International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 145

Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

A Neuro-Fuzzy System for Medical Image Fusion

Prof. V.N.Ghodke, Vaishali D. Fegade, Monika R. Barmukh and Rajshree M. Bhoir
Electronics and Telecommunication Department, AISSMS Institute of Information Technology, Pune
SavitribaiPhule Pune University Ganeshkhindroad, Pune, India

Abstract: Our paper addresses a novel system to

multimodal Medical Image Fusion (MIF) problem,
applying geometric analysis of non-subsampled
contourlet transform (NSCT) and reduced pulse coupled
neural network (RPCNN). For the multiscale transform
method, the low pass sub-band coefficients are so hard to
represent that they cannot extract significant features
from images. NSCT is used to perform a multiscale
decomposition of source images to express the details of
images and we present a dictionary learning scheme in
domain of NSCT, based on which we can show low
frequency information of the image in order to extract the
salient features of images. The linking strengths of the
RPCNNs neurons are adaptively set representing their
significance in the corresponding original image. Use of
the RPCNN with having minimum number of parameters
leads to computational efficiency an important
requirement of point-of-care health care technologies.
This system is free from loss of image fine details,
contrast reduction, unwanted image degradations, etc.
Subjective and objective calculations show better
performance of this new system compared to the existing
methods also it can reduce the calculation cost of the
fusion algorithm with sparse representation by the way of
non-overlapping blocking. The results of this paper show
that this method outperforms both the fusion method
based on multistage decomposition.
Keywords: Non-subsampled Contourlet Transform
(NSCT), Reduced Pulse Coupled Neural Network
(RPCNN), Neuro-Fuzzy, Medical Image Fusion (MIF),
Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Image
(MRI),

I.

INTRODUCTION

A number of image processing tasks are efficiently

carried out in a domain other than the pixel domain, often
by means of revertible linear transformation. This
transform technique can be redundant or not, depending
on whether the set of groundfunction is independent. We
can develop the ground functions using the redundancy so
that the representation is more efficient in capturing some
signal behavior. In the multiscale expansions

implemented with filter banks, dropping the ground

requirement offers expansion which is independent of
shifting, an important property in a lot of applications.
Several situations in image processing require high spatial
and high spectral resolution in an image. Most of the
existingtransformation techniques (Wavelet Transform,
Ripplet Transform) are not able to provide such data
easily [1], [2], [3]. Image fusion techniques allow the
addition of different sources of information. The resultant
image is possible to have spatial and spectral resolution
properties. However, the common techniques of image
fusion can distort the spectral information of the
multispectral data while merging.
Image fusion is used within medical diagnostics and
treatment. The term is used when more than one images
of a patient are registered and overlaid or merged to
provide extra information. In radiology, image fusion
gives addition of the content from original images. For
example, Computed Tomography (CT) images determine
differences in tissue density while Magnetic Resonance
Images (MRI) is generally used for diagnosis of brain
tumors. Radiologists must add information from different
image formats, for accurate results. The contourlet
transform is a directional transform that is constructed
using the combination of the Laplacian pyramid (LP) and
the directional filter bank (DFB). The contourlet
transform is not-shift-invariant due to the presence of the
downsamplers and upsamplers in both the LP and DFB.
The non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) is
obtained using a nonsubsampled pyramid structure
coupled with the NSDFB. In this paper, we direct the
design problem of the NSCT and show its effectiveness in
image fusion.
A PCNN is a 2-D neural network. Each neuron in the
network related to one pixel in source image which
receives its corresponding pixels color information (e.g.
intensity). Also each neuron receives its corresponding
local pixels color information. Thisinformation is
combined in an internal activation system, which acquires
the stimuli until it crosses its threshold, giving rise to a
pulse output. Through repetitive calculation, PCNN
neurons produce momentary series of pulse outputs.
These outputs contain information of source images and

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 146

Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

are used for various image processing applications.

PCNN has few more merits as compared with various
image processing techniques.

NONSUBSAMPLED
TRANSFORM
II.

