Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PREPARED BY,
Mr.M.KARTHIKEYAN, M.E., AP / IT
VERIFIED BY
HOD
PRINCIPAL
CEO/CORRESPONDENT
UNIT IV
1
NOTES
UNIT IV
MULTIMEDIA FILE HANDLING
PART A
1. Compute the storage space in MB required storing a video of VGA resolution, true
color and 30 fps, compressed at 30:1.
The storage space required for storing a video of VGA resolution and 30 fps when it is
compressed at 30:1 is 30MB.
2. State the resolution of Facsimile, Document Images and Photographic Images?
Facsimile
Document images
Photographic images
-600 dpi
- CCITT Group3
Document Images
- CCITT Group4
PART B
The complexity of the technique used should be minimal, to make a cost effective
compression technique
Various audio rates should be supported. Thus, depending on specific system conditions the
data rates can be adjusted
It should be possible to generate data on one multimedia system and reproduce data on
another system. The compression technique should be compatible with various reproduction
systems
Need for Compression:
Consider a digital video sequence at a standard definition TV picture resolution of
720480 and a frame rate of 30 frames per second (FPS).If a picture is represented
using the RGB color space with 8 bits per component or 3bytes per pixel, size of each
frame is 7204803 bytes. The disk space required tostore one second of video is
720480330 = 31.1 MB.A one hour video would thus require 112 GB. To deliver
video over wired and/orwireless networks, bandwidth required is 31.18 = 249 Mbps.
In addition to these extremely high storage and bandwidth requirements, using
uncompressed video will add significant cost to the hardware and systems that process
digital video. Digital video compression is thus necessary even with exponentially
increasing bandwidth and storage capacities.
Fortunately, digital video has significant redundancies and eliminating or reducing
those redundancies results in compression. Video compression can be lossy or loss less.
Loss less video compression reproduces identical video after de-compression. We
primarily consider lossy compression that yields perceptually equivalent, but not identical
video compared to the uncompressed source.
Video compression is typically achieved by exploiting four types of redundancies:
1) perceptual, 2) temporal, 3) spatial, and 4) statistical redundancies.
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Decompression:
Decompression is the inverse of compression. Decompression techniques can
differ from the compression techniques in various ways.
For example, if the applications are symmetric, e.g., dialog applications, then the coding
and decoding should incur more or less the same costs, as the importance here is the
speed factor, rather than quality However, if data will be encoded once, but decoded
many times, as is the case with an image or video retrieval system, then whereas the
decoding speed must approximate real-time, the encoding time may be asymmetric to
the
decoding time Usually, better quality/compression ratios are obtained if encoding time is not
a factor.
Compression standards
Data compression:
As with any communication, compressed data communication only works when
both
the sender and receiver of the information understand the encoding scheme. For example,
this text makes sense only if the receiver understands that it is intended to be
interpreted
can only
picture
file,
whereas an algorithm suitable for compression of an audio file may not be a good
choice for a speech file. Obviously, speed of encoding and decoding are important, but
another factor, not yet mentioned in detail, is the question of whether, when one
uncompressed the compressed material, gets back the original. If information is lost
during the compression process, the algorithm is lossy. If the compression algorithm
guarantees the uncompressed material is what was started with, this is called non lossy
compression or lossless compression. Lossless compression technique must be used
when compressing data and programs. For greater compression of video and images
compression technique must be used.
11
multimedia
media and
data files,
such as bank records, text articles, etc. In many cases it is advantageous to make a master
lossless file which can then be used to produce compressed files for different purposes; for
example a multi-megabyte file can be used at full size to produce
full-page
advertisement in a glossy magazine, and a 10 kilobyte lossy copy made for a small
image on a web page.
The original contains a certain amount of information; there is a lower limit to the size
of file that can carry all the information. As an intuitive example, most people know that a
compressed ZIP file is smaller than the original file; but repeatedly compressing the
file
your
compression will
hardware
unit.
