Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Minimally Counter intuitive Ideas: statements that are surprising and unusual in that
they violate our expectations but are not too outlandish
Many cultures becoming interconnected through globalization
o Many becoming more individualistic
o People in many cultures becoming more intelligent, more education, college
degrees
o Steve Johnson: argues pop culture has become more progressively complex and
challenging
o Is this making us smarter?
Subjective Well-being: feeling of how satisfied one is with ones life
Pluralistic Ignorance: tendency for people to collectively misinterpret thoughts that
underlie other peoples behaviors
o Leads to cultural persistence; college students believe there is large alcohol
consumption on campus than there really is
Chapter 7: Morality
Universalism: the perspective that sees people from different cultures as largely the
same, and any observed cultural variability exits only at a superficial level
o Cultural variability only at superficial level, largely variables on closer
inspection
Relativism: cultural diversity in ways of thinking is not superficial, but reflects
genuinely different psychological processes
o Culture and thought mutually constituted
o Default assumption that cultural practices reflect solution to challenges faced
by a culture
Evolutionism (a cultural psychologist perspective): cultural variability reflects
genuine differences in psych processes, and there is any one way mind has evolved to
think. Some ways of thinking more mature/advanced than others.
o People of different cultures would think in same way once they reached part
of development or participated in cultural context that allowed for full
expression of the minds capabilities
Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development
o Level 1: Preconventional
Individuals understand cultural rules/labels and label good/bad. People
interpret morality based on how better or worse off they would be for
acting a certain way
o Level 2: Conventional
People able to identify with particular group and show loyalty
Viewing actions as moral to extent they help maintain and facilitate
social order
o Level 3: Postconventional
Moral values/principles exist separated from authority of social groups
Morality of thoughts
o Protestants viewed thoughts as governed by moral concerns, Jews didnt
(focused on what people do not think)
Culture and Distributive Justice
o Principle of need: resources directed toward who need them the most
o Principle of equality: resources shared equally
o Principle of equity: resources distributed based on individuals contributions
o Meritocracy: earnings depend on effort
o Seniority system: older/ more experienced more rewarded
Chapter 8: Emotions
What is attractive?
o Skin that looks free of blemishes, blotches, sores, rashes
o Bilateral symmetry: shows developmental stability
o Average faces
Facial features close to average size, configuration
Less likely to have genetic abnormalities
But bodies are attractive if they are different from average
Propinquity Effect: people are more likely to become friends with people with whom
they frequently interact
o Those who stood next to whom influenced interactions more than personalities or
background
Mere Exposure Effect: more we are exposed to a stimulus, more we are attracted to it
Similarity-Attraction Effect: people tend to be attracted to those who are most like
themselves
Close Relationships
o Cultural differences: individualistic society more open to having less enemies
o Collectivist dont trust ingroups (neighbors, friends, relatives)
o Americans view fundamentally disconnected from others, only reasons such
people would form connections is because they would choose to do so
o Relations only develop when people involved in them decide that forming a
relationship would be to their advantage
o Interdependent/collectivist: self is defined primarily on basis of close
relationships
Relationships not chosen, but exist by default whether positive or
negative
o Western Psych view: relationships are entered into and maintained on a mutually
voluntary basis. One can start or dissolve a relationship
o Ghanainas view friendship as A friend is someone who is ready to help you ,
whether it is financially or socially, where there is a need.
o Americans with al lot of friends are seen to have too many obligations
o Parental love to keep children alive
Japanese view person in ingroup even if here is an indirect connection (friend of a friend)
Fiske (1991, 1992) 4 Basic elements of Sociality
o Communal Sharing: every person treated the same, have identical rights and
privileges; resources pooled to belonging to the larger whole
o Authority Ranking: people linearly ordered along a hierarchical social dimension;
higher privileges for higher ranking, vice versa
o Equality Matching: people keep track of what is exchanged and motivated to pay
back what has been exchanged in equivalent turns; contributions and chances to
earn are equal
o Market Pricing: people expect to receive something equivalent, but exchange on
both sides occur at once, and different kinds of good exchanged
o All human relationships constructed out of one or more of these
Working with Others
o Social Facilitation: people perform well learned tasks better, poorly learned ones
worse in the presence of others
o Social loafing: when it is not clear how much any individual is contributing,
people often dont work as hard; if task is challenging, less loafing, if easier more
loafing
o Social Striving: working better when evaluated as a group than as individuals
Negations
o Confrontational: individualist
o Compromise: collectivist