CONTOURLET

NSCT is a shift-invariant, having multidirectional

expansion with fast implement ability. NSCT achieves
the shift-invariance property [not present in contourlet
transform (CNT)] by using the nonsubsampled pyramid
filter bank (NSP) and the nonsubsampled directional filter
bank (NSDFB). The NSCT construction can thus be
divided into two parts:
(1) A nonsubsampled pyramid structure which shows the
multiscale property and
(2) A nonsubsampled DFB structure which gives
directionality. We describe each part in detail as follows:
1) Nonsubsampled Pyramid Filter Bank (NSPFB):
The multiscale property of the NSCT is obtained from a
shift-invariant filtering structure that achieves sub-band
decomposition.Experiment is done by nonsubsampled 2D filters.NSP takes the multiscale characteristics of
NSCT and has no down-sampling or up-sampling and
hence is shift-invariant. It is constructed by the repeated
cycles of nonsubsampled filter bank (NSFB), one of lowfrequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) image is
produced at each NSP decomposition level.
The subsequent NSP decomposition stages are carried out
to decompose the low-frequency component available
iteratively to capture the singularities in the image. As a
result, NSP results in k + 1 subimages (having the same
size as that of the source image), which consist of one
low-frequency image and k high-frequency images, where
k denotes the number of decomposition levels.
2) Nonsubsampled Directional Filter Bank (NSDFB):
The directional filter bank is constructed by combining
critically-sampled two-channel fan filter banks and
resampling operations. The NSDFB is constructed by
eliminating the downsamplers and upsamplers of the DFB
[4].This results in a tree composed of NSFBs. The
NSDFB does direction decomposition with l stages in
high-frequency images from NSP at each stage, and
produces 2l directional subimages with the same size as
the original image.Hence NSDFB enables NSCT with the
multidirectional property and provides more precise
directional detail and fine information. The outputs of two
levels of filters are combined to get the directional
frequency decompositions.
The synthesis filter bank is obtained by similar way.All

the filter banks in the NSDFB-tree structure are obtained

from a single NSFB.To get multidirectional
decomposition, the NSDFBs are iterated, and to get the
next level decomposition, all the filters are upsampled by
a matrix given by QM = [1 1; 1 1].NSCT is obtained by
adding of the NSP and the NSDFB. In this experiment,
the decomposition parameter of NSCT is set at levels =
[1, 2, 2] and we use pyrexc and pkva as the pyramid
filter and orientation filter, respectively. With this
decomposition configuration, the number of sub-band
images obtained is 11. Each obtained sub-band is of the
same size as the source medical image which help in
finding the relationship between the different sub-bands,
which is good for designing the fusion rule and helpful
for avoiding the pseudo-Gibbs phenomenon.

Fig.1. Nonsubsampled contourlet transform-NSFB

structure that implements the NSCT.
Moreover, NSCT has better frequency selectivity and
regularity than the other MGA tools and is capable of
capturing the fine details present in the image.
Furthermore, NSCT provides a sparse representation of
signals and structurally conforms to the frequency
sensitivity distribution of the HVS. These facts motivate
us to utilize NSCT to develop our MIF scheme.

III.
REDUCED PULSE COUPLED NEURAL
NETWORK
The Pulse Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) is a
biological model based on the mammalian visual cortex,
expressed by Eckhorn [5]. The PCNN is advisable to
solve tasks as the feature generation for image and pattern
recognition, etc.
Structure of PCNN:
The structure of standard PCNN comes out from structure
of an image, which is processed. That means PCNN is
single layered, 2-D, laterally connected neural network of

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 147

Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

pulse coupled neurons, which are connected to pixel in

the image. Every pixel is associated with a pulse coupled
neuron of specific structure. PCNN neuron consists of
three parts viz., feeding, linking and a pulse generator
[6]as shown in Fig. below:

pixel (coefficient), and 'n' denotes current iteration. 'F'

and 'L' are called feeding and linking inputs, respectively.
'Wi,j,k,l' represents the synaptic weight coefficient and 'Si,j'
denotes external stimulus. The linking modulation is
given in equation (3), where 'Ui,j [n]' is internal state of a
neuron and '' is linking strength parameter. The pulse
generator estimates the firing events in the model in
equation (4). The value of 'Yi,j[n]' depends on internal
state and threshold. The dynamic threshold of the neuron
is given in equation (5), where 'T' and 'VT' are time and
normalized constant respectively.

IV.

Fig.2. Structure of PCNN.

