Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
15 Φεβρουαρίου 2010, Τεύχος Νο 2,
Περιοδική Ηλεκτρονική Έκδοση της Ένωσης Πολιτών για την ΠΑΡΕΜΒΑΣΗ
Public Services
UNITED KINGDOM
1 Public services
Total Place: Lessons Learnt report to develop local solutions.
The “Lessons Learnt” report was commis- ■ Civil servants find it difficult to ‘buy into’
2 Education sioned from OPM as part of the learning initiatives from other departments which cut
strand of Total Place. It brings together across the national programmes for which
learning from evaluations of previous they feel accountable. Without a sense of
Government initiatives with interviews with what they gain, other departments will find
3 Health care key policymakers and commentators. it hard to engage.
The Leadership Centre, together with Com- ■ The model of ‘pilot and roll out’ itself can
munities and Local Government and the be problematic, since the situation for pilots
6 Migration,
Total Place High Level Officials’ Group, have cannot be replicated in roll-out. Early high
integration and
been using the report to try and avoid the level sponsorship in Whitehall creates rela-
social inclusion
pitfalls encountered by previous initiatives tionships and a quality of shared thinking
and to make the most of opportunities to that is hard to reproduce everywhere.
share the learning to benefit others. We will
10 Public finances continue to use the report to support our ■ Underlying mind-sets are predominantly
whole-systems work throughout Total Place. based on ‘programme delivery’ – monitoring
progress using red, green and amber lights –
Key messages from the report include: which may not work well in tackling difficult
11 Local government social problems. Systems thinking offers
■ National programmes are helpful in
focussing attention and accelerating scope to deal with high levels of complexity,
progress but not sufficient. Change requires but we should recognize we are working
13 Media policy local leadership, accurate data, a local with ‘open’ not ‘closed’ systems.
incentive to improve and access to ways to ■ Political change is an important part of
rethink and redesign services. the equation – solutions cannot always be
13 Methodological delivered through ‘managerial action’ – and
■ Good process design is an important ele-
reports political backing is essential.
ment in success. Relationships are crucial –
and successful initiatives are designed to ■ Leadership in these circumstances involves
bring localities together with each other and making space for dialogue between centre
14 New books with key players in Whitehall to explore diffi- and localities – creating ‘real time’ data
cult using red, green and amber lights – sharing, paying attention to the pressures
which may not work well in tackling difficult and assumptions that underlie behaviours –
social problems. Systems thinking offers and sustaining senior political and Whitehall
scope to deal with high levels of complexity, backing to ensure that innovation can be
but we should recognize we are working courageous.
with ‘open’ not ‘closed’ systems.
Available at:
■ Over time, processes tend to harden – www.localleadership.gov.uk/totalplace/
good dialogue is replaced by process moni- wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Total-Place-
toring. Localities need continuing permission Lessons-Learnt-final.pdf
Ένωση Πολιτών για την ΠΑΡΕΜΒΑΣΗ, Αλ.Σούτσου 18, Τ.Κ. 106 71, Αθήνα
www.koinoniapoliton.gr, paremvassi@ath.forthnet.gr, 210-3616254
Ο οδηγός αυτός αποσκοπεί στη διακίνηση ιδεών και προτάσεων για την δημόσια πολιτική. Τα κείμενα και οι
προτάσεις που παρουσιάζονται στον οδηγό δεν εκφράζουν, κατ’ ανάγκη, την Ένωση Πολιτών για την ΠΑΡΕΜΒΑΣΗ.
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
2
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
3
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
Large variations in health Total health expenditure per capita, public and private, 2007
spending
Health at a Glance 2009 shows
that the United States spends more
on health – $7,290 per capita in
2007 – than any other country. This
is almost two and a half times
greater than the OECD average of
$2,984, adjusted for purchasing
power parity. Luxembourg, Norway
and Switzerland also spend far
more than the OECD average. At
the other end of the scale, in
Turkey and Mexico health expendi-
ture was less than one-third the
OECD average.
