Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
VOLUME 47
NUMBER 6
PAGES 11471175
2006
doi:10.1093/petrology/egl006
INSTITUTO GEOFISICO, ESCUELA POLITECNICA NACIONAL (IG-EPN), APARTADO 17-01-2759 QUITO, ECUADOR
KEY WORDS:
INTRODUCTION
It is widely believed that subduction-related andesites
form predominantly through the differentiation of
basaltic melts and their interaction with arc crust (e.g.
Gill, 1981; James & Murcia, 1984). In oceanic settings,
where the arc crust is thin, the contribution of crustal
material to the formation of lavas is often minimal, and
andesites are viewed as secondary products of basalt
evolution by crystal fractionation and magma mixing
(Gill, 1981; Conrad & Kay, 1984; Woodhead, 1988;
Singer & Myers, 1990). This model for andesite genesis
in island arcs is central to our understanding of subduction zone magmatism, and has played a significant role in
the development of ideas on the formation and evolution
of continental crust in subduction zones (e.g. Kay & Kay,
1991; Kelemen, 1995).
An alternative view of arc magmatism and andesite
genesis has recently grown out of the recognition that in
some arcs, especially in places where the subducting
lithosphere is young and/or warm, calc-alkaline andesites
and dacites may form not only through the differentiation
of basaltic magmas, but also through partial melting of
basaltic rocks at high pressures in subducting oceanic
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 47
NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The spatial distribution of active volcanism in the northern Andes, which is controlled by the convergence of the
Nazca and South American plates, undergoes a dramatic
series of along-strike changes from central Colombia
southward into northern Peru (Fig 1). In southern
Colombia, the arc is a relatively narrow volcanic chain
(4050 km wide), which is underlain by subducting oceanic lithosphere that dips to the SE at an angle of 30
(Gutscher et al., 1999). In northernmost Ecuador, the
volcanic arc widens abruptly to 120 km, but ends a
short distance to the south at Sangay Volcano, in central
Ecuador (Fig. 1). In southernmost Ecuador and northern
Peru, the subduction zone enters the non-volcanic/flatslab region (Barazangi & Isacks, 1976). The abrupt
widening of the volcanic arc and the southward cessation
of active volcanism in Ecuador coincides spatially with
the impingement of the 14 km thick crust of the Carnegie
Ridge (Graindorge et al., 2004) on the South American
margin (Fig. 1). Landward of this point, the dip of the
subducting plate beneath Ecuador is 2530 , similar
to the dip of the subducting plate beneath southern
Colombia to the north (Guillier et al., 2001). These observations suggest that the deep structure of the subducting
Carnegie Ridge exerts some control over the surface
expression of active volcanism in the Northern Andes
(note in particular the widening of the volcanic arc in
Ecuador, Fig. 1), even though the dip of the subducting
plate appears to change very little from southern
Colombia to central and southern Ecuador (Gutscher
et al., 1999; Guillier et al., 2001).
The north Andean crust that underlies the currently
active volcanoes in Colombia and Ecuador varies systematically across the margin with respect to thickness, age,
rock type and geochemical maturity (Fig. 2). Estimates
based on gravity data indicate that the crustal thickness
across Ecuador changes from 2530 km beneath the volcanic front to >50 km beneath the highest elevations of
the Eastern Cordillera, with progressive thinning of the
basement eastward toward the craton (Feininger &
Seguin, 1983). In Colombia, gravity data indicate that
the crust is 4550 km thick along the axis of the Andes
and that it thins to 3235 km towards both the craton and
the coast (Salvador, 1991). Recent seismic data have been
interpreted to indicate that the crust is 4050 km thick
beneath western Ecuador, and perhaps 5075 km thick
beneath the arc crest (Prevot et al., 1996; Guillier et al.,
2001).
The geological settings of individual volcanoes in
Ecuador can be divided into three cross-arc zones,
1148
BRYANT et al.
270
273
276
279
282
285
Colombia
56 mm/yr
3
Galapagos
Islands
0
59 mm/yr
Ecuador
Carnegie Rid
ge
-3
Sangay
Peru
volcanic front
-6
~260 km
main
arc
~50 km
back-arc
arc crust
30
sub
mantle
wedge
duc
ted
sla
Fig. 1. Topographic (onshore) and bathymetric (offshore) map of the Northern Andes region, showing the major geographical features mentioned
in the text. ~, locations of Quaternary volcanoes from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism database. Black arrows show the convergence direction
and rate of movement of the Nazca Plate relative to stable South America from Trenkamp et al. (2002). Crustal thickness estimate (50 km) is a
minimum value based on the work of Prevot et al. (1996) and Guillier et al. (2001). Average dip of 30 for the subducting slab benaeath Ecuador is
from Guillier et al. (2001).
and lies 300380 km from the trench, and (3) the back-arc
area, which lies in the eastern foothills of the Northern
Andes at distances greater than 380 km from the trench
(Fig. 1).
Surface exposures of basement rocks at the volcanic
front are composed primarily of geochemically primitive
1149
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 47
NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
ANALYTICAL METHODS
1150
BRYANT et al.
