qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 37-41

evgeni bliaZe

saqarTvelo ekaterine meorisa da

volteris mimowerebSi

ruseT-TurqeTis 1768 - 1774 wlebis omSi imperatori ekaterine II piradad

iyo dainteresebuli imereTis mefe solomon I-isa da erekle II-is
monawileobiT.
1769 wlis 19 maiss man Seiwyala ruseTidan gandevnili generali
totlebeni, 27 maiss ki gamoica gankarguleba graf totlebenisaTvis
danaSaulis patiebisa da ruseTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb (p. butkovi, 1866, gv.
114). general-maiori grafi totlebeni dainiSna TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
mebrZoli jaris sardlad saqarTveloSi. 1769 wlis agvistoSi 100 kaciani
avangardi totlebenis meTaurobiT saqarTveloSi Semovida. 29 agvistos sofel
xodasTan erekle totlebens Sexvda. molaparakebis Semdeg ereklem TurqeTTan
omSi monawileobaze da solomon pirvelisTvis daxmarebis gawevaze Tanxmoba
ganacxada im pirobiT, Tu ruseTis mTavroba xuTiaTasian damxmare jars
gamogzavnida.
1769 wlis 22 oqtombers ekaterine II-m gankarguleba gasca, rom
saqarTveloSi ruseTis 3700 meomari gamoegzavnaT (v. maWaraZe, 1957, gv. 42).
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT daviT batoniSvili gadmogvcems saintereso
ambavs: `mefe solomon evedra karsa ruseTisasa, raTa mohsces mxedrobai
Sesawevnelad. msmenelman amisman imperatricam ekaterinam warmouvlina
Renerali grafi totlebeni nemenci eqvsi aTasiTa mxedrobiTa welsa 1769. scna
ra mosvlai maTi mefeman iraklim, miegeba wina kops. SeiTqunen mefe da
totlebeni, romelica arRara warvida imereTad, aramed warvidnen ornive
axalcixesa zeda, romelTa veragTa kacTagan da ufrore mefisa solomanisa mier
warmoiSva Soris mefisa da grafisa sanduravi, vinaiTgan ara swadda mefesa
solomans gandidebai mefisa iraklisa da maradis mzir eyvis mas, raTa hscnes
naklolevanebai raime mefisa" (d. baroniSvili, 1941, gv. 16). ra Tqma unda,
Znelia bolomde gaiziaro daviT batoniSvilis mier aRniSnuli ambebis
Sefaseba, gansakuTrebiT mefe solomonis mimarT misi damokidebuleba, magram is
mainc udavoa, rom solomonma arcTu sasiamovnod miiRo mis saxelze
gamogzavnili jarisa da sardlis ereklesTan gamocxadeba.
didi imediT dawyebuli rusul-qarTuli samxedro Tanamegobrobis
istoria samwuxarod dasrulda. pirveli marcxi da didi uxerxuloba
totleben-erekles urTierTobaSi aspinZasTan moxda. platon ioselianis
azriT, 1770 wlis 20 aprils aspinZis brZolis win giorgi XII, romelic maSin 24
wlisa iyo, didad usiamovnod moeqca ruseTis general totlebensa, odes ara
ineba Sebmoda osmalisa jarsa.
 `Reneralo! sircxvilia amisTana drosa Ralati mefisa, _ hrqva mefis
Zeman. _ `ara maqvs brZaneba, _ upasuxa Reneralman, _ imperatricisa rom
Seveba jariTa esreT mciriTa mtersa didsa usargeblod" - `magiTi, Reneralo,
arcxven ruseTisa jarsa. - etyoda mefis Ze giorgi, - da utex saxelsa didsa
ruseTsa. RmerTi Cvenken iqneba, Cven SevebmiT, gavimarjvebT da movaxsenebT
imperatricasa Sensa simxdalesa" (pl. ioseliani, 1936, gv. 9). rogorc ityvian,
rusma generalma ara Tu qarTuli saqmisa araferi gaakeTa, rusuli saqmis
mxardaWerac ar isurva. osmaleTTan qarTvelTagan omis warmoeba xom ruseTis
interesebSic Sedioda. aseT sapasuxismgeblo dros gamoavlina man sruli
upasuxismgebloba da Ralati, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, Tavisi jariT ukan
gamobrunda da erekle pirispir datova uamrav mterTan. erekles samxedro
niWisa da vaJkacobis wyalobiT, aspinZis brZola erT-erT brwyinvale
gamarjvebis nimuSad Sevida omebis istoriaSi. am brZolaSi ereklem piradad
gamoasalma sicocxles Tavisi Zveli mowinaaRmdege koxta beladi. am didi
gamarjvebiT miRebuli siamovnebis adgilze gaazrebac ver moaxerxa mefe
ereklem, radgan saswrafod ukan gamoedevna totlebens, raTa Tavidan
aecilebina misgan mosalodneli axali usiamovneba.
momxdari faqti Sefaseba-gansjis sagani gaxda ara marto qarTul, aramed
rusul istoriografiaSic.
`magram imedebi gacruvda, xolo rusuli diplomatiisa da samxedro
sardlobis miznebi miuRweveli darCa, _ werda o. markova _ ueWveli
Secdoma iyo razmis sardlad graf gotlib-kurt-henrix totlebenis daniSvna.
unariani, magram TviTdajerebuli totlebeni didad aWarbebda Tavis ufleba-
mosilebas, roca faqtiurad gadawyvita saqarTvelos dapyroba. mefis
xelisuflebas mouwia efiqra ara TurqTa winaaRmdeg Zlier diversiaze, aramed
totlebenis gankargulebebiT gamowveuli uwesrigobis aRmofxvraze" (p.
markova, 1966, gv. 139).
aseTi mkacrad kritikuli SefasebebiT aRniSna rusma mkvlevarma
totlebenis `damsaxureba". saqarTveloSi totlebenis weliwadnaxevriani
moRvaweoba, misi azriT, ruseTis interesebSi ar Sedioda. is mxolod
amwvavebda situacias saqarTveloSi da rusuli politikisadmi ukmayofilebas
iwvevda qarTvelebSi, rac SesaZlebelia winaswarganzraxviT gamoudioda
totlebens `rusuli saqmisadmi gulmodginebis" niSniT.
rogorc prof. sargis kakabaZe wers: `totlebenma kidec daapira erekle
mefis datusaReba, misTvis rusis ordenis wm. andria pirvelwo-debulis
CamorTmeva, taxtidan Camogdeba da saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebac. Tavisi
ganzraxva totlebenma Seatyobina peterburgis mTavrobas. is kidec Seudga
Tavisi azris ganxorcielebas. duSeTsa, ananursa, gorsa da cxinvalSi
totlebenis brZanebiT xalxi daafices rusis mTavrobis erTgulebazed"
(mimowera.., 1805, gv. 159). aseTsave politikas axorcielebda totlebeni
dasavleT saqarTveloSic. o. markovas azriT, roca igi samokavSireo
xelSekrulebebs aformebda dadianTan, gurielTan da ServaSiZesTan, romlebic
gamudmebiT ebrZodnen solomon pirvels (p. markova, 1966, gv. 140).
im dros, roca mefe erekle totlebenis uTavobiT gamowveuli
problemebis mogvarebiTa da qveynisTvis saarsebo saqmeebiT iyo dakavebuli,
frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebiT aRfrTovanebuli da piradi ganaTlebulobis
maniiT Sepyrobili ruseTis imperatori, romelic volterTan flirtiT iyo
