Video Training Courses in Offshore Structures Design

VideoTrainingCoursesinOffshoreStructures
Item
no.
SubjectofTrainingCourse
Video
Duration
Loadsonoffshorestructures
Marineoperationforjacketsandtopsides(loadout,
sailout,installation)
2hours
DesignofTublarmembersforjackets
4hours
DesignofTublarjointsforjackets
8hors
Inplaceanalysisofjackets
1hour
onbottomstabilityofjackets(mudmatdesign)
7
8
BasicsofSoilMechanicsforFoundationofoffshore
Structures
Pilefoundationsforoffshorestructures(Design,
Analysis)
2.5hours
1.5horse
4.5hours
6hours
Pilesinstallationandloadtest
3hors
10
Offshorespecialfoundations
2hours
11
Jackupriganalysisanddesign
3hours
12
SacsmodelingforoffshoreStructures
3hours
13
Sacsanalysisofoffshorestructures(inplace,seismic,
Fatigue)
5hours
Remarks
TheseVideoCoursesare
collectedin10DVDs,ifyouare
interestedinprovideitpls
contactmeatemail
offshore_expert123@yahoo.com
inordertoarrangefor
dispatchingDVDsthroughTNT
orDHLcashondeliveryService.
TotalCostisabout130us$(90
forDVDs+40forDelivery)
CashondeliveryServiceisa
modelofpaymentunderwhich
youpayuponyoureceivedthe
order
BelowyoucanhavealookatsomepartsofvideocoursenotesaboutOnbottomstabilityofjackets
(MudmatDesign),DesignofTubularmembersandPilegroupseffects
Mudmat Concepts and Design
OUTLINE FOR SESSION 10

Mudmat
Concepts
Stability Requirements
Design
Special Foundations
Bucket Foundations
Gravity Foundations
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Mudmat
Mudmats are temporary floor support for the
jacket immediately after the jacket has been
upended from floating horizontal position prior to
supported by piles.
Need to designed with adequate surface area and
sufficient strength strength to avoid excessive
settlement of the jacket.
Usually made of steel plate and reinforced by
steel beams. However, alternate materials like
Timber and FRP has been used to reduce weight
and cost
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Advantages of
FRP and Timber Mudmat
FRP and Timber mudmats are used when lift
weight is a concern. They will reduce the weight
considerably.
The design requirement for Cathodic Protection
will also be reduced
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Large Timber Mudmat
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
FRP Mudmat
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
MUDMAT CONCEPTS
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Jacket with Rectangular Mudmat
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Triangular Mudmat
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Rectangular Mudmat
30 May 2008
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Circular Mudmat
30 May 2008
10
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Triangular Mudmat
30 May 2008
11
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Mudmat Panels
Mudmat panels can be any one of the following.
Flate Plate (Steel)
Corrugated Plate (Steel)
Timber Plank
Profilled Panel (FRP)
These panels will be appropriately supported by
steel structural members attached to the jacket
structure
30 May 2008
12
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Flat Steel plate
30 May 2008
13
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Timber Plank
30 May 2008
14
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Corrugated Steel plate
30 May 2008
15
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
FRP PANEL
30 May 2008
16
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Design Requirements
When the jacket is resting on seabed, it shall
satisfy following requirements
Stability against bearing
Stability against sliding
Stability against overturning
Structural members shall have adequate
strength
30 May 2008
17
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Design Loads
Dead loads
Bouyancy Loads
Wave and Current Loads
Wind Loads
Loads from Pile stabbing sequence
30 May 2008
18
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Design Requirements
When the jacket is resting on seabed, it shall
satisfy following requirements (API RP 2A)
Stability against bearing
Stability against sliding
Stability against overturning
Sometimes it is also called Unpiled Stability since
this is prior to the piling of the jacket after which the
jacket is firmly fixed to the seabed by piles
30 May 2008
19
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Stability Against Bearing

As explained earlier, stability against bearing is to
have adequate bearing area to avoid excessive
settlement of jacket / failure of mudmat. This has
two parts.
Geotechnical Requirement
Structural Requirement
30 May 2008
20
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
10
Factor of Safety against Bearing

The Factor of Safety against bearing shall be
calculated as below.
Q
P
F .O.S
Where Qu is the ultimate bearing capacity of soil

and Pa is the applied pressure
The minimum Factor of Safety shall be 2.0 for
loads arising from dead weight of the jacket only
and 1.5 for dead weight + environmental loads.
30 May 2008
21
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Applied Mudmat Pressure (Dead Load)
The applied mudmat pressure can be calculated for dead
loads alone very easily.
W eW H

A
I 2
S
yy
Where WS is the total submerged weight of the jacket

including ballast water on any compartments of legs, bouyancy
tanks and AM is the total mudmat area
If the Jacket is not symmetrical and has self weight acting at
an eccentricity of ex, and not at the geometric centre of
mudmat, then the effect shall be included as moment
component.
30 May 2008
22
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
11

Applied Mudmat Pressure
(Dead Load + Environment Load)
The applied mudmat pressure can be calculated for dead
loads alone very easily.
W eW H Fh H

A
I 2 I 2
S
yy
yy
Where Fe is the total environmental loads from wave,

current and wind and h is the height from seabed at which the
environmental loads are applied and Iyy is the moment of
inertia of the mudmat system about YY axis.
30 May 2008
23
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Factor of Safety against Sliding

The Factor of Safety against sliding shall be
calculated as below.
F .O.S
F
PW
e
Where Fe is the total environmental loads applied

and is the friction coefficient between the soil
and mudmat system.
The minimum FOS of 1.5 shall be required.
30 May 2008
24
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
12
Factor of Safety against Overturning