2. Explain in detail about the Overview of data and file format standards.
Multimedia data and information must be stored in a disk file using formats
similar to image file formats. The variety of data it stores includes text, image data,
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audio and video data,computer animations, and other forms of binary data, such as
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), control information, and graphical fonts.
The personal computer industry and, more specifically, the Microsoft-Windowsbased systems form the largest base for multimedia systems
The multimedia file formats are
Rich-text format (RTF)
Tagged image file format (TIFF)
Resource image file format (RIFF)
Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI)
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) Indeo file format
TWAIN
Rich text format
RTF is a document language used for exchanging text between different word
processors and text-processing applications. RTF is much easier to generate than PDF or
PostScript, and is more word-processor friendly than HTML. RTF has been around for
over
a decade, while hundreds of other binary formats have come and gone.
Tiff File Format
Big TIFF Proposal:
The Big TIFF file format is an ongoing attempt to design a next version of TIFF,
specifically targeted at breaking the 4 gigabyte boundary. This page presents an overview
of the current proposal.
TIFF Tag Reference:
A reference on all known baseline, extended, and private TIFF tags. Includes
basic properties of each tag (such as code, name, LibTiff name and data type), as well as a
short description. Also includes a useful search function, and a means for owners of
private tags to submit data about the tags.
TIFF Tag Viewer:
As Tiff Tag Viewer is a free TIFF Tag Viewer application for Windows. It lets you
each TIFF page's tags/fields (code, data type, count and value). As Tiff Tag Viewer
view
is
an indispensable tool for any professional to diagnose any TIFF file. Whenever a
customer reports your software doesn't handle this or that particular TIFF, use As Tiff
Tag
Search:
Search for any specific tag or group of tags here.
Baseline Tags:
Baseline tags are those that are listed as part of the core of TIFF, the essentials that all
mainstream TIFF developers should support in their products.
Extension Tags:
Extension tags are those listed as part of TIFF features that may not be
supported
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The digital pen is a input device that allows the user to write, draw, point and
gesture (perform an action such as stroke and a loop). Pens have been used in
CAD/CAM
type
of user interface for entering characters and for writing notes on the screen of pen
based system.
The Pen Extensions include a set of dynamic link libraries (DLLs) and drivers that
make applications pen-enabled. The DLLs allow pen-based input and handwriting
recognition.
The Pen Computing system consists of following components:
Electronic pen:
When an electronic pen is used to write or draw, the digitizer encodes the x and y
coordinates of the pen, and the pen status. The pen status includes whether the pen is
touching the digitizer surface (usually the screen) or not, pen pressure, pen angle, pen
rotation, and so on.
The minimum resolution defines that sufficient x-y location data is generated to
maintain
from
the screen
the
digitized information about the pen location. The pen driver in the windows for Pen
system consists of two drivers:
An installable Windows pen driver and a virtual driver
Video and Image Display System
Video, like sound, is usually recorded and played as an analog signal. To incorporate
video into a multimedia application it has to be digitized. The video in a multimedia
application brings a sense of realism, engage the user and evoke emotions. The visual
technologies employed to display video makes the display system an important architectural
component in the design of any multimedia system
Display System Technologies
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While displaying images and full-motion video in windows it is required to resize the
windows dynamically to cope up with the user preferences In resizing the windows the
number of pixels being displayed would change. That is,when the windows become longer,
pixels per inch of the original rendering change Scaling down to smaller window in achieved
by dropping pixels, but scaling up to a larger window requires adding pixels that do not exist
in the originally captured image Dynamic scaling becomes much more complex if the display
window contains full motion video
The display system generates the visual output of text, graphics and video that the
end user sees. A range of video display standards with possible parameters are presented
in the table
Resolution and Dot pitch
To display an image on a monitor the scanning process takes place. Monitor screen
consists of a number of scan lines A scan line is made of a pixel array. The screen
resolution of the monitor is defined by the product of pixels per scan line and the number of
scan lines. The higher the resolution, the sharper the image.