The signals are received by neurons from feeding and
linking inputs. The neuron receptive area which is
primary or feeding input consists of the neighboring
pixels of corresponding pixel in the source image. The
linking is secondary input of lateral connections along
with neighboring neurons.The difference between these
inputs is that the feeding connections have a slower
characteristic response time constant than the linking
connections.
The standard PCNN model is described as iteration by the
following equations:
Fi,j[n] = Si,j

(1)

Li,j[n] =k,lWi,j,k,lYi,j[n 1]

(2)

Ui,j[n] = Fi,j[n](1 + Li,j [n])

(3)

Yi,j[n] =

1,
,

, [] > , [ 1]

Ti,j[n] = eTTi,j[n-1] + VT Yi,j[n]

NEURO-FUZZY

Neuro fuzzy logic based image fusion requires some

fundamentals to be discussed.
1. Neural Network
Neural Network (NN), is a natural propensity for storing
experiential knowledge and making it available for use.
NNs can provide suitable solutions for problems, which
are generally characterized by non-linearity, high
dimensionality noisy, complicated, imprecise, not perfect
or error prone sensor data, and not clearly stated
mathematical solution or algorithm. A key benefit of NN
is that a model of the system or subject can be built just
from the data.
2. Network Properties
The topology of NN refers to its framework as well as its
inter-connection scheme. The framework is often
specified by the number of layers and the number of
nodes per layer [7].

V.

METHODOLOGY

In this method, coefficients of both the low frequency

sub-bands (LFSs) and high-frequency sub-bands (HFSs)
are fused in a similar way using RPCNNs with fuzzy
adaptive linking strengths. The notations used are as
given as:
I = (A, B, C) where A, B, C represent the two source
images and the resultant fused image, respectively. The
value BIs,d(i, j) indicates a coefficient of the sub-band B of
the image I at the scale s (= 1, . . . , S) and direction d,
where S is the coarsest scale, and (i, j) denotes the spatial
location of the coefficient in the sub-band. This method
can be easily extended to more than two images.

(4)
(5)

The neuron receives the input signals from feeding and

linking inputs. To improve computing efficiency (in
terms of reducing the number of optimizing parameters),
we use an RPCNN model taken from where the indexes 'i'
and 'j' refer to the pixel (coefficient) location in the image
considering the applications of multimodal MIF. 'k' and 'l'
refer to dislocation in a symmetric neighborhood around a

A. Fuzzy Adaptive Linking Strength

From the PCNN-related literature, we know that the
linking strength () reflects the pixels (coefficient)
characteristics and should be adaptive to the importance
(significance) of the corresponding pixel (coefficient).
Moreover, from the HVS model-related literature, it has

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 148

Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

been found that the contrast enhancement mechanism and

the incremental visual threshold can be effectively
modeled as a nonlinear system, which following the HVS
decides the visually significant or insignificant pixels
with respect to its neighbors [8].The uncertainty exists in
deciding the visual quality (significance) of the images
pixel (coefficient) and the subjectivity of the HVS
response is successfully handled by the fuzzy-logic
systems [9], [10]. Keeping these in mind, we propose to
use a novel fuzzy-based technique to adaptively set the
value of by estimating each coefficients significance
(importance) in the corresponding image.
If a coefficients local average energy (LAE) is large or
if its local information entropy (LIE) is high, then we
can say that the coefficient has more importance in that
image.We have taken LAEIs,d(i, j) and LIEIs,d(i, j) as the
representations of a coefficients local average energy
and its local information entropy respectively.LAE
gives the information about the existence of edges,
contours, and textures in an image. Similarly, LIE
indicates the complexity or unpredictability of a local
region. The regions corresponding to high-signal
complexity tend to have flatter distributions and hence
higher entropy, and these regions are considered to be the
important regions (edges, contours, and texture
information) of the image [11]. For a coefficient BIs,d(i, j),
LAEIs,d(i, j) and LIEIs,d(i, j) are computed according to (6)
and (7), respectively, considering a window of size M
N centered around the coefficient:
1

LAEIs,d(BIs,d(i,j))=
BIs,d(m,n)2 (6)
=1
=1
LIE(BIs,d(i, j)) = - p(BIs,d(i, j)) log2 p(BIs,d(i, j))