The Factor of Safety against Overturning shall be
calculated as below (for each edge).
F .O.S
Fh
Wx
e
Where x is the distance between the vertical

load (jacket submerged weight) and the geometric
centre of mudmat system at mudline.
The minimum FOS of 1.5 shall be required.
30 May 2008
25
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Jacket Settlement
Most of Settlement will take place immediately after the
jacket has been placed on seabed.
Hence the only immediate settlement using elastic theory
will suffice.
30 May 2008
26
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
13
30 May 2008
27
Fe
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Jacket Settlement
Settlement of jacket is an important criteria in designing
the mudmat system as excessive settlement woill lead
submergence of bottom framing in to the soil. This will lead
following issues.
The mudline framing will be subjected to constant
upward force on the members
The conductor guide if any will be submerged in to mud
thus driving conductors will become difficult
Boulder if present at shallow depth may damage
structural braces
The jacket cut-off level will get affected
30 May 2008
28
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
14
Jacket Settlement
Elastic settlement of jacket on to the seabed can
be calculated as below.
qB
(1 Q ) I
E
Where q is the uniform applied pressure, B is the

width of the mudmat, E is the Modulus of the soil,
is the poissons ratio and Is is the influence
coefficient and shall be calculated depending on the
shape of the mudmat.
30 May 2008
29
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Settlement of Circular Footing

Vertical settlement of circular footing is given by
G
Where
1 J
Q
4GR
1X
Q
4GR
uv
uv,un = vertical and horizontal displacement

Q, H = Vertical and horizontal loads
G = elastic shear modulus of the soil
= poissons ratio of the soil
R = radius of the base
30 May 2008
30
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
15

Rectangular Mudmat system
Am
4bh
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)

Am
I xx
I yy
Pa
I xx
4bh 3
4bh( H / 2 h / 2) 2
12
I yy
4b 3h
4bh( B / 2 b / 2) 2
12
Where x and y are co-ordinates of points at which the mudmat pressure is

required
30 May 2008
31
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Circular Mudmat system
Am
Pa
S
4
D2
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)

Am
I xx
I yy
I xx
4S 4 4SD 2 H 2
D
2
64
4
I yy
4S
4SD 2 B
4
D
2
64
4
30 May 2008
32
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16

Triangular Mudmat system
Am
Pa
I xx
I yy
bh
2
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)

Am
I xx
I yy
4bh 3
2bh H 2
2
3
36
2
4bh 3
2bh B 2 b
2
3
36
30 May 2008
33
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Triangular Mudmat system
Am
bh
2
Pa
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)

Am
I xx
I yy
I yy
3bh 3
bh B b
2
2
48
I xx
2
2
bh 2 H
3bh 3
bh H 2 h
1 h
3
3
2
3
36
2
30 May 2008
34
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
17
BEARING CAPACITY OF
MUDMATS
30 May 2008
35
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
BEARING CAPACITY
The ultimate bearing capacity (qu) is
defined as the least pressure which
would cause shear failure of the
supporting soil immediately below
and adjacent to a formation.
30 May 2008
36
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
18
MODES OF FAILURE
a) General failure
b) Local shear
c) Punching failure
The mode of failure depends on the
following
- Foundation type and geometry
- Soil compressibility
30 May 2008
37
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
MODES OF FAILURE
a) general shear b) local shear c) punching shear

30 May 2008
38
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
19

THEORY OF PLASTICITY
A suitable failure mechanism shall be

found by either inspection, trial or limit
theorems. Two bounds can be defined.
Lower Bound
True failure load is large than the load
corresponding to an equilibrium system
Upper Bound
The true failure load is smaller than the load
corresponding to a mechanism if that load is
determined using the virtual work principle
30 May 2008
39
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEM
An equilibrium system, or a statically admissible field
of stresses is a distribution of stresses that satisfies
the following conditions
a) it satisfies the conditions of equilibrium in each point
of the body
b) it satisfies the boundary conditions for the stresses
c) the yield condition is not exceeded in any point of the
body.
30 May 2008
40
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
20
Mechanism
A mechanism, or a kinematically admissible field

of displacement is a distribution of displacements
and deformations that satisfies the following
conditions.
a) the displacement field is compatible, i.e. no
gaps or overlaps are produced in the body
(sliding of one part along another part is
allowed)
b) it satisfies the boundary conditions for the
displacements
c) wherever deformations occur the stresses
satisfy the yield conditions
30 May 2008
41
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

IDEALIZED STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Shear stress
Shear strain
30 May 2008
42
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
21

STATE OF PLASTIC EQUILIBRIUM
30 May 2008
43
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
1
(V 1 V 3 )
2
sin I
1
(V 1 V 3 2c cot I )
2
?V 3 (1 sin I ) V 1 (1 sin I ) 2c cos I
?V 3
?V 3
30 May 2008
1 sinI
(1 sin2 I)
2c
V1
I
1 sinI

1
sin
1 sinI
1 sinI
2c
V1
I
1
sin
I

1
sin

44
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
22
LOWER BOUND SOLUTION
30 May 2008
45
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
V 1 V 3 tan 2 45 I / 2 2c tan 45
45 I / 2
tan 2 45 I / 2
1 for I 0
V 1.2 V 3.1 q(1) 2c(1)

V 1.1 qult V 3.1 (1) 2c(1)

qult
q 2c 2c
qult
4c
30 May 2008
46
4c q
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
23
UPPER BOUND SOLUTION

q ult
B&B
qB & B
cSB & B
2
2
q ult
30 May 2008
2S c q
47
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Simplified bearing capacity for a c soil
30 May 2008
48
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
24

Pp
V 1 (dz )

I
I
(
) tan 2 45 2c tan 45 dz
yz
q

2
2

yH 2
.K p q H .K p 2cH . K p
Pp
2
Pp
B
B H
qult & y . cA cos U
2
2 2
sin U cos I
qult
2K p
K p K p yB K p
c
Kp q

Kp
cos I
4 cos I
cos I
qult
cN c q N q yBN y
30 May 2008
49
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
FAILURE UNDER A STRIP FOOTING
30 May 2008
50
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
25
FOOTING AT DEPTH D BELOW THE

SURFACE
30 May 2008
51
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

PERSUMED BEARING VALUS (BS 8004: 1986)
Soil type
Bearing
value(kN/m)
Dense gravel or dense sand and gravel

Medium dense gravel or medium dense
sand and gravel
Loose gravel or loose sand and gravel
Compact sand
Medium dense sand
Loose sand
>600
200 600
Very stiff boulder clays and hard clays