Table 1: Whole-rock major element (wt %) and trace element (ppm) compositions of Ecuador lavas
Sample:
Imb-1
Imb-2
Imb-3
Imb-4
Imb-11
Imb-14
Imb-16
Imb-21.2
Center:
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imb-22
Imbabura
Rock type:
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
dacite
andesite
59.84
0.58
57.76
0.63
59.42
0.59
60.10
0.54
59.30
0.59
61.74
0.48
61.87
0.48
63.46
0.52
56.86
0.67
17.80
5.84
17.00
6.85
17.74
6.07
17.84
6.18
17.51
6.32
17.73
5.46
17.66
5.46
16.65
5.00
17.91
7.18
0.11
3.54
0.12
5.11
0.12
3.66
0.13
3.17
0.12
3.68
0.12
2.66
0.12
2.60
0.09
2.90
0.12
4.58
CaO
7.00
7.14
3.71
1.33
7.25
3.63
0.94
7.27
3.71
1.26
6.65
3.92
1.04
6.63
3.95
1.03
7.69
3.67
1.41
7.80
3.59
0.99
5.77
Na2O
4.00
1.48
3.86
0.99
0.15
16.1
0.23
21.1
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
K2O
P2O5
Rb
Sr
0.21
21.3
1051
475
1109
0.22
0.23
14.9
17.9
785
978
0.20
17.1
783
0.21
16.2
745
0.13
28.2
462
0.15
17.8
518
15.7
12.9
15.8
16.2
16.0
15.2
14.5
10.3
13.3
Zr
86
73
2.66
87
3.18
77
79
85
82
75
76
0.53
1.17
Nb
Cs
Ba
Hf
Ta
Pb
Th
U
3.17
1.19
813
433
2.55
0.19
2.06
0.18
12.6
8.55
4.32
1.40
2.63
0.52
858
2.51
0.20
12.5
8.89
2.68
3.11
0.60
2.98
0.92
448
705
3.06
0.66
515
2.95
0.63
498
2.55
1.03
614
2.43
0.62
467
2.27
0.20
2.36
0.19
2.43
0.18
2.29
0.18
2.20
0.20
2.17
0.15
6.41
3.22
9.96
7.05
6.28
3.53
6.17
3.35
4.94
1.38
4.51
1.34
1.09
2.16
1.13
1.09
0.70
0.56
Sc
19
24
20
16
19
13
13
14
24
116
165
131
124
143
112
106
110
171
Cr
27
101
36
17
29
22
16
63
33
Ni
17
47
19
15
10
18
23
Cu
43
44
33
33
31
22
25
17
32
Zn
77
76
72
72
72
77
22.9
39.2
74
23.2
77
La
76
8.52
40.1
4.67
13.6
25.4
20.4
35.8
14.2
26.3
13.6
25.2
7.62
14.5
Pr
4.59
16.5
2.09
3.17
4.24
3.22
3.06
Nd
18.9
3.95
9.33
2.50
19.5
4.04
13.8
3.12
17.7
3.79
13.6
3.05
13.1
2.95
1.15
3.17
0.81
2.49
1.21
3.23
0.99
2.92
1.13
3.21
0.97
2.63
0.90
2.57
0.46
2.82
0.39
2.35
0.48
2.87
0.48
2.89
0.47
2.84
0.42
2.68
0.41
2.55
0.59
1.55
0.48
1.26
0.59
1.61
0.59
1.59
0.58
1.63
0.53
1.51
Yb
0.23
1.51
0.18
1.15
0.23
1.50
0.23
1.47
0.24
1.52
Lu
0.24
0.18
0.24
0.24
0.24
Ce
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
1151
1.88
8.34
2.25
0.73
2.13
0.32
7.81
15.4
2.04
9.32
2.52
0.85
2.47
1.90
0.40
2.49
0.53
1.44
0.37
1.00
0.51
1.36
0.23
1.43
0.21
1.38
0.14
0.89
0.19
1.22
0.23
0.22
0.15
0.19
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 47
NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
Table 1: continued
Sample:
Imb-26
Imb-28
Imb-29
Imb-30
Imb-32
Imb-36
Imb-38
Imb-39
Center:
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imbabura
Imb-42
Imbabura
Rock type:
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
60.18
0.51
60.90
0.51
60.26
0.53
58.67
0.70
58.10
0.58
60.09
0.53
59.13
0.68
60.00
0.54
62.47
0.45
16.36
5.83
16.55
5.60
16.20
5.93
17.08
6.26
16.76
6.49
17.60
6.15
17.06
5.95
17.93
6.18
17.02
5.27
0.11
5.13
0.10
4.59
0.11
5.27
0.11
4.79
0.11
5.59
0.13
3.38
0.11
4.66
0.13
3.14
0.11
3.21
CaO
6.78
3.71
1.28
6.72
3.69
1.21
6.80
Na2O
3.63
1.15
7.06
3.69
1.46
7.54
3.65
1.03
7.17
3.66
1.09
6.85
3.95
1.42
7.24
3.73
0.91
3.83
1.26
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
K2O
P2O5
Rb
Sr
0.12
23.3
456
0.12
21.3
442
0.13
24.2
438
0.19
27.3
0.13
19.9
555
430
0.22
15.6
832
0.19
28.2
518
0.20
13.5
727
6.25
0.13
25.5
440
10.8
10.4
12.1
11.4
11.0
14.6
10.9
14.6
11.3
Zr
67
69
2.68
76
89
3.89
68
69
86
72
76
Nb
Cs
Ba
Hf
Ta
Pb
Th
U
Sc
2.32
0.72
504
0.73
501
2.75
0.84
515
2.14
0.41
0.81
586
426
2.72
0.76
495
3.78
0.74
545
2.94
0.51
416
2.75
0.90
556
1.91
0.17
1.98
0.17
2.14
0.20
2.47
0.25
1.95
0.14
2.05
0.16
2.41
0.24
2.10
0.18
2.18
0.20
5.35
1.95
4.54
2.18
5.55
2.03
6.04
2.62
4.27
1.55
7.23
3.65
5.87
2.70
5.57
2.78
5.83
2.03
0.67
22
0.57
22
0.75
19
0.72
0.57
19
1.32
25
18
0.78
0.95
0.79
19
16
16
141
137
144
146
158
132
158
122
107
Cr
228
200
260
182
163
20
147
21
73
Ni
75
56
65
52
55
11
45
13
22
Cu
30
31
26
44
40
36
39
44
17
Zn
69
67
74
70
75
66
7.77
14.8
73
13.1
72
La
71
8.18
7.29
14.2
14.1
25.9
12.7
24.0
13.0
24.0
1.80
8.03
3.18
13.4
2.87
12.2
3.11
13.0
2.12
0.70
3.07
0.96
2.88
0.86
2.92
0.94
2.15
0.34
2.66
0.41
2.53
0.37
2.67
0.42
2.05
0.42
2.54
0.53
2.16
0.40
2.59
0.52
1.12
0.16
1.45
0.21
1.04
0.14
1.45
0.21
0.99
0.16
1.34
0.22
0.87
0.13
1.37
0.21
Ce
15.5
1.91
Nd
1.83
8.03
Sm
2.05
8.25
2.13
Eu
0.68
1.95
0.70
2.01
0.32
1.98
0.32
1.99
0.40
1.11
0.40
1.05
Yb
0.16
1.03
0.15
0.93
Lu
0.15
0.15
Pr
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
8.89
16.9
2.06
8.98
2.22
0.73
2.16
0.35
2.10
0.43
1.20
0.18
1.11
0.17
25.1
3.08
13.1
3.16
0.97
2.78
0.40
2.32
0.44
1.10
0.15
0.93
0.15
1152
9.32
17.4
2.11
8.83
2.11
0.69
2.04
0.33
1.99
0.40
1.14
0.17
1.04
0.17
BRYANT et al.