LAE Is,d (i,j )a2

)^2, a2LAEIs,d(i,
c2a2

=2((

=1-2(

(9)
Where,
b1 = average(LAEIs,d),
c1 = b1 + max(|b1 max(LAEIs,d)|, |b1 min(LAEIs,d)|),
a1 = 2b1 c1,
and similarly,
b2= average(LIEIs,d),
c2 = b2 + max(|b2 max(LIEIs,d)|,|b2 min(LIEIs,d)|), a2 =
2b2 c2 .
Here, bk is the cross-overpoint, ck is the shoulder point,
and ak is the feet point of S-type membership curve, k =
1, 2 (considering the two source images). The linking
strength s,d,Ii,j corresponding to the coefficientBIs,d(i, j) is
then computed as follows:
s,d,Ii,j= max(1 (BIs,d(i, j)), 2 (BIs,d(i, j))).
(10)

(7)

1(BIs,d(i,j))=0, LAEIs,d(i, j) a1
LAE Is,d (i,j )a1
)^2,a1LAEIs,d(i,
c1a1

=1-2(

LAE Is,d (i,j )a1

)^2,
c1a1

=1, LAEIs,d(i, j) c1
And

b2LAEIs,d(i,j)c2

=1, LAEIs,d(i, j) c2

Wherep(BIs,d(i, j)) is the probability of occurrence of the

coefficient BIs,d(i, j).
The fuzzy membership values 1(BIs,d(i, j)) and 2(BIs,d(i,
j)) corresponding to LIEIs,d(i, j) and LIEIs,d(i, j),
respectively are computed as follows:

= 2(

LAE Is,d (i,j )a2

)^2,
c2a2

j)b2

j)b1

b1LAEIs,d(i,j)c1
(8)

Fig.3. Block Diagram of the MIF method.

B. Algorithm
Consider that the medical images to be fused are coregistered to ensure that the corresponding pixels are
aligned; here we outline the salient steps of the MIF
method.
1)Decompose the source medical images Aand Bby using
NSCT to get the LFSs and HFSs.
2) Compute the linking strengths
s,d,Ii,j, I = (A,B).

2(BIs,d(i, j)) =0, LIEIs,d(i, j) a2

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3) Input the coefficients of the sub-bands to actuate the

RPCNNs and generate pulse of neurons using Equations
(1)(5), and compute the firing times
GIs,d(i, j) =

=1

Ys,d,Ii,j[n],I = (A,B).

4) At n = N (total number of iterations), determine the

fused coefficient BCs,d(i, j) following the fusion rule:
BCs,d(i, j) = BAs,d(i, j), GIs,d(i, j) GIs,d(i, j),
= BBs,d(i, j), otherwise .
(11)
5) Apply inverse non-subsampled contourlet transform on
fused coefficients to get the final fused medical image M.

VI.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

For the evaluation of the performance of the technique,

extensive experiments were carried out on medical
images consisting of 1 pair of 1 patient, combining
different modalities which are listed as follows:
1. CT/MRI
One group contains at one image pair: one pair from one
patient.
A. Experimental Setup
We implemented this technique in MATLAB R2009b and
experiments were done on a Laptop with 2.10-GHz CPU
and 3-GB RAM. Parameters of PCNN were set as k l =
3 3, T = 0.2, VT = 20, W = [0.7071 1 0.7071; 1 0 1;
0.7071 1 0.7071], and N = 200. The size of the window
for computing the LAE and the LIE was set as 3 3.
The performance and experimental results of the
proposed scheme are evaluated by various quantitative
measures like [12]:
1. Entropy
The entropy(EN) of an image is a measure of information
content present in the image. It is the average number of
bits needed to quantify the intensities in the image.
Entropy is defined as:
EN= (P*log2(1/P))

Where 'P' contains histogram counts returned from imhist.