Stiff clays
Firm clays
Soft clays and silts
Very soft clays and silts
300 600
150 300
75 150
<75
30 May 2008
52
<200
>300
100 300
<100
Remarks
Width of
foundation (B)
not less than 1
m. Water table
at least B below
base of
foundation
Susceptible to
long-term
consolidation
settlement
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
26
qu
qu
1
JBN J cN c JDN q
2
the ultimate bearing capacity
B Breadth
D Depth
N J , N c and N q
30 May 2008
53
bearing capacity factors

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Nq
exp (S tan I ) tan 2 ( 45 o I /2)
Nc
(N q 1 ) cot
Nq, Nc
Bearing capacity factors
NJ
1 . 80 ( N q 1) tan I
NJ
( N q 1) tan( 1 . 4I )
Nq, NJ
30 May 2008
Bearing capacity factors

54
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
27

Square footing
qf
0.4JBN J 1.2cN c JDN q
Circular footing
qf
0.3JBN J 1.2cN c JDN q
qf
The ultimate bearing capacity
B Breadth
L Length
30 May 2008
55
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
30 May 2008
56
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
28

Skemptons values of Nc
for u = 0 (Reproduced
from A.W.Skempton (1951)
Proceedings of the Building
Research Congress,
Division 1, p.181, by
permission of the Building
Research Establishment,
Crown copyright)
30 May 2008
57
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

RECOMMENDED
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTORS
30 May 2008
58
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
29
ECCENTRICALLYLOADED FACTORS
30 May 2008
59
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
AREA REDUCTION
FACTORS
ECCENTRICALLYLOADED
FACTORS
30 May 2008
60
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
30
DENSITY INDEX OF SANDS

N Value
Classification
Id (%)
(NI)60
04
Very loose
0 15
03
4 10
Loose
15 35
38
10 30
Medium dense
35 65
8 25
30 50
Dense
65 85
25 42
> 50
Very dense
85 100
42 58
30 May 2008
61
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Bearing capacity calculations
by Davis and Booker
The bearing capacity can be calculated when the soil profile
is varying linearly with depth
qu
UB
Fr Cuo N c
(1 S c )
4
Sc
NJ B
Nc L
Shape factor
NC= 5.14 for strip footing

N = 1 for footing at top of soil
Fr = shear strength factor depends on the variation of the soil profile
= rate of increase of shear strength
B = width of footing
30 May 2008
62
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
31

F r - Shear Strength F acto r
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
Rho
30 May 2008
63
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS
30 May 2008
64
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
32
Special Foundations
Suction Anchor
(Bucket Foundation)
Gravity Foundation
30 May 2008
65
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Suction Anchors (Piles)

A suction anchor is an inverted top capped hollow
cylinder of fairly large diameter with a length to
diameter ratio (L/D) of 1.0 to 2.0 that is embedded
into the sea bed. Self-weight and differential water
pressure can facilitate easy installation of this type
of anchor into the sea bed. This differential water
pressure (active suction) can be created by
pumping out the water from the interior of the
anchor.
30 May 2008
66
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
33

The main pile advantages of this anchor over tension piles are
due to the weight of the soil plug inside and the freely available
high ambient water pressure which offers two advantages; easy
installation of the anchor with its active suction arrangement and
mobilization of passive suction force at the anchor bottom during
uplift. Further, the large-diameter sealed top provides a
substantial space for additional ballast, which can increase the
breakout resistance
30 May 2008
67
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Suction Breakout Factors

From the equilibrium considerations (referring to
figure 1) the uplift pullout capacity of the suction
anchor is given by
Pu = Wa + Fext + Ws + Wb + Rb
Where
Wa = is the weight of the anchor
Fext = is the shear resistance along the external wall
Ws = is the weight of the soil plug
Wb = is the weight of the ballast (if any) at the top
Rb = is the suction-induced reversed end bearing
30 May 2008
68
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
34
30 May 2008
69
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Pu = Wa + Ws + Fext + Rb
Rb1 = Pu (Wa + Ws + Fext)
From consideration of rupture in clay under tensile loading (Vesic, 1971) the
bottom breakwater resistance is expressed in a non-dimensional form as
Fext = Cu Ase
From the plug equilibrium (refer to figure 13) equations can be written as:
Rb2 + Ws - Ps + Fint
Rb2 = Ps + Fint - Ws
Rb2 = Nb2 Cu Ab
Where
Nb1 and Nb2 are bottom breakout factors from overall and plug
equilibrium, respectively, ps is suction pressure measured at the top
of soil plug, Ab is the base area of the anchor, is an adhension
factor, Fint is internal skin friction, Asi is the area of internal skin
friction and Ase is the area of external skin friction
30 May 2008
70
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
35
Design of Tubular Members

Buckling
CONTENTS
Introduction
Local Buckling
Necessity of tubular
Global buckling (Euler)
Loading and Load types
Effective Length
Design Methods
Factors affecting strength
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Method Tubular Fabrication
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Steel Making process
API RP 2A - ASD
Seam Less Pipes

Fabricated Pipes
Applied stresses
Residual stresses
Allowable stresses
Interaction
Material Properties
API RP 2A - LRFD
Yield and Tensile Strength
Load and Resistance factors
Modulus of Elasticity
Interaction
Imperfections
Hydrostatic Pressure
Out-of roundedness
Misalignment
Hoop stresses
Straightness deviation
Interaction
Design examples
Ultimate Strength
Factors affecting ultimate strength
Tubular section
Ultimate strength of sections and span
Ring stiffened cylinders
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Tubular Members
Tubulars or circular hollow sections (CHS) are

used for jacket structures commonly due to
their versatility in resisting various forces. The
major reasons are listed below.
Good Hydrodynamic Properties (Low Cd and Cm)
good buoyancy to weight ratio
Good resistance against hydrostatic pressure
Uniform property across the section
No torsional buckling
Good Ultimate strength compared to others
Full moment connections possible
However, the tubular member connections are

susceptible to fatigue cracks and have
fabrication difficulty due to non-linear surfaces
at intersection !.
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Load Categories
Following external forces are applied to
the structure which in turn induce
internal loads on the members.
Gravity loads
Wind Loads
Wave and Current Loads
Seismic Loads
Drilling Loads
The above forces shall be applied to the
structure in a three dimensional analysis.
The member internal loads shall be
extracted from the analysis results.
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Member internal loads
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