Sample:
Imb-45
Pul-1
Pul-2
Pul-3
Pul-4
Pul-5
Pul-6
Pul-7
Center:
Imbabura
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Rock type:
andesite
dacite
dacite
dacite
dacite
andesite
dacite
dacite
dacite
61.70
0.48
63.49
0.57
63.37
0.57
63.06
0.57
63.28
0.57
62.69
0.54
63.68
0.52
63.67
0.54
63.37
0.55
17.85
5.32
16.56
5.55
16.54
5.63
16.75
5.50
16.67
5.53
16.29
5.36
16.29
5.18
16.96
5.05
16.69
5.39
0.12
2.71
0.09
2.75
0.09
2.68
0.09
2.85
0.09
2.75
0.10
3.58
0.09
3.12
0.08
2.58
0.08
2.77
6.71
3.87
5.40
4.40
5.41
4.51
5.58
4.42
5.49
4.44
5.77
4.37
5.34
4.41
5.36
4.57
5.37
4.57
1.04
0.20
1.05
0.14
1.07
0.14
1.05
0.14
1.06
0.14
1.17
0.13
1.24
0.13
1.04
0.15
1.06
0.15
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Rb
Sr
15.8
720
15.9
386
17.1
425
16.5
16.2
416
419
20.4
399
22.0
397
13.9
11.6
12.3
12.0
11.7
13.2
12.7
Zr
77
2.82
76
2.87
83
3.12
79
79
90
97
Nb
Cs
0.58
0.35
0.45
Ba
466
467
517
2.94
0.56
2.95
0.48
485
494
3.04
0.34
540
3.24
0.47
576
16.3
466
9.70
79
2.70
0.42
465
Pul-8
16.1
451
10.4
78
2.73
0.57
463
2.20
0.17
2.27
0.20
2.52
0.22
2.38
0.20
2.41
0.21
2.58
0.22
2.76
0.24
2.38
0.19
2.35
0.19
Th
5.87
3.06
3.99
0.95
4.31
1.04
3.93
1.00
4.12
1.02
4.79
1.43
4.83
1.58
4.19
0.96
4.16
0.96
1.02
0.46
0.49
0.47
0.48
0.62
0.66
0.45
0.47
Hf
Ta
Pb
Sc
14
16
16
16
15
18
16
13
14
114
121
129
126
125
120
114
111
120
Cr
17
26
31
33
32
121
96
35
35
Ni
16
11
16
16
35
28
15
16
Cu
25
28
27
26
23
25
28
22
30
Zn
73
13.2
75
7.75
75
8.01
77
74
68
69
72
75
24.5
3.00
15.3
2.17
16.4
2.22
7.41
15.5
7.77
15.6
8.58
16.2
9.17
17.1
7.83
15.5
7.68
15.5
12.8
2.81
9.88
2.58
10.0
2.68
2.09
9.49
2.07
9.40
2.11
9.39
2.21
9.60
2.04
9.28
2.05
9.45
0.91
2.55
0.78
2.51
0.83
2.64
2.55
0.82
2.57
0.81
2.46
0.74
2.46
0.74
2.40
0.77
2.47
0.75
0.39
2.41
0.39
2.22
0.40
2.36
2.52
0.39
2.51
0.38
2.40
0.39
2.38
0.39
2.24
0.34
2.37
0.35
0.49
1.37
0.43
1.14
0.46
1.21
2.25
0.44
2.26
0.43
2.38
0.47
2.27
0.46
1.89
0.36
1.97
0.39
0.16
0.98
0.17
0.99
1.16
0.16
1.10
0.16
1.29
0.19
1.28
0.18
0.95
0.13
0.99
0.14
Yb
0.20
1.30
Lu
0.21
0.15
0.16
1.00
0.16
0.99
0.16
1.22
0.20
1.18
0.18
0.81
0.12
0.84
0.14
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
1153
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 47
NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
Table 1: continued
Sample:
Pul-9
Pul-10
Pul-11
Pul-12
Ql-12
Cl-11
Ch-3
Ch-4
Center:
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Pululagua
Quilotoa
Chalupas
Chacana
Chacana
Chacana
Rock type:
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
dacite
rhyolite
andesite
rhyolite
rhyolite
61.34
0.62
61.93
0.63
61.91
0.61
62.29
0.61
65.98
0.46
74.46
0.24
57.78
0.78
77.23
0.15
74.57
0.21
15.91
6.34
16.16
6.27
16.30
6.13
16.32
5.48
16.99
3.51
14.13
1.24
16.20
6.90
12.79
0.78
14.22
1.09
0.10
4.38
0.10
3.85
0.10
3.74
0.09
3.88
0.07
2.00
0.05
0.38
0.12
6.40
0.05
0.16
0.06
0.28
7.23
3.18
1.27
0.38
4.24
4.19
1.20
4.38
3.95
0.03
0.04
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
6.02
5.70
5.78
5.87
4.53
1.26
Na2O
4.06
1.07
4.20
1.04
4.22
1.05
4.24
1.07
4.68
1.62
3.58
4.63
0.15
16.4
0.13
15.9
0.15
15.7
0.15
15.9
0.16
30.9
0.04
K2O
P2O5
Rb
Sr
423
429
424
436
12.2
11.6
12.1
11.6
Zr
79
81
80
79
Nb
Cs
Ba
2.64
0.60
444
2.73
0.62
454
2.75
0.59
449
533
8.87
88
2.68
0.58
3.47
1.65
448
589
2.28
0.18
2.37
0.18
2.30
0.18
2.34
0.17
2.59
0.29
Th
4.09
1.04
4.47
1.06
4.48
1.05
4.10
1.05
7.99
3.55
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.49
1.39
Hf
Ta
Pb
182
221
12.8
169
11.6
9.77
1047
5.25
1.23
23.2
21.5
9.12
0.13
34.3
399
13.3
77
4.42
0.91
442
2.32
0.39
6.07
4.23
1.66
125
33.0
16.3
106
12.1
5.87
1082
3.81
1.02
19.8
12.8
4.32
Ch-5
126
236
10.2
145
11.2
5.45
1096
4.22
1.10
19.9
15.6
5.67
Sc
20
18
19
19
24
145
143
140
144
85
10
182
12
Cr
147
103
87
100
14
246
Ni
37
32
29
31
15
93
Cu
20
31
23
23
45
Zn
78
77
80
80
63
39
77
45
37
La
7.37
15.0
7.47
15.0
7.40
15.2
7.58
15.5
12.1
22.9
32.2
53.7
10.3
20.0
20.4
38.1
31.3
51.5
2.01
9.24
2.00
9.10
2.04
9.44
1.99
9.20
2.77
11.4
5.60
19.6
2.45
10.4
4.28
15.0
5.08
16.9
2.51
0.79
2.42
0.78
2.52
0.81
2.45
0.76
2.58
0.74
3.52
0.64
2.77
0.92
3.49
0.43
2.90
0.61
2.50
0.39
2.46
0.37
2.55
0.39
2.42
0.37
2.18
0.30
2.64
0.39
2.72
0.44
2.74
0.49
2.05
0.31
2.36
0.45
2.21
0.44
2.23
0.45
2.18
0.41
1.69
0.33
2.27
0.43
2.62
0.52
2.96
0.57
1.73
0.35
1.23
0.18
1.18
0.17
1.18
0.17
1.12
0.16
0.81
0.12
1.21
0.18
1.37
0.20
1.54
0.25
0.97
0.15
1.09
0.17
1.02
0.17
1.03
0.17
1.01
0.16
0.72
0.11
1.28
0.20
1.20
0.19
1.58
0.24
1.02
0.16
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
1154
BRYANT et al.
