japans program.
Reaction of the Filipinos
Staged a grand comedy.
KALIBAPI
Kapisanan sa Palilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
Was instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence on
June 18, 1942.
Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence
Created the Constitution
Officers
President: Jose P. Laurel
V-Presidents: Benigno S. Aquino and Ramon Avancea
Constitution
Provided the unicameral National Assembly
Jose P. Laurel
Was elected by the National Assembly as the President of the Second Republic
October 14, 1943
Declaration of independence was read.
Inauguration of the Republic
Induction of Laurel as President.
Laurel
His speechs last sentence in his inaugural address was pregnant with resolve to
demolish all barriers and that includes the Japanese interference.
Economic Condition of the Philippines (Japanese Period)
1. A lot of looting including the police
2. Filipinos lost their social and moral balance

Physicians sold the medicine for sick soldiers.

3. Rich Filipinos sell their furniture for a sack of rice.
4. Cemeteries were looted (dress and gold teeth)
5. Agriculture sank
Rice
Coffee (toasted corn and rice)
Tea (mango leaves)
6. Industry, commerce and trade suffered a set back
Mickey Mouse Money
The currency during the Japanese period.
No value
Cigarette- papaya leaves
Kangkong- saves thousands of lives.
Programs of President Laurel to Solve Food Problems
1. National Production Campaign Office
Food production
2. Economic Planning Board
Production and procurement of rice, etc.
3. Bigasang Bayan
To control the production and procurement of rice.
4. National Distribution Corporation
Ensure equitable distribution of prime commodities.
Laurel and his colleagues
Although working with the Japanese, they remained loyal to the Filipino people.
Save several lives.
Social Conditions
Mortal Enemies of the Filipinos
a. Japanese Military
Kempeitai
Japanese military police
Disregard human lives
Inflicted inhuman punishment
Water cure
Hanging guerilla by hand and hit by four by four wood
Prisoners were made punching bags.
Use red hot iron or electric wire on prisoners
Use samurai sword to cut off heads
Torture-forced people to cry out the names of the guerillas.
Japanese- raped many Filipino women.
Filipinos- vindictive, ambushed Japanese
Kura
The most feared word of the Japanese
Inward wave come here- means disaster

Outward wave dismiss or scram

Slapping
Was common
Insult to Filipino
Fails to win Filipino sympathy and confidence.
b. Spy
Another danger for the Filipinos
Caused on the execution of the nave.
c. Guerillas
Liquidated Filipinos whom they suspected of collaboration
They were feared as the Kempeitai
They even injured Pres. Jose P. Laurel
Diseases
Malaria, malnutrion and tuberculosis
Hunger
Several died even on sidewalks
Some steal for food
Other escaped but other died
Law enforcement
Understood because they themselves are hungry.
Slapstick Comedies
Ridicule Japanese soldiers.
Result of the Japanese Occupation (Social and Economic Point of View)
1. Rise of new bourgeoisie
Not well-breed
Has the courage and imagination in business
Ruthless to deal with Japanese and Filipinos
2. Breakdown of the old social elite class because of the new bourgeoisies
Old elite
Respectable and wealthy land-owning families
No longer hold the monopoly of the social class.
3. The pyramid of Filipino society widened at the base.
Those who experienced the struggle would not want to for it to happen again.
Graft and corruption began.
Cultural Aspect
Slapstick comedies
Movies
American
Japanese- glorifying the Japanese
Dramatic Philippines Inc.

Formed by the group of college actors.

To bring to stage some popular plays in English which were adapted into Tagalog
The public response was tremendous even to the bakya crowd.
Musical Philippines Inc.
Presented several concerts usually classical music at the Metropolitan Theater.
Literature
English was discouraged by the Japanese
Tagalog was encouraged.
Kin-iti Ishikawa and Murakami
Administrators of the Manila Sinbun-sya meet the Tagalog writers and discussed the
problems of the Tgagalog writers.
Tagalog Writers
Were not paid enough
Ishikawa
Promised the Tagalog writers to be paid handsomely in writing for Liwayway.
Liwayway
The only Tagalog weekly which was allowed by the Japanese to continue publication.
Filipino Writers
No freedom of expression
Their topics were always on rural scenes.
Ang 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943
Adjudged as the best stories and was published in 1945.
Two Popular Magazines
Philippine Review
Poems, historical and propaganda articles.
Pillars
Refuge of those in dire need of money
Cultural Scene
Dismal
Negative: No freedom of expression and the press
Positive: Writers in Tagalog re-discover the beauty and potentialities of his native
language.
THE LIBERATION
Commander-In-Chief of the Japanese Army
Warned Filipinos against resistance
Threatened with death those would disturb the minds of the officials and the
people.