Each pixel on the screen is made of red, green and blue (RGB) phosphors arranged
in a triad. The distance between on RGB phosphor to the next is called dot pitch smaller the
dot pitch, the finer the size of the pixel and lower the chance of pixel overlap at higher
resolution.
Horizontal and Vertical Refresh Rate, and Flicker
The rate at which the horizontal scan lines are painted horizontal scan frequency and
is measure in kilohertz. The vertical scan frequency depend on the horizontal scan
frequency The sweep starts from left to right and progress gradually to the end of the last
scan line and returns to the top of the screen.Sometimes low vertical refresh rates cause the
human eye not retain a continuous perception of successive images and is referred tom
flicker
Interlaced scan and Non-interlaced Scan Mode
It interlaced scan mode the odd lines are scanned first and then the even lines are
scanned. Hence, it takes two passes to paint or refresh one frame on the screen In noninterlaced scan mode all lines are scanned in one pass sequentially. Hence, twice the
number of lines are painted on the screen in every pan and thus doubling of the frame
repaint rate Non-interlaced mode is the recommended one to reduce flicker for multimedia
applications using high resolution
CRT Display System
The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a vacuum glass tube with the display screen at one
end
and connectors to the control circuits at the other end CRT function using electrostatic
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deflection coils mounted on the outside of the glass envelope to bend the electron beam with
magnetic fields
Phosphor Types
Phosphor is a chemical compound coated on the inside surface of the picture tube. A
triad consists of a set of red green and blue phosphors arranged in a triangle When an
electron beam strikes the phosphor, it glows and generates visible color. The color of the
light and the time period vary from one type of phosphor to another The light given off by the
phosphor during exposure to the electron beam is known as fluorescence, the continuing
glow given off after the beam is removed is known as phosphorescence and the duration of
phosphorescence is known as phosphors persistence.
Flat Panel Display system
Color Display System like color monitors used to display millions of colors, associated
with
multimedia application
The way the colors are exhibited in a color display system mainly depends on the two
parameters, already discussed, namely
1. Number of colors and
2. Resolution of the display
Further, it depends on the memory capacity of the video controller card called
VRAM.A particular combination of colors and resolution is called the video mode of the
display system Though all presentation display systems basically use the same technology,
called the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), they are offered in various forms.
LCD Projection Panels
In this, the output from the computer is directed to a small and compact matrix of
LCDs arranged in a specific pattern. This arrangement is kept over a projection system.
When the projection system is illuminated the graphics in the pattern corresponding to the
output from the computer is displayed, four basic technologies are used for Flat panel
displays
1. Passive matrix monochrome
2. Active-matrix monochrome
3. Passive-matrix color
4. Active-matrix color
The first two technologies are becoming obsolete and are used in very limited
application passive matrix color LED panel, suffer from lesser color saturation, contrast and
slower response time These are less costlier and are suitable for slide slide show
presentation and predominantly used in notebooks and PDAs
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Active matrix color LCD panels displays and long persistence and are costlier To
improve the efficiency of the LCD displays backlit or sidelit technologies are being used the
Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology. LEDs are electronic devices capable of displaying
any particular combination of RGB color and is also transparent to lights,So when a series of
these LEDs are arranged to form a row-column matrix, they can be used in place of pixels in
monitors and can display the output from the computer
This is the basic principle behind all LED projection system and LCD arranged in the
form of row-column matrix are known as LCD panels
Print Output Technologies
Laser print technology has continued to evolve, and print quality at 600 dpi started to
make the technology useful for high-speed presses.Typical textbooks printed by offset
presses range from 1200 dpi to 1800 dpi, the 600 dpi sufficient for most industrial manuals
and maintenance books.1200 DPI printers were commonly available during 2008. 2400 DPI
electro photographic printing plate makers, essentially laser printers
that print on plastic sheets, are also available.
An important advantage of this approach is that the manuals can be upgraded very
easily, and printing of new manuals can be achieved almost instantaneously by changing the
files being printed. As compared to high-quality offset printing, where setting up a print job
can take a long time, there is literally no setup time for laser print output. Laser printing
technology is the most common technology for multimedia systems.