FREE BODY DIAGRAM
Following member internal loads may
need to be considered
Axial (Compression or tension)

Bending (In-plane or Out-off plane)
Torsion
Shear (in-plane or Out-off plane)
External Pressure
Following member internal loads
may need to be considered
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Factors Affecting Strength
Following factors affect the strength of the member.
Material properties (E, Fy, Ft )
Imperfections and residual stresses
Production method of tubular
Boundary conditions
Loading
Geometric proportions: L/D, D/t
Stiffeners: circumferential or longitudinal
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Material Properties (Steel)
The physical and mechanical properties of steel used in the design are listed
below.
Density
7850 kg/m3 or 78.5 kN/m3
Tensile stress (Ft)
Varies between 490 to 600 MPa
Yield stress (Fy )
Is in the range of 250 400 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
Normally taken as 200000 210000 MPa
Strain in elastic range is 0.2%.
Poisson Ratio is in the range of 0.3 to 0.4
Friction coefficient is around 0.3 to 0.4
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Imperfections
Imperfections in fabrication and assembly can

cause the reduction in the strength of the
structure and must be minimized. Hence
material and fabrication specifications shall
include control parameters to limit the same.
This is called Tolerances. Following are some
of the imperfections that need to be included.
Variation is cross section
Variation in thickness
Residual stresses
Out-off roundedness
Out-off straightness
Misalignment across thickness
Misalignment along length
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Tubular Production Methods
Tubular or Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) can be made using any one of the
following methods.
Seamless tube production by piercing of heated bars and

extruding techniques
Hot forming steel plate and induction welding along the
longitudinal direction
Cold forming methods coils of plate and resistance welding along
longitudinal direction
Cold forming of coils of plate and resistance welding along radial
direction
Cold forming of flat plates and assemble to make pipes
Each method has its own limitations, advantages and disadvantages. Hence
depending on the availability and technical requirement, production method
shall be selected.
9/16/2015
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Steel Making Process an outlook
IRON ORE
BLAST FURNACE
PIG IRON
PIG IRON
STEEL MAKING
PROCESS
INGOT, BILLETS
INGOT
HEAT
TREATMENT
SLABS
SLABS
ROLLING
PLATES & SHAPES
01 August 13
10


Steel Making Process an outlook
Source : Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan
01 August 13
11

01 August 13
12

01 August 13
13


Pilger and Piercing
The large size bars are
used to produce pipes.
This has been in use for
several decades in the
pipe producing mills.
Both thin and thick pipes
can be made using this
method.
Limiting size for such
production depends on
the mill but generally
diameter larger than 20
is normally not available
by this method.
9/16/2015
14
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Cold Forming Processes and Resistance welding
In this method, sheet coil
of plates is used to form
circular sections using
rollers.
The folded section is then
welded by resistance
welding.
The application of this
method is also limited by
diameter and generally to
20.
9/16/2015
15
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Hot forming and induction welding
This method is very similar
to the forming and welding
method except that this is
done in hot condition.
The coils of plate is heated
first before it is bent and
rolled to the shape.
The folded section is then
welded by induction
welding.The application of
this method is also limited
by diameter and generally to
20.
9/16/2015
16
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Cold Forming Processes
In this method, the plate
sections of specific length
and width will be rolled to
shapes either in semicircular shape or in quarter
arc of a circle.
The rolled sections of the
circular arc is then joined by
arc welding to form a long
pipe. This method is very
commonly used for making
pipes of any diameter used
in the steel fabrication
industry. Using this method,
pipes of any diameter can be
made for use.
As an alternative to the plates, rolls of plate can be used to form the pipe using
spiral form and then welded, and it is called Spirally welded pipes. Pipes
manufactured using this method is normally not used in the primary structure.
9/16/2015
17
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Fabrication tubulars
Tubular can be fabricated from flat plates. Normally, flat

plates are rolled to form circular arcs and welded to
form circular section as shown in figure.
cold rolling a flat plate and weld at the seam to

form a can (length up to 3m). The longitudinal
seam may be one or more depending on the
width of the plate available. This one piece of pipe
made from plates is called Can.
Several cans can be welded to form a long tube
The long seams shall be arranged such that the
orientation in each can away by 90o.
Welding between Cans is called transverse seam
or circumferential weld.
This method of fabrication introduces out-ofroundness, out of straightness imperfections and
residual stresses in both the longitudinal and
circumferential directions
9/16/2015
18
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Residual Stresses
Residual stresses developed during welding of plates to form pipes and
welding of two pieces of pipes to form length may affect the final strength
unless these stresses are relieved.
Bending plates to form circular arcs induces bending strain and

stresses depending on the radius of bend and D/t ratio. Larger the
bending radius, smaller the stresses. Larger the D/t ratio, strain will
be smaller.
Heat induced stresses during welding could be large due to
restraint provided by the joining components.
Stresses induced during joining of pipe segments due to restriction
on the expansion during welding.
9/16/2015
19
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Consideration of Residual Stresses in design equations
Consideration shall be given to account for the residual stresses in
members in the design equation.
As these stresses exist even before the member is loaded, these
stresses shall be deducted from the allowable stresses. However,
it will not be practical to account for in each case.
Hence it is better to reduce the yield stress by certain percentage
to account for the residual stresses. DNV codes suggests a 5%
reduction in yield stresses to residual stresses of welded section
9/16/2015
20
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Effective method of including Imperfections in design
The method to include the imperfections in fabrication is a difficult process as
the imperfections will not be known at the stage of design.
Hence certain assumptions has to be made during the design with limitations on
deviations that can be tolerated both with respect to design aspects and
operational aspects.
Design aspects will include change in cross sectional area, moment of inertia,
center of gravity and other geometric properties. On the other hand, the
operational aspects include deviation from verticality, sagging of beams which
affects the daily operation for which the structures are built.
Hence restrictions on these imperfections which may happen during the
construction stage may have to be imposed during the design stage.
These restrictions are called Construction Tolerances which shall be
incorporated in the design equations so that the design need not be revised if
these deviations are within the design tolerances.
9/16/2015
21
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Out-of Straightness
Out-of straightness tolerance o shall be
measured at all points along the length of the
member and the maximum shall be taken for
consideration.
DNV (1982) specifies a maximum