If 'EN' of the fused image is higher than the source
images, then it indicates that the fused image contains
more information.
2. Spatial Frequency
The Spatial Frequency (SF) is the number of cycles that
fall within one degree of visual angle. A grating of high
value of spatial frequency, most of the cycles within each
degree of visual angle contains narrow bars. A grating of
low value of spatial frequency, very few cycles within
each degree of visual angle contains wide bars. As spatial
frequency is defined in terms of visual angle, it changes
with viewing distance. As this distance is decreased, each
bar casts a larger image; thus, the spatial frequency
decreases as the distance decreases.
Spatial frequency (SF) is used to measure the overall
activity and clarity level of an image. Value of SF should
be high to get better fusion result.
SF= (CF)2 + (RF)2(13)
This frequency indicates the overall activity level in the
fused image.
3. Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation (STD) is a measure of the average
distance between the values of the data in the set and the
mean. Standard deviation (STD) is used to measure the
image contrast (high STD means better contrast).
The visual quantitative result for a pair of source images
is subjectively and objectively prescribed in this paper.
The CT image in Fig. 4(A) shows the bone structure, and
the MRI image in Fig. 4(B) displays the soft tissue
information. The performance of the NFHF-NSCT
method is also compared with the effectiveness of other
MGA-tools such as contourlet (CNT) and curvelet
(CVT).

(12)

B. Subjective analysis:
We have subjectively evaluated the effectiveness of the method used. All the results are displayed as shown below:

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 150

Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(G)

(H)

(K)

(F)

(I)

(L)

(J)

(M)

Fig.4. Visual result of 1 group of source images: CT and MRI images (A) and (B) respectively. Low pass sub-band
images of the source images (C) and (D) respectively. (E), (F), (G), (H), (I), (J) represent high pass sub-band images of
the source images. (K) And (L) represent fusion of all low pass sub-band images and fusion of high pass sub-band images
respectively. Final fused image is obtained: (M).

Table I
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SYSTEM
Source image

SF
A 0.4248

Fused image

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EN
2.2249

STD
SF
80.9892 121.8
391

EN
6.769
5

STD
91.05
01

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 151

Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

B 0.3529

6.6328

90.9462

The detailed quantitative evaluations are given in Table

I. Columns 2 to 4 in Table I; show the SF, EN, and STD
of the source medical images, respectively. The values
of these quantitative measures of the fused images
obtained by this technique are given in columns 5 to 7 of
Table I. The bold values indicate the highest values in
Table I, for that quantitative measure. The highest values
of SF for the image indicate that the fused image
obtained by our method have more activity and clarity
level than the source images. Similarly, the highest
values of EN for the fused image indicate that the fused
image obtained by this scheme have more information
content than the source images. We can also see from
Table I that the STD values of the fused imageare higher
than their corresponding source images. This shows that
our method produces higher contrast fused images.
Therefore, it is evident from Table I, that the fused
image obtained by the method used is clearer,
informative and have higher contrast which is helpful in
visualization and interpretation

VII.

CONCLUSION

We present a novel MIF method based on a hybrid

neuro-fuzzy system in the NSCT domain. We exploit the
advantages of the NSCT, RPCNN and fuzzy logic to
overcome the drawbacks of the traditional MIF schemes
and to integrate as much information as possible into the
fused images. The linking strengths of the neurons in the
RPCNNs are adaptively computed based on the fuzzy
characteristics of the image, which results in highquality fused images. The experimental results show that
our method can preserve more useful information in the
fused image with higher spatial resolution and less
difference to the source images. The effects of the
different fusion rules, as well as the new techniques to
compute the parameters of the neurons of the PCNN, are
some of the future scopes of this technique.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Dr. Vinod Pande (Senior
Manager - Diagnostics & Imaging, Sahyadri Hospitals
Pune, India) for guiding us and for the subjective
evaluation of the fusion results.
We would also like to thank Prof. V. N. Ghodke (Our
Guide and Prof. at AISSMS IOIT, Pune, India) for
guiding and helping us.

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Monika Barmukh is from department of Electronics &

Tele-communication at AISSMS Institute of Information
Technology, Pune.

AUTHORS PROFILE
RajshreeBhoir is from department of Electronics &
Tele-communication at AISSMS Institute of Information
Technology, Pune.

Venkat.N.Ghodke is Assistant professor in Electronics

and Telecommunication Department at AISSMS
Institute of Information Technology, Pune .He has
worked in various institutes as UG and PG guide for
image and embedded system design related area. Also he
has published books and papers in international journals.

VaishaliFegade is from department of Electronics

&Tele-communication at AISSMS Institute of
Information Technology, Pune.

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