Sample:
Ch-6
Ch-7
Ch-8
Il-2
GS4y
3D3y
GS5y
Cx-9
Center:
Chacana
Chacana
Chacana
Ilalo
Sumaco
Sumaco
Sumaco
Cotopaxi
Cotopaxi
Rock type:
andesite
andesite
dacite
andesite
bas-and
basalt
bas-and
rhyolite
rhyolite
62.40
0.72
62.19
0.80
63.11
0.76
57.33
0.79
54.02
0.78
43.24
1.72
54.22
0.77
73.98
0.19
71.96
0.25
17.12
4.95
16.42
4.97
16.62
4.64
17.24
7.05
19.39
6.30
15.82
11.62
19.67
6.51
14.87
1.28
15.62
1.81
0.08
2.69
0.09
3.14
0.08
2.65
0.13
5.41
0.22
1.77
0.23
6.31
0.22
1.77
0.08
0.45
0.08
0.61
5.53
4.15
5.57
4.21
5.22
4.24
7.16
3.71
6.31
6.62
14.20
4.43
6.09
6.33
1.67
4.56
2.31
4.57
2.14
0.22
2.34
0.27
2.43
0.26
1.02
0.16
4.12
0.47
1.05
1.38
3.96
0.46
2.83
0.09
2.66
0.12
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Cs
Ba
61.3
609
11.6
127
5.77
1.57
822
61.5
777
12.3
114
8.72
2.54
819
3.57
0.40
3.37
0.69
Th
11.2
7.88
11.8
9.46
1.96
3.32
Hf
Ta
Pb
59.9
749
11.5
127
8.23
2.22
1021
3.56
0.60
12.2
10.2
2.84
16.3
106
515
2597
12.3
38.4
79
359
2.92
0.29
54.3
2.79
471
2797
2.27
0.19
6.87
2.98
4.72
1.95
29.4
29.9
0.51
8.71
97.7
2582
41.9
231
37.9
1.70
1435
5.39
1.94
12.5
18.3
4.18
108
2560
37.5
353
53.4
2.84
2800
6.82
2.95
29.9
29.4
9.34
71.4
288
10.0
119
7.39
2.75
878
Cx-10
63.6
353
10.5
128
6.50
2.67
912
3.50
0.68
3.61
0.53
12.6
7.38
11.9
6.74
3.32
2.41
Sc
12
13
11
21
26
132
126
126
181
122
343
128
12
Cr
28
49
23
198
Ni
15
27
19
76
24
20
Cu
17
38
41
43
Zn
71
22.8
40.9
77
27.1
70
31.9
80
La
48.7
5.51
55.1
5.95
20.3
36.3
20.9
36.8
21.8
4.52
22.9
4.42
1.22
3.52
1.23
3.30
0.46
2.52
0.45
2.34
0.45
1.13
0.41
1.05
0.15
0.92
0.15
0.86
0.15
0.14
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
4.73
18.6
3.94
1.11
3.12
0.44
2.35
0.43
1.08
0.15
0.88
0.15
10.8
22.5
55
58
141
102
139
230
187
227
2.68
11.9
23.9
85.6
22.0
88.5
23.5
84.2
3.99
14.8
4.02
14.9
3.06
1.00
14.8
4.15
17.6
4.99
14.5
4.12
2.80
0.65
2.88
0.72
2.89
0.43
10.4
1.35
13.5
1.71
10.0
1.32
2.11
0.31
2.29
0.32
2.50
0.49
7.16
1.31
8.74
1.48
7.00
1.28
1.76
0.35
1.84
0.36
1.21
0.17
3.33
0.49
3.59
0.48
3.26
0.48
0.94
0.14
1.01
0.15
1.01
0.16
3.02
0.47
2.73
0.40
3.01
0.46
0.94
0.15
0.99
0.17
1155
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 47
NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
Table 1: continued
Sample:
Sg-13
Gp-1
3D1 Any
2G3T-Ay
HHV
At-02y
957 gy
Center:
Sangay
Pichincha
Antisana
Antisana
Antisana
Atacazo
Atacazo
Rock type:
dacite
dacite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
andesite
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
63.81
0.49
64.26
0.39
56.29
1.04
55.76
1.06
57.57
0.91
58.65
0.66
62.57
0.62
17.16
3.84
16.90
4.47
15.59
7.29
18.23
7.56
16.02
6.71
16.21
7.75
16.48
6.63
0.09
2.60
0.09
2.55
0.11
5.26
0.12
3.94
0.12
5.86
0.12
4.96
0.09
2.69
CaO
4.50
5.24
Na2O
4.26
2.98
4.19
1.78
7.17
3.72
2.99
7.14
4.18
1.68
6.91
3.58
2.10
6.80
3.84
0.87
5.64
4.10
1.06
0.28
96.6
0.13
40.0
0.54
86.0
0.32
37.5
0.23
73.9
0.14
21.9
0.13
17.2
K2O
P2O5
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Cs
Ba
Hf
Ta
Pb
Th
U
894
15.6
140
11.0
4.63
1054
3.85
0.95
19.9
14.3
6.14
534
9.20
81
2.49
1.02
782
2.39
0.18
6.83
3.06
1.10
1245
875
23.2
18.2
240
132
11.2
2.95
7.99
0.67
1283
782
6.36
0.71
3.70
0.49
16.8
8.74
4.89
17.1
4.77
1.38
594
18.0
145
8.25
3.67
614
4.08
0.95
11.7
11.9
4.42
438
18.2
120
4.24
0.73
485
3.43
0.30
5.17
0.99
0.66
355
16.4
77
2.81
0.42
387
2.26
0.21
4.04
0.18
0.49
Sc
11
19
18
20
23
26
85
111
183
186
165
188
135
Cr
61
33
Ni
37
23
71
18
47
20
Cu
65
41
Zn
59
61
La
28.3
49.6
12.0
20.9
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
252
92
55
80
60.9
110
26.5
49.3
24.0
45.2
11.9
24.4
6.83
13.7
5.46
21.1
2.43
9.92
13.1
52.8
5.81
24.3
5.28
21.6
3.26
15.0
1.89
8.73
4.11
0.98
2.28
0.68
10.5
2.73
5.30
1.57
4.79
1.24
3.97
1.14
2.54
0.84
3.19
0.46
1.99
0.30
7.68
0.95
4.45
0.65
4.17
0.62
3.88
0.60
2.83
0.49
2.69
0.53
1.78
0.34
4.76
0.83
3.59
0.66
3.49
0.68
3.49
0.67
2.99
0.62
1.48
0.22
0.90
0.13
2.02
0.27
1.75
0.24
1.73
0.26
1.75
0.25
1.69
0.26
1.44
0.23
0.78
0.12
1.57
0.24
1.47
0.22
1.58
0.24
1.49
0.24
1.60
0.25
Major elements, Ni, Cr, V, Cu and Zn were by measured by XRF. Others were measured by ICP-MS. Major element (wt %)
compositions are reported on an anhydrous basis and normalized to 100%.