dakavebuli, sakmaod sainteresod moixsenebda qarTvel mefesa da saqarTvelos,
cdilobda saTanadod warmoeCina sakuTari damsaxureba TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
mimdinare brZolebisa da konstantinopolis aRdgena-aRorZinebis ideiT. am
ideas afasebda da mxars uWerda didi frangi ganmanaTlebeli volteri. igi
marTlac mTeli guliT ucxadebs Tanadgomasa da mxardaWeras mebrZol
qarTvelebs da aRiarebs am brZolaSi ruseTis ganaTlebuli imperatoris
rolsa da damsaxurebas.
istoriulad cnobili am ori pirovnebis mimowerebSi gvxvdeba CvenTvis
saintereso adgilebi. werilebi 1770 wliT TariRdeba, Tumca periodi,
romelsac mimowerebi moicavs, 1763-1778 wlebSi grZeldeboda. rogorc
aRvniSneT, qarTulma problemebma mimowerebSi 1770 wlis dasawyisidan iCina
Tavi da igi ramdenime werils moicavs. aqedan pirveli, 1770 wlis 2 ianvriT
daTariRebuli, volters ekuTvnis.
volteris werilSi aRniSnulia is faqti, roca TurqeTis sulTans
qarTvelma mefem uari ganucxada cocxali adamianebis mirTmevaze, kerZod,
qaliSvilebis gagzavnaze. `aq xelidan xelSi gadadis qarTvelebis manifesti _
wers volteri ekaterine meores _ romliTac uari aris gamocxadebuli
mustafas karisTvis qaliSvilebis mirTmevaze. visurveb, rom es simarTle iyos.
da rom maTi yvela gogona wilad xvdes Tqvens mamac oficrebs, isini amad Riran:
silamaze simamacis jildo unda iyos" (a. cagareli, 1898, gv. 65).
momdevno werili imperators ekuTvnis da igi volters gaugzavna 1770
wlis 8 ianvars. am werilSi ekaterine erekle meores Sesaxeb awvdis cnobebs
volters, Tumca mas ara mefed, aramed "Êíÿçú" -ad moixseniebs. es werili
TiTqos volteris pasuxsac Seicavs da axal informaciasac qarTvelTa Sesaxeb.
`qarTvelebma Tavis fari aRmarTes Turqebis winaaRmdeg, - wers imperatori, -
da uars eubnebian yovelwliur sarekruto gadasaxadze. erekle, maTi
uZlieresi mefe, Wkviani da mamacia. is Tavis droze indoeTSi ibrZoda
saxelovan nadir SahTan da xels uwyobda mis warmatebebs indoeTis dapyrobis
dros. es ambebi mosmenili maqvs erekles mamisgan, romelic peterburSi
gardaicvala 1762 wels (mimowera.., 1805, gv. 66).
Semdeg werilSi (18 agvisto, 1770 w.) totlebenis dasavleT saqarTveloSi
laSqrobazea saubari: `guSin general-maior totlebenisgan miviRe cnoba, -
wers imperatori, - rom Turqebs man waarTva ori cixe Sorapani da baRdaTi,
romlebic kavkasiis gadaRma mdebareoben. axla mas garemoculi aqvs cixe da
qalaqi quTaisi, kutaia Zveli saxelwodebiT. igi mdebareobs mdinare fazisze,
romelic Sav zRvaSi Caedineba. imereTis mefe solomoni moqmedebs grafTan
erTad. mefis meuRlem, romelic rusTa banakSi mivida, ufross sTxova,
baRdaTis aRebis Semdeg neba daerTo pirveli Sesuliyo qalaqSi. albaT,
mixvdebi, rom mis Txovnaze uars ver etyodnen... me damaviwyda TqvenTvis meTqva,
rom mefe ereklem, am qalaqebis aRebamde, Turqebi gaanadgura axalcixesTan"
(igulisxmeba aspinZis brZola _ e.b)" (iqve, gv. 105-106). kargi gulmaviwyobaa,
isaubro im cixeebis aRebaze, sadac ramdenime Turqi iyo gamagrebuli da
gadagaviwydes TiTqmis msoflio mniSvnelobis brZola, romlis pirdapiri
Sedegi TviT totlebenis warmatebac iyo.
amjerad volteri brZolis velad qceul saqarTvelos moixseniebs 4
ivlisis pasuxSi ekaterinesadmi: `SeuZlebelia gaocebuli ar davrCe, roca
warmovidgen, rom Tqveni umaRlesoba rogor aris dakavebuli im armiebis
marTviT, romlebic valaxeTSi, poloneTSi, besarabiasa da saqarTveloSi arian
ganlagebuli" (iqve, gv. 91).
da bolos, ekaterine meoris 1770 wlis 9 oqtombris werili: `21 agvistos
werilSi mekiTxebi, aiRo Tu ara generalma totlebenma arzrumi? magram,
maxsovs, me gacnobebdi, rom misi ukanaskneli dapyrobili qalaqi iyo quTaisi.
omSi ase Cqara ar miabijeben" (iqve, gv. 122_123).
amdenad, rogorc im werilebidan motanili adgilebi gviCvenebs, romelic
ekaterinesa da volters Soris mimowerebSi saqarTvelos, qarTvel mefeebs da
ruseTis jaris Sercxvenil sardals exeba, aris umTavresi, romelic namdvilad
guliT aris naTqvami, es aris erekles sabrZolo warmateba da saomar
moqmedebaSi qarTvelTa aqtiuri monawileoba (rogorc aRmosavleT, ise
dasavleT saqarTveloSi).
bunebrivia, imperatorisagan imas ver moviTxovT, rac Cveulebriv
mematianes ar unda gamorCes mxedvelobidan. kerZod, sardlis mier sakuTari
movaleobis daviwyeba. magram, gamarjvebulebs ar sjiano, es sityvebic ar aris
ucxo ruseTis imperatorisaTvis, totlebeni ki maSin mis TvalSi gamarjvebuli
iyo.
kidev kargi, mxolod mematianisa da mxolod matianeSi masalis Ziebis
Sedegad ar gvixdeba am movlenebis Sesaxeb saubari; arqivma Semogvinaxa aspinZis
brZolaSi gamarjvebulisa da am gamarjvebis organizatoris _ mefe erekles
Sefaseba, misi azri momxdaris Sesaxeb, romelic 1770 wlis 30 agvistoTia
daTariRebuli da mouravobisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. ra Tqma unda, bolo
instancia TviT imperatori iyo, visTanac erekles es gulistkivili unda
mietanaT. `ager erTi weliwadia mosula Rrafi, _ aRniSnulia erekle meoris
werilSi, _ da ra gaukeTebia? nuTu amas iqadis, rom raRac oriod koSki
Sorapanisa da baRdadisa aiRo, romelSiac TxuTmet-TxuTmeti meomari kaci
mdgara?" rac Seexeba quTaiss, da saerTod, am gamarjvebas totlebenisas, mefis
azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom maSvelebi, romlebic cixeebs amaragebdnen,
aspinZasTan daixocnen, mecixovneebs sazrdo veRar Seutanes da cixis dacemis
mizezic es gaxda. `sxva mtris mamulSi imisgan gakeTebuli samsaxuri ara
gvinaxavs ra... maRlis xelmwifis xazinas ubralod waragebs, jarsac ubralod
xocs da Ralavs... kidev mouweria Rrafsa: qarTvelTa Tu puri ar mosces da
uremio ruseTis jarsao, rogorc moRalateT, swored ise gardavaxdevi-nebTo.
amisi pasuxi es iuwyos _ Rrafs Cems qveyanaSi da Cveni qveynis kacTzed ra saqme
aqvs an gadasaxdevineblad da an avad mosapyrobelad?!" (a. cagareli, 1898, gv.
54). marTlac gasakviria, vis an ras emarTleboda sardali.