Key indicators presented in Health
at a Glance 2009 provide informa-
tion on health status and the deter-
minants of health, including the Health expenditure is for the insured population rather than resident
growing rates of child and adult population.
obesity, which are likely to drive
health spending higher in the Source: OECD Health Data 2009.
coming decades. This edition also
has new data on access to care,
showing that all OECD countries
provide universal or near-universal AUSTRALIA The plan identifies key actions that
coverage for a core set of health will make meaningful progress
Fourth National Mental Health
services, except the United States, towards fulfilling the vision of the
Plan: an agenda for collabora-
Mexico and Turkey. policy. While led by health ministers
tive government action in
the plan takes a whole of govern-
Available at: www.oecd.org/ mental health 2009-2014
ment approach through involving
document/23/0,3343,en_2649_374
On Friday 13 November 2009, the sectors other than just health. The
07_44216846_1_1_1_1,00.html
Australian Health Ministers' Confer- plan will provide a basis for govern-
ence (AHMC) launched the Fourth ments to advance mental health
National Mental Health Plan: an activities within the various port-
OECD
agenda for collaborative govern- folio areas in a more integrated
Why does the United States ment action in mental health way, recognizing that many
spend so much more on health 2009–2014. This plan is the sections can contribute to better
than other countries? product of twelve months of devel- outcomes for people living with
opment work including a compre- mental illness.
The United States spent 16% of its
hensive stakeholder consultation
national income (GDP) on health in ■ The plan has five priority areas
process. Endorsement of the plan
2007, which is by far, the highest for government action in mental
represents commitment by all gov-
share in the OECD and more than health:
ernments to implementation of the
seven percentage points higher
following vision for mental health 1. Social inclusion and recovery
than the average of 8.9% in OECD
set out in the National Mental
countries. This presentation was 2. Prevention and early intervention
Health Policy 2008:
given by Mark Pearson, Head of
3. Service access, coordination and
OECD Health Division, to the “… a mental health system that
continuity of care
United States Senate Special enables recovery, that prevents and
Committee on Aging. detects mental illness early and 4. Quality improvement and inno-
ensures that all Australians with a vation and
Available at:
mental illness can access effective
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/34/4380 5. Accountability – measuring and
and appropriate treatment and
0977.pdf reporting progress.
community support to enable them
to participate fully in the commu- The plan is ambitious in its
nity.” approach and for the first time
4
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
includes a robust accountability and is supported by all other objec- Response to Issues Raised in the
framework. Each year, govern- tives and indicators in this docu- Submissions (available for down-
ments will report progress on ment, the Ministry believed it was load in the box above), which sets
implementation of the plan to the important to have specific objec- out in a table the key issues raised
Council of Australian Governments. tives, actions and measures to max- in the submissions and the Min-
The plan includes indicators for imize Māori health and wellbeing istry’s response to each issue.
monitoring change in the way the through minimizing the negative The revised Preventing and Mini-
mental health system is working for impacts of gambling, recognizing mizing Gambling Harm 2010–2016
people living with mental illness as the Treaty of Waitangi obligations document is available at:
well as their families and carers. of the Crown. www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/
Health ministers have agreed to
■ The Ministry has added an indexmh/preventing-minimising-
develop targets and data sources
expanded Whānau Ora section in gambling-harm-outcome-of-
for each of the indicators in the
the six-year strategic plan. This consultation/$File/gambling-
first twelve months of the plan.
includes diagrams, with accompa- submissions-report.pdf
Available at: nying narrative explanation, that
www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ demonstrate how the integrated
publishing.nsf/Content/360EB3221 problem gambling strategy links NEW ZEALAND
14EC906CA2576700014A817/ with He Korowai Oranga: The Preventing and Minimizing
$File/plan09v2.pdf Māori Health Strategy and Gambling Harm 2010–2016:
Whakatātaka Tuarua: Māori Health Outcome of consultation
Action Plan 2006–2011. The high
NEW ZEALAND level aims of these approaches are On 9 July 2009 the Ministry of
consistent with the Ministry’s pri- Health released for public consulta-
Changes to the integrated
ority outcome, noted in the Min- tion its Preventing and Minimising
problem gambling strategy
istry’s Statement of Intent: Gambling Harm 2010–2016: Con-
The Ministry of Health is apprecia- sultation Document. The document
2009-2012, for Māori families to
tive of the time taken by all submit- contains the Ministry’s draft inte-
be supported to achieve their max-
ters who responded to the grated problem gambling strategy
imum health and wellbeing.
Preventing and Minimizing and includes a draft six-year
Gambling Harm 2010–2016: ■ An expanded explanation of the strategic plan 2010–2016, a draft
Consultation Document. Ministry’s commitment to the con- three-year service plan 2010–2013,
tinued provision of dedicated a problem gambling needs assess-
The Ministry has revised the draft
Māori, Pacific, and Asian problem ment, and proposed problem gam-
strategic plan, service plan and levy
gambling services. Information on bling levy calculations over the
calculations in light of the consulta-
the principles underlying the objec- 2010–2013 period.
tion feedback. The Ministry has also
tives in the strategic plan has also
taken into account new informa- The Ministry consulted widely
been added. These principles are:
tion received since the consultation during the consultation period.