*Total iron given as FeO.
yXRF data for Antisana (except HHV), Atacazo, and Sumaco are from Barragan et al. (1998).
1156
BRYANT et al.
Table 2: Whole-rock Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope compositions for Ecuador lavas
Sample
Center
Rock type
206
3D3
Sumaco
basalt
GS5
Sumaco
basand
Pb/204Pb
207
208
87
143
18.872
18.792
15.602
15.581
38.660
38.520
15.583
15.600
38.529
38.770
0.704399 10
0.704140 11
0.704156 10
0.512900 10
0.512889 14
0.512926 14
15.606
15.611
38.786
38.766
0.704081 10
0.704080 08
0.704065 08
0.512902 06
0.512907 07
0.512926 08
15.607
15.616
38.614
38.657
15.629
15.622
38.717
38.677
0.704120 11
0.704060 10
0.704109 10
0.512876 08
0.512915 11
0.512889 08
15.617
15.630
38.833
38.712
0.704199 11
0.704015 11
0.704246 08
0.512824 07
0.512905 07
0.512817 08
15.618
15.605
38.784
38.610
15.606
15.613
38.562
38.680
0.704022 10
0.704117 10
0.704139 11
0.512898 09
0.512911 09
0.512917 06
15.633
15.688
38.755
38.947
0.704036 11
0.704317 13
0.704234 10
0.512841 13
0.512768 08
0.512763 07
15.618
15.643
38.728
38.762
15.703
15.602
38.978
38.619
0.704144 11
0.704374 10
0.704163 13
0.512845 11
0.512751 08
0.512793 07
0.704084 11
0.704301 11
0.704059 10
0.704139 10
0.512893 07
0.512878 13
0.512859 08
GS4
Sumaco
basand
18.796
Imb-1
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-3
Imbabura
andesite
19.098
19.099
Imb-11
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-26
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-28
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-29
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-30
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-36
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-38
Imbabura
andesite
Imb-45
Imbabura
andesite
Pul-9
Pululagua
andesite
Pul-11
Pululagua
andesite
Ch-3
Chacana
andesite
Ch-6
Chacana
andesite
Ch-7
Chacana
andesite
19.072
18.921
18.953
18.974
18.913
19.123
18.900
19.073
18.934
18.893
18.956
18.983
19.028
18.936
3D1 An
Antisana
andesite
2G3T-A
Antisana
andesite
HHV
Antisana
andesite
18.924
18.985
At-02
Atacazo
andesite
18.933
957 g
Atacazo
andesite
Il-2
Ilalo
andesite
Pul-4
Pululagua
dacite
Pul-7
Pululagua
dacite
Ql-12
Quilotoa
dacite
Ch-8
Chacana
dacite
Sg-13
Sangay
dacite
Gp-1
Pichincha
dacite
Cl-11
Chalupas
rhyolite
Ch-4
Chacana
rhyolite
Ch-5
Chacana
rhyolite
Cx-9
Cotopaxi
Cx-10
Cotopaxi
Pb/204Pb
Pb/204Pb
18.921
18.921
15.595
15.596
38.572
38.572
18.985
18.925
15.644
15.646
38.750
38.694
18.816
18.958
15.644
15.597
38.754
38.698
18.993
18.925
15.668
15.646
38.873
38.775
rhyolite
18.918
18.963
15.632
15.631
38.732
38.710
rhyolite
18.951
15.637
38.716
RESULTS
Basalts and basaltic andesites
(Sumaco Volcano)
Basalts and basaltic andesites are rare in the northern
Andes, occurring in significant numbers only at Sumaco
Volcano (4354 wt % SiO2, Table 1, Fig. 3), located in
the back-arc of Ecuador (Fig. 2) 400 km from the trench
(Beate et al., 2001; Bourdon et al., 2003). Sumaco lavas
are shoshonitic (105412 wt % K2O, Fig. 3) and silicaundersaturated (Pichler et al., 1976). They have high
Sr/86Sr 2s
0.704139 10
0.704033 11
0.704269 11
0.704368 11
0.703947 11
0.704432 13
0.704337 11
0.704135 10
0.704187 10
Nd/144Nd 2s
0.512954 23
0.512894 24
0.512861 08
0.512804 57
0.512739 21
0.512888 19
0.512737 08
0.512710 13
0.512776 11
0.512823 09
0.512839 09
eNd
D7/4 Pb
5.17
4.95
6.50
5.27
5.67
5.21
5.47
3.88
5.30
5.68
4.47
5.26
4.71
5.46
6.49
7.05
4.96
3.69
8.12
8.08
5.27
3.55
5.31
9.03
5.12
5.39
5.95
6.15
5.50
4.03
6.70
6.75
2.59
2.49
4.09
2.27
3.08
5.04
8.41
13.45
7.48
10.05
15.42
5.83
4.73
4.36
6.22
5.06
4.41
3.30
2.02
4.94
5.29
5.39
9.50
10.32
11.39
5.04
2.00
1.46
11.77
10.33
2.74
3.67
9.04
8.41
3.98
9.22
abundances of moderately compatible/incompatible elements (e.g. Y >37 ppm, Yb >27 ppm, Sr >2500 ppm)
and concentrations of highly incompatible elements (e.g.
Rb >97, Ba >1400, Ce >180,) that commonly lie well
above those of normal subduction-related lavas (Fig. 4;
see also Barragan et al., 1998; Bourdon et al., 2003).
Basalts and basaltic andesites from Sumaco have strongly
fractionated rare-earth element (REE) patterns (La/Yb
3143, Fig. 5a) and high Sr/Y despite the fact that Y and
heavy REE (HREE) concentrations are also high (Fig. 6a).