limit of 0.0015L (L/666) as the limit
API Spec 2B specifies a maximum
limit of L/960 or 9.50mm in any
12200mm length (L/1284) whichever
is lower
This tolerance is very important as this

deviation will lead to eccentric load and
corresponding moment.
9/16/2015
22
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Out-of Roundedness
Out-of roundedness tolerance for fabrication of
tubular sections can be calculated as shown in
figure using Dmean, Dmax and Dmin.
The Dmax and Dmin shall be measured across
diagonals at any angle and not necessarily at 90
degrees. Out-of roundedness is normally
specified as
Dmax Dmin
=
%
D
Dmean
API Spec 2B specifies that the above tolerance

shall not exceed 2% and DNV specifies that the
tolerance shall not exceed 1%.
9/16/2015
23
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Eccentricity due to variation in Wall thickness
Maximum thickness variation = t = tmax - tmin
Effective axial load eccentricity due to t can be calculated and included in
the stress calculation.
9/16/2015
24
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Misalignment in Butt Joint
Misalignment in butt joint is very
important as it induces additional
eccentricity in axial loads and
stresses.
API allows an eccentricity e of
0.2t1
e < 3.2mm for welding from
one side
e < 6.4 mm for welding from
both side.
DNV allows an eccentricity of 0.15t1 (minimum thickness) or 4mm whichever is less.

When the eccentricity in construction exceeds this limit, the design must be revied
adequate modifications shall be carried out to assure the d=safety of design.
9/16/2015
25
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Ultimate Strength
Ultimate strength of a section or
member depends on the efficiently
of the section to redistribute the
stresses when the stresses exceed
yield.
Increase
load
carrying
capacity after reaching elastic limit
is called Ultimate Strength.
Premature failure before reaching
elastic limit is called Buckling.
Buckling strength of a member is
found to be considerably less than
the theoretical elastic capacity.
Hence in order to determine the ultimate strength, first it is necessary to establish
that the section / member has sufficient buckling capacity to reach elastic capacity.
The ultimate strength of the section / member can be computed based on the
section property and member boundary conditions.
9/16/2015
26
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Buckling Theory
Buckling is a phenomenon that the bifurcation of equilibrium to unstable state
under axial load when the slenderness exceeds 50. This was explained by
Leonhard Euler in 1757 even if there is no axial load.
The column at its unstable
bifurcation of equilibrium, fails due
to lateral displacement for a
particular load called Critical Load
or Buckling Load.
The critical load differs if the end
of the column is restrained in
lateral direction. This is evident
from the photograph showing the
experiment.
Slenderness is the ratio of its
length to the radius of gyration of
the section.
9/16/2015
27
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Effective Length Factors (K)
Effective length factor is
defines as the ratio of
buckling strength of a column
with simple pin-pin end
conditions to that of a actual
column with any other
boundary conditions.
Buckling capacity of a column
with pin-pin end conditions is
given by
Pcr =
2 EI
( KL )
In which K is called Effective length factor and is 1.0 for pin-pin end
conditions of the column. For other cases, it is shown in the table above.
9/16/2015
28
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Local and Global buckling
Buckling of thin walled tubes (D/t > 20) can be
classified in to the following.
Local buckling due to instability of local shell wall

Global buckling due to slenderness
In which the D is the diameter of the cylinder and t

is the wall thickness.
Local buckling is governed by the D/T ratio and the
global buckling is governed by the KL/r ratio. Local
buckling may also happen due to bending of large
diameter tubular.
Local
9/16/2015
29
Global
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Factors influencing Ultimate strength
Following factors influences the ultimate strength of a column or beam
Cross section
Boundary condition at the ends
Load distribution
Stress strain characteristics of the material
Cross section influences the redistribution of stresses while the boundary

condition affects the redistribution of stresses across the length.
The stress strain relationship affects the ultimate load depending on the strain
hardening range of the material. i.e. the gap between the yield point and the
ultimate point the stress strain curve.
All the factors put together, a beam or column can sustain larger load compared
to its load capacity at elastic range.
9/16/2015
30
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY RECTANGULAR SECTION
h
Pp = Fy b
2
Fy
h
P= b
2 2
Fy h 2h
bh 2
M = b = Fy
6
2 2 3
15th April 2009
31
h h
bh 2
M p = Fy b 2 = Fy
2 4
4
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY CIRCULAR SECTION
Elastic moment capacity of solid cross
section is give below.
Fy 1 D 2
P=
2 2 4
4D
3
D3
M = Fy
32
Plastic moment capacity of solid cross section is give below.
1 D2
Pp = Fy
2 4
15th April 2009
D2 4D
D3
M p = Pa = Fy
= Fy
8 3
6
32
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION
A hollow circular section of diameter D
and wall thickness t is divided in to
four symetric segments.
Consider a small arc of ds with area
of a in the first quadrant of the pipe
as shown in figure.
The area of the segment can be
calculated as tds where ds can be
calculated
using
small
angle
approximation.
Using the symetry, the moment
capacity can be integrated for first
quadrant and multiplied by 4.
a = tds
15th April 2009
33
D
ds = rd =
d
2
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION
MP = 4
0
D
AFy cos
2
D D
M P = 4 Fy t d cos
2
2
0
2
M P = Fy D 2t cos d
0
Pp = Fy dt
15th April 2009
M P =Fy D 2t
34
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Load category, Factors and combinations
Load category and the corresponding load factors are listed below
D1 Dead Load 1, e.g. Self weight