‘diversity’, ‘participation’, and
document was produced (for General public consultation meet-
‘accessibility’.
example, updated service user data ings were held in Auckland,
and gambling expenditure figures). ■ An additional proposal to split Hamilton, Wellington, Christchurch
The main changes to the strategic the non-casino gaming machine and Dunedin; Māori, Pacific, and
plan, service plan and levy calcula- sector into two separate sectors: Asian viewpoints meetings were
tion are: the club gaming machine operators held in Auckland; and two separate
and the pub gaming machine oper- consultation meetings were held
■ The addition of a new objective ators, for the purpose of calculating for the gambling industry and gov-
into the strategic plan: Objective 2: and collecting the 2013–2016 ernment agencies. The Ministry
Māori families are supported to problem gambling levy, subject to a also convened a Māori Working
achieve their maximum health and continued trend in the relevant Group, comprising two meetings,
wellbeing through minimizing the data indicating that this split is jus- to discuss the Preventing and Min-
negative impacts of gambling. This tified. This would allow the Inland imising Gambling Harm
objective describes how the Revenue Department time to 2010–2016: Consultation Docu-
Ministry intends to progress, and budget for and implement the ment.
measure, its goal of supporting required system changes.
At the close of the consultation
Māori families to reduce the harm
The Ministry has also produced a period, on 21 August 2009, the
from gambling. While this objective
supporting document, Preventing Ministry received a total of 65
aligns with Objective one: the
and Minimizing Gambling Harm written submissions representing a
reduction of health inequalities,
2010–2016: Ministry of Health’s range of groups and individuals. An
5
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
external contractor, Quigley and ■ Often delivered by interdiscipli- clear and consistent communica-
Watts, has undertaken a thematic nary teams, PEOLC occurs in a tion between parent and child is
analysis of the submissions and variety of settings such as hospitals, critical to help them understand
produced a summary of submis- long-term care facilities, hospices, what's expected of them. Keep
sions report (available at and the home. The composition of talking, the most powerful tool you
www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/ these teams may vary, but they typ- have with your teenagers is com-
indexmh/preventing-minimising- ically include nurses, physicians, munication.
gambling-harm-outcome-of- social workers, spiritual advisors,
Available at:
consultation/$File/gambling- bereavement support workers,
www.nationalantidrugstrategy.gc.
submissions-report.pdf). This report trained volunteers, other profes-
ca/parents/parents.html
informed the Ministry’s changes to sionals as needed and informal
the draft integrated problem gam- caregivers such as family members.
bling strategy.
■ In recent decades, PEOLC has
gained increased recognition.
Health care providers, educators,
Migration,
CANADA
Canadian Strategy on Palliative
governments, and the Canadian integration and
public have come to appreciate the
and End-of-Life Care (POLOC) value of providing appropriate and social inclusion
At all ages and stages of life, Cana- compassionate support to individ-
dians expect to have accessible and uals facing life threatening illness, The Migrant Integration Policy
high quality health care services. and their loved ones. In keeping Index (MIPEX)
Accordingly, this includes care at with this shift in prominence, the
Canadian Strategy on Palliative and The Migrant Integration Policy
the end of life. Index (MIPEX) measures policies to
End-of-Life Care (the Strategy) was
Recognizing that there are many implemented in 2002 to improve integrate migrants in 25 EU
different terms relating to care at Canada's capacity to deliver quality Member States and three non-EU
the end-of-life – such as hospice end-of-life care. countries. It uses over 140 policy
palliative care, palliative care, end- indicators to create a rich, multi-
of-life care, and palliative and end- Over five years, during a time of dimensional picture of migrants'
of-life care – for the purpose of this significant change within the health opportunities to participate in
report, all are used interchangeably. care system, the working groups European societies.
supported many key palliative care
Canada, like many other countries, achievements. In March 2007, MIPEX uses the term ‘migrants' to
faces a number of challenges with these groups drew to a close, refer to third country nationals
respect to PEOLC. People of all leaving an excellent legacy to guide legally residing in an EU Member
ages require care at the end of life, future work on the issue – work State. Unless stated, it does not
and given the aging of the popula- that will involve continued engage- refer to refugees or asylum seekers,
tion, it is estimated that by the year ment of palliative care stake- irregular migrants, EU citizens exer-
2020, there will be 40% more holders. The Coordinating cising their free movement rights or
deaths annually than in 2003 (Sta- Committee for the Strategy is now EU citizens with immigrant origins.