Filipinos
Majority were cowed
Some fled to the mountains and join the guerillas.
Japanese
Knew that Filipinos loved the Americans.
They wanted to erase that affection and ask the Filipinos to cooperate but their
ways did not win them so many turned into guerillas.
The Guerilla Groups and their Leaders
1. North Luzon
a. Walter M. Cushing
121st Infantry
Died in Jones, Isabela but killed 500 enemy
b. Col. Guillermo Nakar
14th Infantry
c. Col. Parker Calvert
43th Infantry
d. Gov. Roque Ablan
Ilocos Norte
Refused to surrender to the enemy
e. Captain Praeger
Apayao and Cagayan
f. Lt. Rufino Baldwin
Baguio
Col. Russell W. Volkmann
The consolidated guerillas in North Luzon was under his command
Other Separate Command of the Guerilla Movement
Lapham, Ramsey, Anderson and Col. Claude Thorpe (Pangasinan and Nueva
Ecija)
2. Manila
a. Miguel Ver and Eleuterio Adevoso
Hunters ROTC
b. Marcos Agsutin and Yay Panlilio
Led the Marking Guerrilla
3. Central Luzon
a. Luis Taruc
Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija
4. Southern Luzon
a. PQOG (President Quezon Own Guerillas)
Cavite, Laguna, Batangas and Quezon
5. Bicol

a. Wenceslao Q. Vinsons
6. Visayas
a. Ruperto Kangleon
Samar and Leyte
b. Makario Peralta
Panay
Gov. Tomas Confesor- civilian leader.
7. Mindanao
a. Tomas Cabili
b. Wendell Fertig
c. Salipada Pendatun
Guerilla Jesuit Priests
a. Fr. Edward Haggerty
b. Fr. John Pollock
c. Fr. Clement Haggerty
d. Fr. Harold Murphy
Guerilla padres
Did much alleviate the condition of the people suffering from the effects of
war.
Suffered with and consoled the people.
Kept alive the spirit of resistance.
Guerillas
Keep the faith alive in the democratic way.
Some committed atrocious crimes.
Three Important Functions of the Guerillas
1. To ambush or otherwise kill the enemy soldiers or civilians.
2. To relay important intelligence report to Mac Arthur in Australia
Size of the army, troop movement, number of Japanese ships, disposition of
troops, activities of Japanese military administration, other information
necessary to gauge the strength and weaknesses of the enemy.
3. To liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers
Drive away the invaders from the Philippine soil.
Guerilla Newspaper
Press and Radio
Controlled by Japanese
Gives no real news
Two Ways for Filipinos to Get Real News
1. Radio San Francisco
Beamed to the Philippines
Reported about the war in Europe and Asia
Written and then disseminated.
2. Guerilla newspaper

Filipinos were beheaded if caught.

Guerilla Newspaper
Mimeograph
Typewritten
The Guerilla Newspaper
a. Matang Lawin
Put out by Col. Guerilla Nakar in Sierra Madre
Reported the last day of Bulacan
Informed the people that the guerilla would watch over the people and the
cognizance on activities of the spies.
b. The Liberator
Put up by Leon O. Ty of the Philippine Free Press
One of the most widely-circulated guerilla warfare.
Cavite, Manila, Rizal and Bulacan
c. The Flash
Edited by Pedro de la Llana
Denounce the Japanese Military Administration
Llana was mistaken for a collaborator and was liquidated.
d. Ing Masala
Circulated by HUKBALAHAP and edited in Arayat.
It reached among the peasant.
So effective that the peasants from Pampanga and Tarlac forged a unity that
made the HUKBALAHAP the most powerful in Central Luzon.
e. Thunderclap
Another influential paper in Luzon.
The organ of Hunter ROTC
Came out in 1943 and change its places of publication often to confuse the
Japanese as to its place of origin.
It changes to Liberty when the American entered Manila on February 2, 1945.
f. Kalibo War Bulletin
Most famous in Panay
Came out after Pearl Harbor attack.
g. Ang Tigbatas
Put up by Gov. Tomas Confesor
Bilingual (Hiligaynon-English)
Became the principal reading matter of the people in Panay.
Other Newspaper in Panay
Coordinator
Harbinger
Chronicle
Unknown Soldiers
h. The Commentator
Published by Juan Frivaldo
Sorsogon
Came out when it publisher received news from the Allied Intelligence Bureau
i. The Sabre