damowmebuli literatura
 daviT batoniSvili, 1941 - daviT batoniSvili, moTxroba axali
(Sedgenili qarTlis cxovrebisad), Tb., 1941.
p. butkovi, 1866 - G\U\ <enrjd= Vfnthbfks lkz yjdjq bcnjhbb
Rfdrfpf c 1722 gj 1803 u\ xfcnm nhtnmz= [hjyjkjubxtcrbt b fkafdbnyst
erfpfntkb cjcnfdktyyst K\ <hjcct= Cfyrngtnth,ehu= 1866\
pl. ioseliani, 1936 - pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, tf.,
1936.
s. kakabaZe, 1919 - s. kakabaZe, saqarTvelo erekle meores dros
(istoriuli monografia), `Svidi mnaTobi", # 2, 1919.
o. markova, 1966 - J. G\ Vfhrjdf= Hjccbz= Pfrfdrfpmt b
vt;leyfhjlyst jnyjitybz d \|666 dtrt= Vjcrdf= 1966\
v. maWaraZe, 1957 - v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, Tb., 1957.
mimowera.., 1805 - Gthtgbcrf Hjccbqcrjq bvgthfnhbwb Trfnthbys 66
b ujcgjlbyf Djk]nthf= ghjljk;fdifzcz c 1763 gj 1778 ujl= X\= 67
Vjcrdf= 1805\
a. cagareli, 1898 - À\ Wfufhtkb= Uhfvjns b lheubt bcnjhbxtcrbt
ljrevtyns= jnyjczobtcz lj Uhepbb= N\ 667 Dsg\ 6= uhepbycrbt ntrcns c
1768 gj 1801u\= Cfyrngtnth,ehu= 1898\