tistics Canada). Furthermore, pleased to present this final report, MIPEX covers six policy areas which
approximately 90% of Canadians which outlines the key achieve- shape a migrant's journey to full
will eventually die as a result of a ments of this important initiative. citizenship:
prolonged illness. PEOLC can add
significant quality of life to those Available at: • Labor market access
years. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_
formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/2007- • Family reunion
■ The overall goal of PEOLC is to soin_fin-end_life/2007-soin-fin- • Long-term residence
improve the quality of living and end_life-eng.pdf
dying for those facing life-threat- • Political participation
ening illness. PEOLC strives to mini- • Access to nationality
mize unnecessary suffering caused CANADA
by life threatening illness, through • Anti-discrimination
the provision of the following serv- Talk to your teens about drugs
Best practice for each policy indi-
ices: pain and symptom manage- How your child will grow into cator is set at the highest European
ment; psychological, social, adulthood is greatly influenced by standard, drawn from Council of
emotional and spiritual support; your actions and words. Their Europe Conventions or European
support for caregivers; and behaviours, decisions, and filters Community Directives. Where these
bereavement support. are shaped at a very early age and are only minimum standards, Euro-
6
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
Available at: these areas has been impressive. On the basis of this assessment, we
www.imiscoe.org/publications Issues relating to ‘police and judicial put forward a set of policy recom-
/policybriefs/documents/PB11- cooperation in criminal matters’, mendations on how to enhance
Entrancefeesformigrants-Kolb.pdf however, continue to be driven by and improve the role of LRAs, and
a prevailing intergovernmental logic for the CoR, to design, implement
and monitor the next phase of the
EU’s AFSJ under the Stockholm
* International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion Network Programme’s mandate.
7
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
Available at: to work on to achieve the goal. participate in society and have
www.epim.info/docs/documents/Lo These are: equal opportunities. The Govern-
cal%20&%20Regional%20Author- ment's job is to ensure that immi-
• Faster introduction for new
ities%20in%20the%20Future%20 grants are able to contribute their
arrivals
Area%20of%20Freedom%20Secu- resources in working life and gen-
rity%20&%20Justice%20Towards • More in work, more entrepre- eral society as quickly as possible.
%20a%20multilevel%20gover- neurs The Government wishes to prevent
nance%20strategy%20CEPS.pdf the development of a class-divided
• Better results and greater equality
in school society where persons with immi-
grant backgrounds have poorer
SWEDEN • Better language skills and more living conditions and a lower rate
adult education opportunities of social participation than the gen-
Government reform to speed up
the introduction of new arrivals • Effective anti-discrimination eral population.
in Sweden measures The aim of the integration policy is
The Government proposes to speed • Development of urban districts that newly arrived immigrants are
up the introduction of newly with extensive social exclusion quickly able to contribute to and
arrived immigrants to working and participate in society. The introduc-
• Common basic values in a society tory programme for newly arrived
social life by means of the reform
characterized by increasing diver- immigrants and the right and obli-
‘Labour market introduction of
sity gation to attend teaching in the
newly arrived immigrants –
individual responsibility with An overall focus of the strategy is Norwegian language are important
professional support’. to increase the supply and demand measures in the integration policy.
of labor, and to create quality and Rapid and good settlement of
■ More rapid introduction will be equality in schools. refugees shall form the basis for an
accomplished by strengthening
Available at: active life in safe surroundings. The
incentives to find a job and to par-
www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/1 Norwegian welfare society is based
ticipate in introduction activities. A
3/77/34/5b7683a6.pdf on solidarity – on the idea that
clearer and more distinct division of
each and every person must con-
responsibilities between various
tribute to society according to his
actors will create an efficient intro-
NORWAY or her abilities and aptitudes if
duction chain.
society is to be able to give some-
Available at: Action Plan for Integration thing in return. Racism and discrim-
www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/1 and Social Inclusion of the ination are incompatible with the
3/77/47/3025f216.pdf Immigrant Population and Goals idea of equal worth and the goal of
for Social Inclusion equal opportunities. Everyone basi-
The Government is working for a cally has the same formal rights
SWEDEN tolerant and diverse society. Each and obligations. The Government's
Swedish integration policy and every person shall have the efforts will be focused on giving
same rights, obligations and oppor- each person the genuine opportu-
The goal of integration policy in tunities, regardless their ethnic nity to enjoy these rights.