Concentrations of high field strength elements (HFSE)
1157
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
K2O (wt.%)
5
4
3
2
itic ne
lei
i
tho alkal
cl
a
c
1
0
40
50
60
70
-K
high
.-K
med
low-K
40
50
60
70
80
40
50
60
70
80
40
50
60
70
80
40
50
60
70
80
22
12
Al2O3 (wt.%)
MgO (wt%)
80
10
8
6
4
2
20
18
16
14
12
10
0
40
50
60
70
80
10
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Na2O (wt.%)
CaO (wt%)
JUNE 2006
14
8
6
4
2
0
40
50
60
70
80
2.0
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
TiO2 (wt.%)
FeO* (wt%)
NUMBER 6
FeO*/MgO
VOLUME 47
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
40
50
60
70
80
SiO2 (wt.%)
SiO2 (wt.%)
Fig. 3. Major element variation in HoloceneLate Pleistocene volcanic rocks from Ecuador. Data are from Table 1. Symbols for compositional
categories defined here (basaltbasaltic andesite, andesitedacite, rhyolite) are used throughout this paper. The calc-alkalinetholeiitic boundary
line is from Miyashiro (1974). Boundaries defining low-, medium- and high-K series are from Ewart (1982).
are high in an absolute sense (Nb >35 ppm, Fig. 4), but
are sometimes low compared with similarly incompatible
large ion lithophile elements (LILE). This is illustrated in
ratios such as Rb/Ta and Pb/Ce, which are higher than
1158
BRYANT et al.
35
200
30
Pb (ppm)
Rb (ppm)
150
100
25
20
15
10
50
5
0
50
60
70
60
250
50
200
40
30
20
60
70
80
40
50
60
70
80
40
50
60
70
40
50
60
70
150
100
0
40
50
60
70
80
3000
3000
2500
2500
Sr (ppm)
Ba (ppm)
50
50
10
2000
1500
2000
1500
1000
1000
500
500
40
50
60
70
80
50
100
40
80
Ni (ppm)
Y (ppm)
40
80
Ce (ppm)
Nb (ppm)
40
30
20
10
80
60
40
20
40
50
60
70
80
80
SiO2 (wt.%)
SiO2 (wt.%)
Fig. 4. Variation in trace element (Rb, Nb, Ba, Y, Pb, Ce, Sr, Ni) concentrations as a function of SiO2 for Ecuador volcanic rocks. All data are
from Table 1. Symbols are as in Fig. 3.
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sample / chondrite
1000
(a)
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JUNE 2006
(b)
Andesite - Atacazo (AT-02)
Andesite - Chacana (CH-3)
Andesite - Imbabura (IMB-26)
100
field from Figure 5a
10
1
1000
(c)
sample / chondrite
NUMBER 6
(d)
100
Island-Arc Andesites
(Aleutians, 54-63% SiO2 )
10
Island-Arc Basalts & Andesites
(Lesser Antilles, 49-60% SiO2 )
Cordillera Blanca
leucogranites (Peru)
La
Ce
Pr
Gd
Sm
Nd
Eu
Dy
Tb
Er
Yb
Ho Tm
La
Lu
Ce
Pr
Gd
Sm
Nd
Eu
Dy
Tb
Er
Yb
Ho Tm
Lu
Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of volcanic rocks from Ecuador (a, b) compared with leucogranites of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (c)
and common island arc lavas from the central Aleutian and Lesser Antilles island arcs (d). Stippled field in (b) and (c) is the field bounded by the
Antisana andesite and the Quilotoa dacite in (a). Leucogranite data are from Atherton & Petford (1993). Island arc data are from Davidson (1987)
and Kelemen et al. (2003) All other Ecuadoran data are from Table 1.
1160
BRYANT et al.
100
(a)
2500
80
Sr (ppm)
Sr/Y
adakitic
lavas
60
Colombia
(Quaternary
andesites)
40
2000
1500
1000
common
calc-alkaline lavas
20
0
(b)
500
0
10
20
30
40
50
Y (ppm)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Mg/Mg+Fe (Mg#)
Fig. 6. Variation of Sr/Y vs Y (a) and Sr concentration vs Mg/(Mg Fe) (b). Ecuadoran data (large symbols as in Fig. 3) are from Table 1.
Boundaries for adakitic and common calc-alkaline fields have been approximated from Defant et al. (1991, fig. 15). Central and Southern
Andean volcanic zone data are from published sources (Lopez-Escobar et al., 1977, 1985; Deruelle, 1982; Thorpe et al., 1983; Frey et al., 1984;
Harmon et al., 1984; Lopez-Escobar, 1984; Hickey et al., 1986; Davidson et al., 1988, 1990; Futa & Stern, 1988; Gerlach et al., 1988; Hildreth &
Moorbath, 1988; Worner, 1989; Walker et al., 1991). Field for Quaternary andesites in Colombia is from Sigurdsson et al. (1990), Droux &
Delaloye (1996) and Calvache & Williams (1997).
Fig. 7. Incompatible element concentrations and ratios in Ecuadoran lavas compared with average values for MORB and OIB: (a) RbTa; (b)
LaNb; (c) PbCe; (d) BaLa. Ecuadoran data are from Table 1. Symbols used here are as in Fig. 3. Values for MORB and OIB are from Sun &
McDonough (1989).
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0.5132
NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
143Nd/144Nd
0.5130
Andean Central & Southern
Volcanic Zones (n=103)
0.5128
0.5126
Ecuad
or Co
ntinen
tal Cr
87
ust
Sr/87
143
Sr = 0
.7212
Nd/144
Nd =
0.512
08
Galapagos
Island
Basalts
(n=82)
0.5124
0.5122
0.512
0 0.702
Pacific Marine
Sediments (n=8)
Colombian crustal
xenoliths (n=14)
0.704
Average Upper
Crust
0.706
0.708 0.710
87Sr/ 86Sr
0.712
0.714
Fig. 8. Variation in 143Nd/144Nd vs 87Sr/86Sr showing the compositions of lavas from Ecuador compared with data from the Galapagos plume
and Carnegie Ridge (White et al., 1993; Hauff et al., 1999; Harpp & White, 2001; Werner et al., 2003), the Andean Central and Southern Volcanic
Zones (Frey et al., 1984; Hickey et al., 1986; Davidson et al., 1988, 1990; Futa & Stern, 1988; Hildreth & Moorbath, 1988; Worner, 1989; Walker
et al., 1991), Pacific pelagic sediments (Ben Othman et al., 1989), average upper crust (Zartman & Haines, 1988), Mesozoic oceanic terranes in
Colombia and Ecuador (Kerr et al., 1996, 1997, 2002, 2004; Reynaud et al., 1999; Hauff et al., 2000; Lapierre et al., 2000; Mamberti et al., 2003)
and continental crust in Ecuador (Bosch et al., 2002). Ecuadoran data are from Table 2. Symbols are as in Fig. 3.
1162
BRYANT et al.