Laser Printing Technology
Print technologies have enhancements in the form of speed, resolution, dot size (for
greater clarity at higher resolutions), gray-scale printing, and color printing.These ongoing
enhancements are aimed at achieving the same level of quality and control obtained from an
offset press.
The basic components of the laser printer are:
Paper feed mechanism
Paper guide
Laser assembly
Corona assembly
Fuser
Toner cartridge
The paper feed mechanism moves the paper from a paper tray through the paper
path in the printer. The paper passes over a set of corona wires that induce a charge
the paper.
18
in
The charged paper passes over a drum coated with fine-grain carbon (toner), and the
toner attaches itself to the paper as a thin film of carbon. The paper is then struck by a
scanning laser beam that follows the pattern of the text or graphics to be printed.
Dye Sublimation Printer
A dye sublimation printer, has a thermal printing head with thousands of very tiny
heating
elements, plastic film transfer roll mounted on two rollers and a drum The
transfer roll film contains panels of cyan, magenta, yellow and black eyes.
During printing, individual heating elements can be heated to one of 256 different
temperature levels. The coils are heated to their individual temperature levels under program
control.
The cyan panel is rolled under the thermal printing head first. Tiny spots of cyan dye
from the panel get printer paper, which clings to the drum. The printer paper is coated with
polyester to help absorb the dye quickly. The hotter the temperature of the heating element,
the greater the dye vaporized resulting in a denser and larger dot.
The dye sublimation printer is very applicable to multimedia applications because it
prints in color, and the print quality is very high.
Graphic artists, advertising agencies, the film industry, whoever requires photographic
quality prints with continuous tone can use the printer.
Image Scanners
Scanners are quite popular for capturing images from hardcopy sources such as
books, magazines, letters, photographs and even camera slides. Scanners operate in similar
fashion to photocopier in that images are electronically captured with an array of light
19
sensors. The sensors convert light into color and light intensity one line at a time until the
complete document is viewed.
Types of Scanners
Flat-Bed Scanners
Rotary Drum Scanners
Handheld Scanners
Flat-Bed Scanners:
Flat-bed scanners are best suited for larger documents as well as books and other
odd-shaped source images.The scanning bed in the scanner, a glass plate, is utilized to
place a document for scanning.
A light source, a fluorescent lamp, is mounted on a traction mechanism which moves
from one end of the document to the other end during a scan session. Flatbed scanners are
the workhorses of document image scanning. For heavy-duty scanning operations, flatbed
scanners are fitted with sheet-feeding mechanisms that allow as many as 200 sheets to be
stacked. Typical scanning speeds range from 8 pages / minute to 30 pages / minute.
Rotary Drum Scanners:
A rotary drum scanner contains a drum in the paper transport system. It contains
feeder and stacking trays, and electronics interfaces. It addition to the feeder and stacking
trays, the scanner contains two sets of belts and three sets of roller guides to guide the
paper.The paper is fed from the feed tray and is clinched by the transport mechanism and
wrapped around the drum. The front side of the page is scanned in position 1 as it rolls
around the drum, and the back side of the page is scanned in position 2 as the transport
mechanism pulls the paper from the drum and ejects it out to the stacking tray.
Handheld Scanners:
Handheld scanners are used for casual use to capture a part of a page from a book, a
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manual, or newspapers. It can scan over an area as large as 8.5-inch x 50-inch withsensitive
color image sensor that scans at high 600dpi or standard 300dpi.Handheld scanners are
useful where the document cannot be placed on a flatbed scanner or for the convenience of
carrying a small light scanner.
Handheld scanners offer portability and the convenience of a simple device at a cost
lower than that of a flatbed scanner. There are some problems associated with handheld
scanners. A very steady hand is necessary to guide the scanning motion to avoid skewing,
poor registration, and improper alignment. Handheld scanners use a light bulb as a light
source to illuminate the scan line being scanned. The light is reflected from the document as
the user moves the scanner across the document.