Sweden is equal rights, obligations background, gender, religion,
and opportunities for all, regardless Available at:
sexual orientation or functional www.regjeringen.no/Upload/AID/
of ethnic or cultural background. ability. Equal rights, solidarity, fair-
The policy goals are to be achieved publikasjoner/rapporter_og_planer/
ness and a good policy for wealth 2006/H-plan2006_int_og_inkl_
mainly through general measures distribution are the fundamental
for the whole population, regard- english.pdf
values for the creation of such a
less of country of birth or ethnic society.
background. The general measures
are supplemented by targeted sup- They are the underpinnings in the DENMARK
port for the introduction of newly Government's integration and Comprehensive integration ini-
arrived immigrants in their first social inclusion policies. An inclu- tiative – and better integration
years in Sweden. sive society requires equal rights
between the genders, and a society In 1999, Denmark was the first
In September 2008 the Govern- without racism and discrimination. country in the world to introduce
ment decided on an overall strategy The goal for the Government's an Integration Act. The Act is
for integration for the years until social inclusion policy is that each intended to ensure that newly-
2010. The strategy identifies seven person who lives in Norway shall arrived refugees and immigrants
areas that are especially important can make the most of their capaci-
8
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
ties on an equal footing with other ences. The equivalent figure for potential need for an Integration
citizens of Denmark. public workplaces is 79%. Agency to support new migrants,
as recommended by the Commis-
■ All refugees and immigrants are The proportion of immigrants and
sion for Integration and Cohesion.
therefore offered free teaching of descendants originating from non-
Danish for three years. Western countries that has com- Available at:
pleted a Danish qualifying www.communities.gov.uk/
■ Refugees and immigrants are education has increased between documents/communities/pdf/
also offered employment-pro-
2001 and 2004, and young ethnics 838994.pdf
moting options such as qualifica-
are now more often engaged in
tion improvement and work
upper secondary education or fur-
experience. These integration CANADA
ther education than before. This
options are tailored to the needs of
information is based on register
the individual refugee or immi- Newcomer and Racial Minority
data from Statistics Denmark.
grant. The local authorities may Perceptions of the Canadian
obtain advice and guidance on how An interview survey carried out by Criminal Justice System: Results
to organize the integration activi- the analysis bureau Catinét from a 2007 Toronto survey
ties from the Ministry of Integra- Research shows that more immi-
In this paper Scot Wortley expands
tion. grants and descendants have
on a 2007 survey of immigrant per-
Danish friends. In the first half-year
It is the aim of the Government ceptions in Toronto of the Cana-
report of 2001, 39% of about
that 25,000 more immigrants and dian criminal justice system.
1,000 immigrants and descendants
descendants should be employed Controlling for racial background
interviewed had mainly Danish
by 2010. and immigration status (time in
friends or just as many Danish
Canada), this study considers
In May 2005, the Government friends as friends with a foreign
responses from three major racial
therefore launched the integration background. Four years later this
groups: white, black and Chinese.
plan A New Chance for Everyone, proportion had increased to 54%.
Through this look it is shown that
which has now been approved by a perceptions of both the police and
Available at:
majority of the Danish Parliament. criminal courts vary – in some cases
www.brugforalleunge.dk/
A New Chance for Everyone com- languages considerably – depending on racial
prises initiatives concerned with background and immigration
www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdon-
such matters as local efforts status.
lyres/23C3C847-FE7D-4E7C-B968-
towards integration, education and Written for the inaugural Seminar
522389758291/0/a_new_chance_
employment. for the Metropolis Justice, Policing
for_everyone.pdf
The Government is supporting a and Security priority entitled
broad range of integration-pro- Building an Empirical Evidence
moting activities, which are being UNITED KINGDOM Base, this paper will be included in
implemented under both public a publication forthcoming this
Review of Migrant Integration
and private auspices. As an winter.
Policy in the UK
example may be mentioned the Available at:
campaign All Young People (including a feasibility study of
http://canada.metropolis.net/pdfs/
Needed, which is intended to moti- the proposal for an Integration
wortley_JusticeSystem_e.pdf
vate ethnic youth to engage in and Agency)
complete a relevant education, This paper seeks to review the
partly by using role models. current strategic and policy frame- AUSTRALIA
Progress towards integration is work, processes and provisions in
Updating the 1999 New Agenda
being made in several areas: place or under development to sup-
for Multicultural Australia:
Between 2001 and 2004, employ- port the integration of new
Strategic directions for
ment rose by about 15,000 among migrants. On this basis, it considers
2003–2006
immigrants and descendants origi- where further provision is needed
nating from non-Western coun- to streamline, focus or improve cur- One of the greatest strengths of
tries. This figure is based on register rent provision. our nation is our cultural diversity.