207Pb/ 204Pb
15.70
Ecuadoran Continental
Crust (n=5)
Pacific
Sediment
(n=8)
Average Upper
Crust
Colombian
crustal
xenoliths
(n=14)
15.60
Oceanic Terranes
Colombia & Ecuador
(n=114)
15.50
Carnegie
Ridge Basalts (n=10)
ERROR
NH
15.40
17.0
17.5
Galapagos Island
Basalts (n=63)
RL
18.0
18.5
19.0
206Pb/ 204Pb
19.5
20.0
Fig. 9. Variation in 207Pb/204Pb vs 206Pb/204Pb showing the compositions of lavas from Ecuador compared with data from the Galapagos plume
and Carnegie Ridge (White et al., 1993; Hauff et al., 1999; Harpp & White, 2001; Werner et al., 2003), the Andean Central and Southern Volcanic
Zones (Hickey et al., 1986; Davidson et al., 1988, 1990; Hildreth & Moorbath, 1988; Worner, 1989), average upper crust (Zartman & Haines,
1988), Mesozoic oceanic terranes in Colombia and Ecuador (Dupre & Echeverria, 1984; Zartman & Haines, 1988; Kerr et al., 1996, 1997, 2002,
2004; Reynaud et al., 1999; Hauff et al., 2000; Lapierre et al., 2000; Mamberti et al., 2003) and continental crust in Ecuador (Bosch et al., 2002).
Northern Hemisphere Reference Line (NHRL) is from Hart (1984). Ecuador data are from Table 2. Symbols are as in Fig. 3.
1163
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NUMBER 6
100
2500
Ba (ppm)
80
(a)
(a)
Central Andes
Southern Andes
60
Ba/La
JUNE 2006
40
volcanic
front
main arc
1500
back-arc
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
500
20
140
50
60
70
(b)
40
La/Yb
(b)
80
La (ppm)
0
40
50
100
60
30
20
20
50
60
70
La/Yb
0
40
100
(c)
45
10
80
(c)
35
25
15
80
60
(d)
40
Ba/Nb
Sr/Y
20
0
40
50
60
70
80
150
50
SiO2 (wt.%)
Fig. 10. Ba/La (a), La/Yb (b) and Sr/Y (c) vs SiO2 (wt %) comparing
lavas from Ecuador with those from the Andean Central and Southern
Volcanic Zones. Ecuador data are from Table 1. Symbols are as in
Fig. 3. Published data sources for the central and southern Andes are
listed in the captions to Figs 6, 8 and 9.
250
250
300
350
400
1164
BRYANT et al.
20
0.7044
4
15
87Sr/ 86Sr
3
2
7/4Pb
10
Carnegie
Ridge
15%
10%
Ecuadoran
Metapelites
0.7042
5%
3%
0.7040
(a)
Gal pagos
Islands
5
-5
-12
-8
-4
12
Nd
-16
Nd
Fig. 12. Variation of D7/4Pb vs eNd for Ecuador lavas. Bulk mixing
lines (labeled 14) are between estimated Ecuador basalt (3 ppm Pb,
5 ppm Nd, 143Nd/144Nd 0512900, eNd 511, 207Pb/204Pb
15589, 206Pb/204Pb 18820) and putative crustal assimilants with
isotopic compositions like those of Ecuador metapelites (143Nd/144Nd
0512183, eNd 89, 207Pb/204Pb 15700 and 206Pb/204Pb
18916). The isotopic composition of the metapelite end-member is
from Bosch et al. (2002). Mixing line 1 uses the Pb and Nd concentrations of the average metapelites (Nd 25 ppm, Pb 15 ppm). Subsequent mixing lines use higher Pb concentrations for the assimilant
(higher Pb/Nd in the metapelite end-member) to produce the curved
mixing lines, which bracket the Ecuadoran lavas (Pb/Nd 12 and
40). The isotopic composition for the basalt end-member is the average of the Sumaco lavas (Table 2), which appear to be relatively
unaffected by assimilation. Concentrations for Nd and Pb in the basalt
end-member were estimated by extrapolating andesite compositions
for these elements back to 52% SiO2 (on graphs of Nd and Pb vs
SiO2). Values for D7/4Pb were calculated according to Hart (1984).
Sources of published data from the Carnegie Ridge and Galapagos
Islands are as in Figs 8 and 9.
volcanic
front
1
main arc
(b)
7/4 Pb
16
12
(c)
0
250
back-arc
300
350
400
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NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
143Nd/144Nd
0.51295
0.51285
0.51275
(c)
(b)
(a)
0.51265
1
10
100
100
143Nd/144Nd
1000
100
Zr (ppm)
Nb (ppm)
1000
Rb (ppm)
0.51295
0.51285
0.51275
1000
10000
1000
Ba (ppm)
Fig. 14.
143
(f)
(e)
(d)
0.51265
100
2000
3000
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Y (ppm)
Sr (ppm)
144
Nd/
Nd vs Nb (a), Zr (b), Rb, (c), Ba (d), Sr (e) and Y (f) in Ecuadoran lavas. Data are from Tables 1 and 2. Symbols are as in Fig. 3.
0.51300
143Nd/144Nd
mantle
wedge
0.51290
0.51280
continental
crust
(a)
(c)
(b)
0.51270
16
continental
crust
7/4 Pb
12
8
4
mantle
wedge
(d)
0
10
20
30
40
50 0
(f)
(e)
0
100
La/Yb
200
Ba/Nb
300
400
20
40
60
80
Sr/Y
Fig. 15. 143Nd/144Nd and D7/4Pb vs La/Yb (a, d), Ba/Nb (b, e) and Sr/Y (c, f) for Ecuadoran lavas. Large white arrows on Ba/Nb plots provide
an interpretation of source components in the mantle wedge (low D7/4Pb and Ba/Nb; high 143Nd/144Nd), fluids and/or melts from the
subducting oceanic crust (low D7/4Pb; high Ba/Nb and 143Nd/144Nd) and continental crust (high D7/4Pb; low Ba/Nb and 143Nd/144Nd). Data
are from Tables 1 and 2. Symbols are as in Fig. 3.
1166
BRYANT et al.
Rhyolites
Rhyolites reported here are from Chacana, Chalupas,
and Cotopaxi volcanoes, which are all located in the
main-arc area, along the crest of the Andes in northern
Ecuador (Table 1, Figs 1 and 2). Apart from the obvious
gap in silica between approximately 66% and 71% SiO2
(Fig. 3), the major and trace element compositions of the
rhyolites from Ecuador appear, in a broad sense, to be
extensions of the andesitedacite compositional trends
(Figs 35). One exception is in the REE patterns, which
are clearly much flatter in the HREE (normalized Dy/Yb
<150) and have 1857% negative Eu anomalies (i.e.
Eu/Eu* 043082; Fig. 5c). The broad similarity
with respect to trace elements does not extend to the
isotopic compositions, which on average, are more radiogenic in Pb and Sr and less radiogenic in Nd in the
rhyolites than in the andesites and dacites (Figs 8, 9 and
1315). This is to be expected in high-SiO2 melts containing a relatively high proportion of geochemically
evolved crustal rock relative to mantle components.