D2 Dead Load 2, e.g. equipment weight
L1 Live Load 1, e.g. weight of fluids
L2 Live Load 2, e.g. operating forces
We Extreme wind, wave and current loads
Wo Operating wind, wave and current loads
Dn Inertial Load correspond to Wo
Dead Load: 0.9 to 1.3

Variable Load: 1.3 1.5
Environmental load: 1.3 1.4
Load combinations and the associated load factors required as per API RP 2A LRFD
Factored gravity loads
1.3D1 + 1.3D2 + 1.5L1 + 1.5L2
Wind, wave and current loads
1.1D1 + 1.1D2 + 1.1L1 + 1.35(We + 1.25Dn)
0.9D1 + 0.9D2 + 0.8L1 + 1.35(We + 1.25Dn)
1.3D1 + 1.3D2 + 1.5L1 + 1.5L2 + 1.2(Wo + 1.25Dn)
Earthquake
1.1D1 + 1.1D2 + 1.1L1 + 0.9E
0.9D1 + 0.9D2 + 0.8L1 + 0.9E
9/16/2015
55
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Comparison of ASD and LRFD a beam column design with uniformly
distributed lateral load and axial load
Design lateral Load = w kN/m

Axial Load = P kN
Span = L m
Self Wight = kN/m
Yield Strength = Fy MPa
Applied
stresses
P + L
fa =
A
Interaction
Fb = 2 Fy
fa fb
+
1.0
Fa Fb
Bending
0.66 stress
Interaction
1 and 2 are to be computed including

the buckling and slenderness effects
9/16/2015
fa =
1P + 2 L
A
wL
Allowable Axial Fc = c Fy
2
stress
1 0.6
Allowable
Fb = b Fy
fb =
Allowable Axial Fa = 1 Fy
stress
Allowable
Bending
stress
Applied
stresses
56
fb =
3wL2
2
c = 0.85
b = 0.95
fc
f
+ b 1.0
c Fy b Fy
1 and 2 are to be computed including the

buckling and slenderness effects. 1, 2 and 3
are load factors 1.5, 1.3 and 1.5 respectively
for live, dead and wind loads
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

ASD DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TUBULAR MEMBERS
Divide the member in to sections and calculate the axial, bending and shear forces in
each section along the length. At-least 3 sections shall be checked.
The variation in section property
such as diameter or wall thickness
shall also be taken in to
consideration for calculating the
section property along the member
length in each section.
The axial buckling capacity shall be
calculated using the variable cross
section along the length.
Variation of internal forces shall
also be computed for various
sections along the length.
Free Body Diagram with member internal forces
9/16/2015
57
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

ASD DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TUBULAR MEMBERS
Divide the member in to sections and calculate the axial, bending and shear forces in
each section along the length. At-least 3 sections shall be checked.
Establish geometric properties such as sectional area, moment of inertia, effective
length factors, radius of gyration for each section.
Calculate the applied axial(fa), bending(fbx, fby), hoop (fh) and shear stresses (fs)
using the geometry of the section and the applied axial, bending, hydrostatic and
shear forces.
Establish the slenderness ratio(kL/r) and calculate the allowable axial stress (Fa)
and calculate the elastic buckling stress (Fxe) and inelastic buckling stress (Fxc)
Establish the D/t ratio and calculate the allowable bending stress (Fb)
Compute the allowable stresses for hoop using Elastic Hoop buckling stress (Fhe) and
critical hoop buckling stresses (Fhc).
The combined effect of loads is obtained using interaction of these loads in an
appropriate manner using axial, bending, hoop and shear interaction formulae for
the following cases.
Axial
Axial and bending
Bending
Axial and hoop
Shear
Shear and bending
Hoop
9/16/2015
58
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Applied Stresses in Tubular members
Following method shall be used in calculation of applied stresses in members.
P
A
M xY
f bx =
I xx
fa =
Axial Stress
Bending Stresses
Shear Stress
fs =
V
0.5 A
Hoop Stress
fh =
Ph D
2t
Properties of Tubular section
A=
and
D 2 ( D 2t )
4
f by =
I xx = I yy =
M yY
I yy
D 4 ( D 2t )
64
Where P, V, Mx, My and Ph (= h) are the axial load, shear, in-plane and out-of
plane moments and hydrostatic pressure respectively. Y is the half diameter.
9/16/2015
59
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Allowable Stresses for Tubular members
Following method shall be used in calculation of allowable stresses in members.
Axial Stress Allowable axial stress in compression shall include the effect of
slenderness ratio (kL/r) to determine whether yielding or global buckling govern the
design. This is applicable for compression where as in tension it is taken as 0.6Fy
The effect of local buckling of tubular sections due to axial loads is taken in to
consideration by computing the limiting values of Fy using critical hoop buckling
stress (Fxc).
Bending Stresses Allowable bending stress depends on the D/t ratio and the
maximum value is to be limited to 0.75Fy.
Shear Stress Allowable shear stress is to be taken as 0.4Fy
Hoop Stress The allowable hoop stress is computed based on local buckling
effects due to external hydrostatic pressure. This is done by computing critical
elastic buckling stress (Fhe) and inelastic buckling stress (Fhc).
9/16/2015
60
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Allowable Axial Stress
(Compression)
Allowable Axial
Stress (Tension)
The allowable axial compressive stress, Fa

should be determined from the following
formulae for members with a D/t ratio
equal to or less than 60. Effect of local
buckling
shall
be
considered
by
substituting Fy with local buckling stress.
( KL / r ) 2
1 2C 2 Fy
c
Fa =
for KL / r < Cc
3
3( KL / r ) ( KL / r )
5/ 3+
8C c
8Cc3
12 2 E
Fa =
23( KL / r ) 2
where
2 E
Cc =
F
y
2
9/16/2015
for KL / r Cc
The allowable tensile stress, Fa

for cylindrical members
subjected to axial tensile loads
should be determined from
Fa = 0.6 Fy
Fy = Yield stress (or min (Fxe, Fxc))

E = Youngs Modulus of elasticity
To account for local buckling

and imperfections, Fy shall be
replaced by minimum of Fxe
and Fxc.
61
K = effective length factor