data from Statistics Denmark. An The Government is committed to
This takes into account the various
interview survey carried out by the Multicultural Australia, with policies
different groups of migrants and
Institute for Konjunktur-Analyse and programs that unite us as
the particular needs and issues that
shows that 76% of the private Australians working to advance
they may each present. The review
enterprises which have employed Australia fair.
includes a feasibility study of the
'new Danes' have positive experi-
9
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
10
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
20 billion to be raised on the finan- requirements of a modern society. other tasks in the field of regional
cial markets. The total cost of the development, environment and
The commission accomplished its
loan is expected to reach €60 bil- public transport. The regions will
work throughout 2003 and
lion. When Sarkozy announced the not have the right to impose taxes,
released its recommendations in
‘grand loan’ in June 2009, he said and the activities of the regions are
January 2004. Its report proposed
funds could be raised through paid by subsidies from the munici-
six different administrative models,
public subscription but the commis- palities and the state.
and most of them pointed towards
sion in the end recommended that
larger municipalities. The model Each of the five regions is led by a
markets and not households be
that was adopted has resulted in Regional Council with 41 members,
tapped for the funds. The French
municipalities with at least 20,000 elected by the people every four
have shown little enthusiasm for
(preferably 30,000) citizens. Munic- years.
the scheme, with a recent poll
ipalities with less than 20,000 citi-
revealing that 56% consider the Available at:
zens were only accepted where a
loan "useless" compared to 27% www.kl.dk/ImageVault/Images/id_
legally binding cooperation with a
who said they approved of the 38223/ImageVaultHandler.aspx
larger municipality was in place.
measure. The loan also faces resist-
www.im.dk/publikationer/
ance in Brussels, which has asked In the second half of 2004, all
government_reform_in_brief/
France to rein in spending and Danish municipalities were
Kommunal_UK_screen.pdf
bring its deficit down to 3.0% of requested by the Government to
GDP by 2013. France's public decide which neighboring munici- www.im.dk/publikationer/
deficit is on track to reach 8.5% of palities they wanted to merge with. struktur_uk/SummaryGB.pdf
gross domestic product in 2010. The deadline for this decision was 1
www.im.dk/publikationer/
January 2005. Thus, a decentralized
Socialist opposition leader Martine Municipalities/html/hele.pdf
process took place where munici-
Aubry has dismissed Sarkozy's
palities were negotiating with their
national loan as a publicity stunt,
neighbours on the formation of FRANCE
saying France will "be doing what
new and larger municipalities.
it does every day and what all La décentralisation (1789–2010)
countries do, that is borrow from The decentralized creation of the
the financial markets." new municipalities was smoother La décentralisation vise à donner
and gave rise to fewer conflicts aux collectivités locales des compé-
Available at: tences propres, distinctes de celles
than expected. In only two
http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/ de l’État, à faire élire leurs autorités
instances, the formation of new
files/emprunt_national_priorites_ par la population et à assurer ainsi
municipalities was decided by the
strategiques_d_investissement.pdf un meilleur équilibre des pouvoirs
state. Many of the new municipali-
ties are also larger than was sur l’ensemble du territoire. La
expected at the beginning of the décentralisation rapproche le
process. processus de décision des citoyens,
Local 32 of the ‘old’ municipalities did
favorisant l’émergence d’une
démocratie de proximité.
government not merge with other municipali-
La déconcentration est une notion
ties; they all had more than 20,000
inhabitants, and most of them bien distincte ; elle vise à améliorer
DENMARK were located in the Copenhagen l’efficacité de l’action de l’État en
area. Out the 98 new municipali- transférant certaines attributions de
Denmark has recently been
ties, seven have less than 20,000 l’échelon administratif central aux
through a process where the
inhabitants. They are mostly smaller fonctionnaires locaux, c'est à dire
number of municipalities has
islands and have made cooperation aux préfets, aux directeurs départe-
been reduced, and the division
agreements with neighboring mentaux des services de l'État ou à
of labour between the state,
municipalities. leurs subordonnés.
regions and municipalities has
changed Five New Regions Available at:
www.assemblee-nationale.fr/
At the annual opening of the The Danish Government and Parlia- histoire/decentralisation.asp
Danish Parliament in October 2002, ment also decided a change from
the Government announced that it 14 counties to five regions. Since http://ambafrance-us.org/IMG/
would appoint a commission of 1 January 2007, the regions have pdf/decentralisation_ang.pdf
experts (Public Sector Task Commis- been responsible for the hospitals,
sion) to investigate whether the including health care services. Fur-
public sector structure met the thermore, the regions have a few
11
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
12
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
taking a bus to work or leaving the country. To meet the challenges it is ning and Building Act. The Govern-
children at day care. essential to have access to high- ment intends to initiate a Broad-
speed broadband throughout the band Forum for collaboration and
Perhaps you have sometimes won-
country. That implies that ninety dialogue on the deployment of
dered who decides about the shape
per cent of all households and busi- broadband. It is also proposed that
of local government services in
nesses should have access to the Swedish Post and Telecom
your municipality or how munici-
broadband at a minimum speed of Agency will be assigned to investi-
palities and county councils finance
100 Mbps in 2020. Forty per cent gate how suitable frequency bands
their activities.