87Sr/86Sr
0.7044
0.7042
0.7040
87Sr/86Sr
0.711
(a)
(b)
Central Andes
Southern Andes
0.709
0.707
0.705
143Nd/144Nd
0.5130
(c)
DISCUSSION
Isotopic constraints on crustal components
in Ecuadoran lavas
0.5129
0.5128
0.5127
(d)
7/4Pb
14
10
6
2
40
50
60
70
80
SiO2
(wt%)
Fig. 16. Variation in 87Sr/86Sr (a, b), 143Nd/144Nd (c) and D7/4Pb
(d) vs SiO2 for Ecuadoran lavas (large symbols), and other areas within
the Andes (small symbols). Ecuadoran data are from Tables 1 and 2.
Sources for other Andean data are cited in the caption to Fig. 8.
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1168
BRYANT et al.
1169
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slab melts
deep crustal
melts & AFC
products
An A
tis ntis
an an
a a
ra
bu
ba
Im
Sr (ppm)
1400
1000
aca
200
(a)
Ch
10
7/4 Pb
1500
Sr (ppm)
1300
15
20
Imbabura
Antisana
1100
900
700
500
(b)
300
0.4
0.5
JUNE 2006
na
600
NUMBER 6
Central &
Southern
Andes
1800
VOLUME 47
0.6
0.7
Mg/Mg+Fe (Mg#)
Fig. 17. (a) Sr concentration vs D7/4Pb showing trends at the Ecuador
volcanic centers Imbabura, Antisana and Chacana; (b) Sr concentration vs Mg-number for Imbabura and Antisana. Data from Imbabura
and Chacana are from Tables 1 and 2. Data from Antisana are from
Tables 1 and 2 and from Bourdon et al. (2003). Slab melts (crosshatched box) are presumed to contain high concentrations of Sr but
relatively non-radiogenic Pb (e.g. Kay, 1978). Deep crustal melts and
products of AFC (assimilationfractional crystallization) in the Andes
are presumed to contain relatively radiogenic Pb and possibly high
concentrations of Sr (e.g. Garrison & Davidson, 2003).
Most andesites and dacites in Ecuador have REE characteristics that are adakitic; that is, they are enriched in
the LREE, lack significant Eu anomalies, and are
strongly fractionated between the middle REE (MREE)
and HREE (Fig. 5). Unusually high concentrations of
LREE in some Ecuadoran lavas may have been produced by assimilation of crustal rocks (as discussed
above); however, assimilation alone cannot explain the
low concentrations of Yb and Lu and the strongly
fractionated MREE to HREE patterns (normalized
Gd/Yb 10) that distinguish andesites and dacites in
Ecuador from those in island arcs (Fig. 5d). Assuming
that the melt source beneath the Northern Andes is
approximately chondritic with respect to the HREE (i.e.
normalized Gd/Yb 10), it is clear that garnet must
have played a major role in the genesis of the Ecuadoran
lavas. This role for garnet could be as a residual phase
left after melt extraction or through removal by crystal
fractionation under high pressures.
Several studies have concluded that garnet is involved
in magma genesis beneath Ecuador when melting occurs
at the surface of the subducting slab (e.g. Beate et al.,
2001; Bourdon et al., 2002, 2003; Samaniego et al.,
2005). This is essentially an application of the Defant &
Drummond (1990) adakite model in Ecuador. Among
the lavas in Ecuador, those that appear to present the
strongest case for the slab-melt interpretation have
>700 ppm Sr and relatively MORB-like isotopic compositions (Fig. 17). Lavas with these characteristics are
well illustrated by our data from Imbabura Volcano,
where there is a high-Sr liquid line of descent separate
from the evolutionary pathway defined by lavas with
400600 ppm Sr over the same range of SiO2 and Mgnumber (Fig. 17). High-Sr lavas of this type appear to be
present at Antisana Volcano (Fig. 17) and at Punalica
Volcano, where high Sr (>850 ppm) and unradiogenic Sr
isotopes (87Sr/87Sr <07039) define an end-member
composition among the 23 samples from the Northern
Andes studied by Harmon et al. (1984). Rocks of this
geochemical type do not appear to exist among lavas of
the central and southern Andes (Fig. 17) or in Colombia
(James, 1982). In combination, these observations support the idea that melts from oceanic crust of the subducting Carnegie Ridge play a significant roll in the
genesis of at least some Ecuador lavas (Bourdon et al.,
2003, and references therein).
Despite the apparent control of the Carnegie Ridge on
the surface expression of active volcanism in Ecuador
(Fig. 1), and the clear presence of lavas with trace element
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BRYANT et al.
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
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Garnets are not commonly found as phenocrysts in calcalkaline lavas; they are, however, known from several
localities and their potential role in the evolution of
andesitic and dacitic lavas is well documented experimentally (Green & Ringwood, 1968; Fitton, 1972;
Green, 1972, 1982; Hamer & Moyes, 1982; Day et al.,
1992). If the deep crustal fractionation model is correct,
this means simply that the plagioclasepyroxene
amphibole phenocryst assemblage in the Ecuadoran
lavas is produced late in the magmatic evolution, during
magma storage in shallow-level systems where garnet is
unstable (e.g. Fitton, 1972).
CONCLUSIONS
(i) Primitive and relatively homogeneous Sr, Nd and Pb
isotopic compositions indicate that lavas throughout
Ecuador are produced largely within the suprasubduction zone mantle wedge and not by extensive
melting of the North Andean crust.
(ii) Changes in 143Nd/144Nd, D7/4Pb and La/Yb
across the arc in Ecuador are interpreted to result from
assimilation of geochemically mature continental crust,
especially in the main-arc area, at distances of 330
360 km from the trench. Mixing calculations limit the
quantity of assimilated continental crust to less than
10%.
(iii) Possible assimilation of geochemically primitive
crustal rock beneath the Western Cordillera remains
poorly constrained; however, assimilation of crustal
rocks does not appear to play a clear and consistent role
in the genesis of the adakitic trace element patterns that
are common in andesites and dacites in Ecuador.
(iv) Available whole-rock data do not provide a clear
basis for distinguishing between slab-melting and deep
crustal fractionation models for the genesis of adakitic
lavas in Ecuador. Both models derive adakites from basalt, either by partial melting or fractional crystallization,
and both explain the observed fractionation of REE patterns with garnet. None the less, the geochemical evolution within individual volcanoes (Samaniego et al., 2005),
and in magmatic rocks produced throughout Ecuador
since the Eocene (Chiaradia et al., 2004), appears to
favor the deep crustal fractionation model for the genesis
of most post-Miocene lavas in Ecuador.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper benefited substantially from thoughtful
reviews by Henrietta Lapierre, Erwan Bourdon, Pablo
Samaniego and Jennifer Garrison. We thank Nick Arndt
and Marjorie Wilson for their thoughtful, thorough and
timely handling of this work. Thanks also go to Drew
Coleman for his assistance in acquiring the isotopic data.
NUMBER 6
JUNE 2006
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