A fixed CCD array absorbs the reflected light and generates analog voltage, which in turn
gets converted to a digital value.
Digital Voice and Audio
Audio is any sound output from a source. Digital audio is that, the audio signal
converted into 0s and 1s. Digital audio systems are designed to make use of the range of
human hearing frequency 20Hz to 20 KHz.
The quality of digital audio is characterized by the sampling rate, the sampling
resolution and the number of channels. The sampling rate determines the frequency
response of a digital audio system.
Frequency response refers to the range of frequencies that a medium can reproduce
accurately. The sampling resolution is the number of bits per sample. This determines the
dynamic range which describes the spectrum of the softest to the loudest sound amplitude
levels that a medium can reproduce.
One bit yields 6 dB of dynamic range. For example, 16-bit audio contributes 96dB of
Dynamic range found in CD-quality audio, which is nearly the dynamic range of human
hearing. Different system have different number of channels. For example, mono systems
have single channel, stereo system have two channels (left and right) and dolby surround
systems have 5.1 channels.
In this the five full range channels of audio includes three format channels (left,centre,
right and two surrounds) and a low frequency bass effect channel called the sub-woofer
which has only a limited frequency response of about 100 Hz.Hence, this sub-woofer is
sometimes referred to as the 1 channel. With the higher sampling rate, the more bits per
sample and the more channels, it renders higher quality of the digital audio. Therefore,
higher storage and bandwidth are required.
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requires specialized hardware and software for capture and playback. There are three
aspects of the digital audio video operation.
1. Capture - raw analog sources are digitized and compressed via hardware (audio and
video) or software (video).
2. Storage - files are stored and/or transmitted.
3. Playback - playback based on hardware or software digital to analog conversion.
quickly finding its way into homes and offices with the multimedia
revolution. It has become one of the important enabling technologies fusing together the
entertainment and computing
were first proposed in the United States in the 1960s, over the last decade Japan has clearly
pulled ahead in terms of development and production.
In view of the important role optical storage is likely to play in the future, it may be
critical for the data storage and optoelectronics industries to design a catch-up strategy.
CD-ROM
A CDROM (compact disk read-only memory), also written as CD-ROM, is a type of
optical storage media that allows data to be written to it only once.Storage refers to devices
or media that can retain data for relatively long periods of time (e.g., years or even decades).
This contrasts with memory, whose contents can be accessed (i.e., read and written to) at
extremely high speeds but which are retained only temporarily (i.e., while in use or only as
long as the power supply remains on).
Most storage devices and media are rewritable, including hard disk drives (HDDs),
floppy disks, USB (universal serial bus) key drives, magnetic tape and some types of optical
disks.
22
CD-ROM Standards:
The most popular way to organize data in CD-ROMs is according to the ISO 9660 standard.
ISO 9660 specifies a very minimal file system, which is even simpler than the one used by
MS-DOS.
This has the advantage of making it compatible with almost every operating system.
Additional benefits, including longer filenames and symbolic links, are provided by the Rock
Ridge extension.
The standard CDROM holds 650 or 700 megabytes (MB) of data, which, when
compressed, is comparable to the data than can be accommodated in printed books
occupying several hundred feet of shelf space. This, together with their low cost of
production, light weight (less than 30 grams) and durability, makes CD-ROMs a popular
means of distribution of software and storage of data.
DVDs (digital video disks or digital versatile disks) typically have a capacity at least 4.4 GB
of data, roughly seven times the amount of CD-ROMs.
DVD technology is similar to CD technology except that a higher precision laser is used,
which makes possible a higher recording density. As is the case with CDs, there are
rewritable DVDs and DVDs that can be written to only once (i.e., DVD-ROMs).
Mini Disk (MD)
Identification:
A mini disc itself is 2.5 inches in diameter and is encased in a hard plastic shell,
giving it a similar appearance to a computer floppy disc.
Function:
Once inserted into an MD player, a disc can record off of a microphone or other audio
player through a stereo coaxial connection. The recorded tracks can be labeled, move to
different positions on the disc or erased.