should already have access to for electronic communications can
By the way, do you know how broadband at that speed by 2015. be used for increased availability in
many local authorities there are in It is important that Swedish busi- areas that lack access to broadband
Sweden? Or what laws and regula- nesses and households in all parts or have broadband of low capacity
tions apply to local government of the country are able to benefit and quality. The level of functional
activities? from the opportunities that access access to Internet within the uni-
You can get the answers to these to powerful broadband gives. In versal service obligation will also be
and many other questions in this order to change traditional working reviewed.
brochure, where you will find infor- methods, enable development of
Available at:
mation about local authorities in new services and business models
www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/
Sweden and about local govern- and new patterns of behaviour.
13/49/80/112394be.pdf
ment finance. All households and businesses
Available at: should also have good opportuni-
ties to use electronic public services
www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/
03/86/64/58543c32.pdf with broadband access. As more Methodological
www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/
and more services in society
become digital, everyone must be
reports
02/95/35/ca584fee.pdf given the opportunity to be con-
nected. Everyday life should run
smoothly: It is, in essence, a matter Report on the Commission on
of democracy and rights. the Measurement of Economic
Media policy The underlying principle is that
Performance and Social Progress
electronic communication services The Commission on the measure-
and broadband are provided by the ment of economic performance
market. The Government should and social progress was created at
SWEDEN not control the market or technical the beginning of 2008 on French
development. Our task is to estab- government's initiative.
Swedish Broadband Strategy lish good market conditions and Increasing concerns have been
The Swedish Government presents eliminate obstacles to develop- raised since a long time about the
a Broadband Strategy for Sweden ment. This entails ensuring that adequacy of current measures of
that clarifies the policy focus: a there is a relevant regulation in economic performance, in partic-
broadband policy adapted to the place. ular those based on GDP figures.
situation and challenges we face. To meet the targets and providing Moreover, there are broader con-
The Government is continuing its the market with the necessary con- cerns about the relevance of these
efforts to improve competition and ditions to deliver services and to figures as measures of societal well-
conditions for market players invest in broadband throughout the being, as well as measures of eco-
through its broadband strategy. country, the Government proposes nomic, environmental, and social
The overall objective for Sweden is initiatives in several areas. These sustainability.
to have world-class broadband. A include providing good conditions Reflecting these concerns, President
high usage of IT and the Internet is for competition, a revised model Sarkozy decided to create a Com-
good for Sweden, in relation to for spectrum management and mission, to look at the entire range
growth, competitiveness and inno- promoting investments in broad- of issues. Its aim was to identify the
vation. It contributes to the devel- band in more remote areas. It is limits of GDP as an indicator of
opment of a sustainable society. It important that the Telecoms economic performance and social
also helps in meeting challenges in Package is implemented in Swedish progress, to consider additional
the shape of increased globaliza- legislation. The municipalities plan- information required for the pro-
tion, climate change and an ageing ning responsibility is clarified by duction of a more relevant picture,
population in a scarcely populated strengthening the focus on elec- to discuss how to present this infor-
tronic communications in the Plan-
13
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
mation in the most appropriate obvious, what is less certain is ROB GOFFEE, GARETH JONES
way, and to check the feasibility of whether the older generation will
Clever: Leading Your Smartest,
measurement tools proposed by be willing to make the sacrifices
Most Creative People
the Commission. Commission's necessary for a more equal
work wais not focused on France, distribution. Harvard Business School Press,
nor on developed countries. ISBN-13: 978-1422122969,
David Willetts MP, is Shadow
September 2009
The Commission was chaired by Secretary of State for Universities
Professor Joseph E. Stiglitz, and Skills, Conservative Party Research shows that a handful of
Columbia University. Professor star performers create dispropor-
Amartya Sen, Harvard University, tionate amounts of value for their
was Chair Adviser. Professor Jean- CHRISTIAN JOPPKE organizations. They aren't defined
Paul Fitoussi, Institut d'Etudes Poli- by their IQ or their academic
Citizenship and Immigration
tiques de Paris, President of the credentials. And they aren't ‘free-
Observatoire Français des Conjonc- Polity Press, ISBN: 978074564235, agent’ types who create value on
tures Economiques (OFCE), was January 2010 their own. Rather, they are highly
Coordinator of the Commission. This incisive book provides a talented, extraordinary thinkers
succinct overview of the new who need their organizations' com-
Available at:
academic field of citizenship and mercial and financial resources to
www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/
immigration, as well as presenting fulfil their potential.