Popularized by Wenceslao Q. Vinzons

Organ of the ROTC guerillas in the Bicol provinces and Laguna
Other Guerilla Papers
The Bugle (Leyte)
Kalayaan (Bulacan)
Palaso (Manila)
Guerilla Papers
Showed Filipino hatred of the enemy.
Filipinos
Never doubted the Americans ability to come back (I shall return)
Their experiences from the Spanish gave them courage and hope with which to live
dangerously in the shadow of the enemy.
The Government in Exile
Manuel L. Quezon
Left Corregidor in February 1942.
Visited several islands in the Visayas before leaving for Australia to boost the
morale of the people.
Through an Executive Order, he named Col. Manuel A. Roxas as the president of the
Commonwealth upon his and Osmeas death.
March 26, 1942
Quezon and his party left for Australia by plane.
April 19, 1942
Quezon and his party left for the US on board the ship President Coolidge
Quezon
Addressed the Senate and the House of Representatives in the US.
Commonwealth
Became a government in exile for it is now in Washington.
The Washington Cabinet
Secretary of National Defense: Gen. Basilio Valdes
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce: Manuel Nieto
Secretary of Finance: Jaime Hernandez
Resident Commissioner: Joaquin Elizalde
Government-In-Exile
Boost the morale of the Filipinos in the Philippines.
Quezon
Participated in the Pacific War Council of which he is a member and later on
signed the agreement providing for the organization of the United Nations.
He felt that he should continue to serve as President beyond the eight-year
limit because of the war.

Senator Millard Tydings

Pointed out that Quezons term of office would expire on November 1, 1943.
Sergio Osmea
Would be successor of Quezon.
But because he believed that there should be unity in the ranks, he prepared
a resolution in the US Congress to extend Quezons term which was approved
by the Senate on Nov. 9, 1943 and the hoyse of Representatives the following
day.
August 1, 1944
Quezon died at Saranak Lake, New York.
Osmea succeeded him as the President of the Commonwealth.
Battle of the Philippine Sea
Americans
Bombarded Saipan and Tinian Island the proceed to Guam and the
Philippines.
Mid-June
Japanese
Rushed toward Marianas to relieved the Japanese garrison there.
Admiral Raymund Spruance
Commander of the American Fith Fleet
Waited the Japanese in Marianas.
Attacked Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima
Battle of the Philippine Sea
Begun on June 19, 1944 in Guam
It was primarily an air combat
The air battle started with Admiral Marc A. Mitchers Task Force 58
402 enemy planes were destroyed and 17 for Americans.
On June 20, the battle ended and America has destroyed several enemy
ships, planes, etc.
America suffered 16 planes shot and 73 planes lost.
It prevented the reinforcement in Marianas which led to the capture of the
Island by the Americans.
Pony
An edition in Tribune which was put up by the Japanese saying that America
was defeated in the battle.
Filipinos were not fooled and called it Tribune victories
The Road to Leyte
American Victories
New Guinea and Wake Island (May 19)
Saipan (July 9)

Tinian Island (August 8)

Guam (August 9)
Biak Island and Western Carolines

Iwo Jima, Palau Islands, Peleiu and Angar Islands

Softened the Japanese positions because of the carrier planes of the
Americans.
Southwest Pacific
MacArthur Occupied:
Morotai Island
Northern Celebes
Halmahera
Ceram
Vogelkop
September 21, 1944
An air attacked in Manila was carried out by the Americans.
Admiral William F. Bull Halsey
Commander of the Third Fleet.
Suggested that the invasion must start in Leyte and not in Mindanao.
Pres. Roosevelt approved his suggestion.
The Leyte Landing
MacArthur
His forces carried the landings in the Philippines.
Brought a strong force an all necessary materials and supplies.
Central Philippine Attack Force
American forces in the Philippines
Consist of Northern and Southern attack force.
650 ships and 4 army divisions.
October 9-20, 1944
American carried an attack in Leyte.
Pescadores, Formosa and North Luzon
October 20, 1944
The American had returned
returned of the beloved
The Battle of Leyte Gulf
Admiral Soemu Toyoda
Chief of the Combined Fleet of the Japanese.
Implemented the Sho Operation

Sho Operation
Envisaged control of the air and the neutralization of the American menace.
Counter attack American air and naval ships to destroy their Fleet in Leyte
bencheads.
Three Naval Forces of Japan in Leyte
a. Northern Force
Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa
Japan-Luzon-Leyte Gulf
b. Central force
Admiral Takeo Kurita
San Bernardino Strait-Leyte Gulf
c. Southern Force
Two groups
Admiral Kiyohide Shima
Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura
Battle of Leyte Gulf