EVGENI BLIADZE

GEORGIA IN EKATERINA II AND VOLTAIRE’S

CORRESPONDENCES

A series of correspondence between prominent French thinker Voltaire and

Catherine the Great comprises long period from 1763 t0 1778. These correspondence
deals with quite a few problems of the epoch. Georgia as a subject of the correspondence
appears in their writings from the beginning of 1770 when the Russo-Turkish war (1768-
1774) entered into the active phase. Russian Empress remembers the existence of
Georgia only during the war. She decides to involve Georgian kings Erekle II and
Solomon I in the military actions against Turkey. On his part Solomon I asks the Russian
Empress to give him the helping hand. Under these circumstances Ekaterina II pardons
Count Totleben, Mayor-general, and transfers to the Turkish theatre of operations making
him the head of the troops who would fight from Georgia. Erekle II agreed to initiate
military actions if Russia increased the number of warriors up to five thousand. Erekle II
and Solomon I agreed to launch military actions against Turkey. This was the reason why
the Russian Empress expresses her opinion about Georgian kings in the correspondences
addressed to Voltaire.
Georgian theme became active after Solomon I refused to send girls as part of his
tribute to the court of Mustafa III. The Empress is interested with the fact and praises
Georgian kings, particularly Erekle II. She is pleased to inform Voltaire about the joint
actions carried out by Solomon I and Totleben and their sieges of Shorapani, Bagdadi,
and Kutaisi fortresses. She makes Voltaire acquaint to the city of Kutaisi.
 On his part the French enlightener provides his comments on the participation of
Georgians in this war. Russian Empress extols Count Totleben for his velar and
contribution for the relief of Georgia’s sufferings but overlooks the new problems
brought by him to Georgia that also disgraced Russia’s fame. In any case I think that the
opinions expressed by Ekaterina II and bringing them to Voltaire were a fact of great
importance.