a fresh and original argument Leadership and change experts Rob
about changing citizenship in our Goffee and Gareth Jones call these
New books contemporary human rights era. invaluable individuals 'clevers'. They
Instead of being nationally resilient can be brilliant, difficult – and
or in ‘postnational’ decline, citizen- sometimes even dangerous. Your
ship in Western states has con- organization's competitiveness
DAVID WILLETTS tinued to evolve, converging on a depends on how well you lead
liberal model of inclusive citizenship them, but traditional leadership
The Pinch: How the baby strategies won't be effective.
with diminished rights implications
boomers stole their children's
and increasingly universalistic iden- In Clever, Goffee and Jones outline
future – and how they can give
tities. This convergence is demon- a set of unconventional guidelines
it back
strated through a sustained for setting up your clevers – and
Atlantic Books, ISBN: comparison of developments in your organization – for success.
9781848872318, February 2010 North America, Western Europe Based on extensive research inside
The baby boom of 1945–65 pro- and Australia. international organizations in a
duced the biggest, richest genera- Topics covered in the book include: wide range of industries, the
tion that Britain has ever known. recent trends in nationality laws; authors identify common traits
Today, at the peak of their power what ethnic diversity does to the clevers share and decode the
and wealth, baby boomers now run welfare state; the decline of multi- dynamics of clever teams. Through
our country; by virtue of their sheer culturalism accompanied by the vivid real-world stories, they reveal
demographic power, they have continuing rise of antidiscrimination the secrets to getting the most
fashioned the world around them policies; and the new state cam- from clevers.
in a way that meets all of their paigns to ‘upgrade’ citizenship in Rob Goffee is Professor of
housing, healthcare and financial the post-2001 period. Organizational Behaviour at
needs. London Business School, where he
Sophisticated and informative, and
Willetts argues that if our political, written in a lively and accessible teaches in the world-renowned
economic and cultural leaders do style, this book will appeal to Senior Executive Programme.
not begin to discharge their obliga- upper-level students and scholars in Gareth Jones is a Fellow of the
tions to the future, the young sociology, political science, and Centre for Management Develop-
people of today will be taxed more, immigration and citizenship studies. ment at London Business School
work longer hours for less money, and a visiting professor at INSEAD,
Christian Joppke is Professor of
have lower social mobility and live the international business school in
Political Science at the American
in a degraded environment in order Fontainebleau, France.
University of Paris
to pay for their parents' quality of
life. However, whilst the imbalance
in the quality of life between the
generations is becoming more
14
Οδηγός Προτάσεων Δημόσιας Πολιτικής
Διεθνής Επισκόπηση
ΤΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΠΑΡΕΜΒΑΣΗ
Η Ένωση Πολιτών για την ΠΑΡΕΜΒΑΣΗ είναι ένα
μη κερδοσκοπικό, μη κομματικό σωματείο
πολιτών, που ιδρύθηκε τον Ιούνιο του 1995.
Σκοπός της Ένωσης είναι η προώθηση του
ουσιαστικού εκδημοκρατισμού της χώρας μέσα
Ένωση Πολιτών για την ΠΑΡΕΜΒΑΣΗ
στα πλαίσια της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης πράγμα
Aλ.Σούτσου 18 που μπορεί να συμβεί μόνο μέσα από την
Τ.Κ. 106 71 αναζωογόνηση της ατροφικής στην Ελλάδα
Αθήνα κοινωνίας πολιτών. Γι' αυτό κεντρικό ρόλο στις
δραστηριότητες μας παίζει η προώθηση και
Τηλ/Fax: (+30) 210.36.16.254 προστασία των πολιτών απέναντι σε ένα κράτος
που τους σέβεται ελάχιστα. Πιστεύουμε όμως
Email: paremvassi@ath.forthnet.gr ότι και η οργανωμένη κοινωνία πολιτών έχει
Επισκεφθείτε την ιστοσελίδα μας : ανεξάρτητες ευθύνες και υποχρεώσεις για την
www.koinoniapoliton.gr πρόοδο της χώρας.
15