L = unbraced length
r = radius of gyration
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Local Buckling Stress Due to Axial Load
The local buckling stress for use with axial stress limits
shall be calculated in stages using elastic buckling stress
Elastic Local Buckling Stress

The elastic local buckling stress, Fxe for columns subjected to axial loads
when D/t ratio greater than 60 and less than 300 should be determined
from:
Fxe = 2CE t/D
Where
C = Critical elastic buckling coefficient to be taken as 0.3 (instead of 0.6) to
account for imperfections as per API Spec 2B.
D = outside diameter
t = wall thickness
Inelastic Local Buckling Stress

The inelastic local buckling stress, Fxc, should be determined from:
Fxc = Fy x [1.64 0.23 (D/t)]
Fxe
Fxc = Fy
for (D/t) 60
16 July 2007
62
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Effective length factor K as specified in API RP 2A
Deck Truss
chord members
Deck Truss web

members
Superstructure
Legs
Jacket Braces
Jacket Legs
9/16/2015
72
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Axial Tension and Hydrostatic Pressure
When member longitudinal tensile stress and hoop compressive stresses
(collapse) occur simultaneously, the following interaction equation should be
satisfied.
f
f + fb (0.5 f h )
( SFx )
A= a
Fy
A + B + 2 A B 1.0
2
B =
Fhc
(SFh )
v = Poisson' s ratio = 0.3,

f a = absolute value of acting axial stress
Fy = Yield Strength
f b = absolute value of acting bending stress
SFx = safety factor for axial tension
Fhc = critical hoop stress
f h = absolute value of hoop compression stress SFh = safety factor for hoop compression
Factor of Safety against Hydrostatic collapse with other loads
Axial
Tension
(SFx)
Bending
Axial
Comp.
Hoop Comp.
(SFh)
Operating
1.67
Fy/Fb
1.67 to 2.00
2.00
Storm
1.25
Fy/1.33Fb
1.25 to 1.50
1.50
Load case
9/16/2015
81
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Axial Compression and Hydrostatic Pressure
When longitudinal compressive stresses and hoop compressive stresses occur
simultaneously, the following equations should be satisfied.
f a + (0.5 f h )
fb
( SFx ) + ( SFh ) 1.0
Fy
Fxc
fh
1.0
SFh
Fhc
Refer to Member Local Buckling stresses

Fxe = Member elastic local buckling stress due
to axial compression
Fxc = Member inelastic local buckling stress
due to axial compression
f x 0.5 f ha f h
1.0
for f ha > 0.5 f x
+
Faa 0.5 Fha Fha
where
SFx = safety of factor for axial compression
Fxe
Faa =
,
SFb = safety of factor for bending
SFx
F
Fha = he ,
SFh
9/16/2015
fx = fa+fb+(0.5 fh)
fx should reflect the maximum compressive stress combination

82
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Ring Design
Circumferential stiffening ring size may be selected on the following
approximate basis.
tLD 2
Ic =
Fhe
8E
Where
Ic = required moment of inertia
for ring composite section
L = ring spacing
D = diameter of pipe
t = thickness of pipe
Fhe = Elastic buckling stress
9/16/2015
83
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Ring Spacing
The ring spacing is defines as the distance
between supports or between the actual
ring location. Hence the following procedure
shall be adopted in designing a ring
stiffened cylinders against combined axial
and hoop stress.
a) Compute the axial and bending stresses
using unstiffened cylinders
b) Assume the spacing of rings as initial
member length L between the supports
or nodal connection as shown in figure
c) Determine the critical elastic hoop stress
(Fhe) and compute the inelastic hoop
stress (Fhc).
d) Determine the interaction ratio using
appropriate factor of safety.
e) Repeat the above steps (b) to (d) using a
reduced spacing S and stop if the UC is
less than 1.0
9/16/2015
84
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Moment of inertia of Ring stiffeners
Effective
shell width
beff = 1.1 Dt
Neutral axis
yna =
beff t ( h + 0.5t + t f ) + tw h ( t f + 0.5h ) + bt f ( 0.5t f )
(b
eff
t + twh + bt f )
Moment of inertia
I xx =
9/16/2015
85
beff t 3
+ beff t ( h + t f yna + 0.5t )
12
2
th 3
+
+ th ( 0.5h + t f yna )
12
bt f 3
2
+
+ bt f ( yna 0.5t f )
12
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Verify a jacket brace of diameter 762mm x 15.88mm against axial loads of 1200 kN, and
in-plane and out-of-plane bending moment of 800 and 600 kNm respectively. The unbraced
length of the member is 15m and yield strength is 345 Mpa.
DESIGN OF A TUBULAR MEMBER AS PER API RP 2A (WSD)
INPUT DATA
Diameter of brace
D := 762 mm
Wall thickness
t := 15.88 mm
Yield Strength
Fy := 345 MPa
Weight density
:= 78.5
kN
3
m
5
Modulus of elasticity
E := 2.0 10 MPa
Unbraced length
Ls := 15 m
Effective length factors
Ky := 0.9
Axial Load
P := 1200 kN
Bending Moment about y axis
My := 800 kN m
Bending Moment about z axis
Mz := 600 kN m
9/16/2015
86
Kz := 0.9
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
2
2
D ( D 2 t)
As = 3.7 10 mm
64
4
4
D ( D 2 t)
Iy = 2.6 10 mm
Sectiona area
As :=
Moment of inertia about y axis
Iy :=
Section Modulus for y axis bending
Zy :=
Radius of gyration for y axis bending
Ry :=
Due to symetry, z axis properties
Iz := Iy
2 Iy
Iy
Zz := Zy
Slenderness ratio for z axis bending
KLRz :=
Ry = 263.9 mm
As
KLRy :=
Zy = 6.8 10 mm
Slenderness ratio for y axis bending
Ky Ls
Ry
Kz Ls
Rz := Ry
KLRy = 51.165
KLRz = 51.165
Rz
2
12 E
Euler buckling stress
Fe :=
Moment reduction factor
Cm := 1
9/16/2015
87
23 KLRz
Fe = 393.4 MPa
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS AS PER API RP-2A SECTION 3.2.3
Diametr to wall thickness ratio
Ratio :=
Allowable bending stress
Fb :=
D
t
0.75 Fy if Ratio
Ratio = 47.985
10340
Fy
1.74 Fy D
10340
20680
< Ratio
0.84
Fy if
Fy
Fy
E t
0.58 Fy D
20680
Ratio 300
0.72
Fy if
F
E
y
Fb = 240.1 MPa
9/16/2015
88
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

ALLOWABLE AXIAL STRESS AS PER API RP-2A SECTION 3.2.2
Critical elastic buckling coeficient Ceb := 0.3
Elastic local buckling stress
Fxe := 2 Ceb E
t
D
Inelastic local bukling stress
Fxc :=
D
60
t
Fy if
Fxe = 2501 MPa

D4
D
> 60
minFxe , 1.64 0.23 Fy if
t
Fxc = 345 MPa
Limiting Slenderness ratio
Allowable axial stress in

compression
Cc :=
2 2E
min( Fy , Fxc)
Fa :=
1 KLRz min( Fy , Fxc)
2 Cc 2
if KLRz < Cc
3
5 + 3 KLRz KLRz
3
8 Cc

8 Cc 3
12 2 E
2
23 KLRz
9/16/2015
89
Cc = 107
if KLRz Cc
Fa = 166.7 MPa
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

APPLIED STRESSES AND COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING INTERACTION RATIO
Computed Axial Stress
fa :=
Computed Bending Stress
fby :=
Computed Bending Stress
fbz :=
Unity Check ratio
P
As
UC :=
fa = 32.2 MPa
My
fby = 117.6 MPa
Zy
Mz
fbz = 88.2 MPa
Zy
fa
Fa
if
+
fa
Fa
fby2 + fbz2
if
Fb
fa
Fa
0.15
> 0.15
UC1
UC2
fa
Fa
Cm fby2 + fbz2
fa
0.6 Fy
fa
Fb
F
e
Fb
UC max( UC1 , UC2)

9/16/2015
90
fby + fbz
UC = 0.86
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Verify a buoyancy tank of diameter 2000mm x 15mm for a hydrostatic pressure of 100m
depth. The spacing of rings is 2m and yield strength is 250 Mpa.
DESIGN OF A INTERNAL RING STIFFENER FOR BOUYANCY TANKS

Input
Water Depth
Wd := 100 m
Outer Diameter
D := 2000 mm
Thickness of shell
t := 15 mm
Yield Strength of material
Fy := 250 MPa
Density of steel and water
Young's Modulus
E := 2.0 10 MPa
Assume Dia/Thickness ratio
D
= 133.333
t
Spacing of ring stiffeners
Sp := 2 m
9/16/2015
:= 78.5
kN
3
w :=
10.25
kN
3
91
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Buckling Coefficient
Maximum hydrostatic pressure
ph := w Wd
Maximum hoop stress
fh :=
Buckling Coefficient
ph D
fh = 68.3 MPa
2t
Sp 2 D 0.5
M :=
D t
Geometric parameter
Ch :=
0.44
ph = 1.025 MPa
M = 16.33
t
D
if M 1.6
D
t
0.44 t + 0.21 t if 0.825 D M < 1.6 D
D
t
t
M4
0.736 if 3.5 M < 0.825 D

M 0.636
t
0.755 if 1.5 M < 3.5

M 0.559
0.8 if M < 1.5

9/16/2015
92
Ch = 0.0469
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Hoop Stress Check
Fhe := 2 Ch E
Elastic Hoop Buckling

Stress
Critical Hoop
Buckling Stress
Fhc :=
t
D
Fhe = 140.7 MPa
Fhe if Fhe 0.55 Fy

0.45 Fy + 0.18 Fhe if 0.55 Fy Fhe < 1.6 Fy
1.31 Fy
Fy
1.15 + F
he
if 1.6 Fy Fhe < 6.2 Fy
Fy if Fhe > 6.2 Fy

Fhc = 137.8 MPa
Factor of Safety against
hydrostatic collapse
SFh := 2.0
UC2 :=
Unity Check
9/16/2015
93
fh
Fhc
SFh
UC2 = 0.992
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Stiffener Design
Moment of inertia of rings required
t Sp D
Irq :=
Fhe
8E
Irq = 1.055 10 mm
Since the thickness of shell is given as 16mm, the thickness of the stiffener shall not exceed 16mm
due to welding limitations.
Assume a stiffener thickness
and dimension as
ts := 15 mm
ds
ts
Width of shell as part of ring

Nutral axis distance from bottom
Moment of inertia of web
ds := 150 mm
= 10
Less than 10, hence OK
Beff := 1.1 ( t D)
0.5
Beff = 190.5 mm
0.5 ts ds + Beff t ( ds + 0.5 t)

2
y :=
Iwp :=
y = 121.2 mm
ts ds + Beff t
ts ds
12
Beff t
+ ts ds ( 0.5ds y)
+ Beff t ( ds + 0.5 t y)
Moment of inertia of flange
Ifp :=
Moment of inertia provided
Ip := Iwp + Ifp
12
Ip = 1.284 10 7 mm4
Irq < Ip. Hence the provided stiffeners are adequate.

9/16/2015
94
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Questions
1. Check the axial load on the jacket leg of diameter 1524mm and wall thickness
of 50mm with yield strength of 345 MPa. The bending moment acting on the leg
is 200 Tonne.m. The unsupported length is 15m. The effective length factor K
and moment reduction factors Cm shall be taken as 1.0.
2. Calculate safe axial load that can be carried by the jacket leg of diameter
1524mm and wall thickness of 50mm with yield strength of 345 MPa. The
bending moment acting on the leg is 200 Tonne.m. The unsupported length is
15m. The effective length factor K and moment reduction factors Cm shall be
taken as 1.0.
3. Design a buoyancy tank of 2.2m diameter subjected to hydrostatic pressure
at design water depth of 120m. The maximum thickness of the tank shall not
exceed 16mm and the spacing of rings shall not be less than 1m. The material
of construction is ASTM A36. The initial unsupported length shall be taken as
20m.
16 July 2007
95
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

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