Time Frame:
A mini disc contains between 70 and 80 minutes worth of audio disc space, which can
be separated into as many tracks as desired.
History:
The mini disc was first released by Sony Electronics in 1992. Other manufacturers
like
Effects:
Mini discs can often be connected to computers through a player's USB connection
and
then share MP3 files. The computer will need driver software from the player's
manufacturer.
Potential:
23
Mini discs have not had mainstream popularity in Europe or America. However, they
have found a niche in portable live field recordings.
WORM Optical Drives
A storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers. Optical
disks can store much more data -- up to 6 gigabytes (6 billion bytes) -- than most portable
magnetic media, such as floppies.
There are three basic types of optical disks:
CD-ROM: Like audio CDs, CD-ROMs come with data already encoded onto them.
The data is permanent and can be read any number of times, but CD-ROMs cannot be
modified.
WORM: Stands for write-once, read -many. With a WORM disk drive, you can write
data
onto a WORM disk, but only once. After that, the WORM disk behaves just like a
CD-ROM.
Erasable: Optical disks that can be erased and loaded with new data, just like magnetic
disks. These are often referred to as EO (erasable optical) disks. These three technologies
are not compatible with one another; each requires a different type of disk drive and
disk.Even within one category, there are many competing formats, although CD-ROMs are
relatively standardized.
Rewritable Optical Disk Technologies
The two mainstream technologies for rewritable optical data storage are based on
magneto-optical (MO) and phase-change (PC) media. In both cases a focused laser beam is
used to raise the temperature of the medium beyond a certain critical temperature (i.e.,
melting and crystallization temperatures in the case of PC, and the Curie temperature in the
case of MO) for writing, erasure, and overwriting of data.
The readout of information from these media relies on the change of reflectivity of the
medium (PC), or the effect of the medium on the state of polarization of the laser
beam (MO).
The performance of these data storage systems is characterized by the storage
density of the media, achievable data rates during recording and readout, longevity,
reliability, and cost of the finished products.
Magneto-optical Technology:
As implied by the name, these drives use a hybrid of magnetic and optical
technologies, employing laser to read data on the disk, while additionally needing magnetic
field to write data. An MO disk drive is so designed that an inserted disk will be exposed to a
magnet on the label side and to the light (laser beam) on the opposite side. The disks, which
24
come in 3.5in and 5.25in formats, have a special alloy layer that has the property of
reflecting laser light at slightly different angles depending on which way it's magnetized, and
data can be stored on it as north and south magnetic spots, just like on a hard disk. While a
hard disk can be magnetized at any temperature, the magnetic coating used on MO media is
designed to be extremely stable at room temperature, making the data unchangeable unless
the disc is heated to above a temperature level called the Curie point, usually around 200
degrees centigrade. Instead of heating the whole disc, MO drives use a laser to target and
heat specific regions of magnetic particles. This accurate technique enables MO media to
pack in a lot more information than other magnetic devices. Once heated the magnetic
particles can easily have their direction changed by a magnetic field
generated by the
read/write head.
Phase Change Rewriteable Optical Disk:
A type of rewritable optical disk that employs the phase change recording method.
Using this technique, the disk drive writes data with a laser that changes spots on the
disk
re-
writable
optical disks.
Multifunction Drives:
The emergence of optical disk storage technology with high density and long lifetime
is a great event in information science and technology. Nowadays the high storage density
optical disks are the key devices for data storage at the dawn of a full-scale multimedia age.
The new storage media are still the bottleneck in high density optical storage. It is an
important task to search for new optical recording media with high performance and to
explore new preparation approaches to obtain high quality recording films. A series of
organic materials for optical storage have been studied for a long time, but only a few of
them have obtained practical application. For example, some cyanine and phthalocyanine
dyes have been used in recordable compact disks (CD-R). For erasable (or rewritable)
disks, the most applicable storage media are inorganic materials, such as magneto-optical
and phase change materials.
25
Multifunction Drives
Hierarchical Storage Management
Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) is a data storage technique which
automatically moves data between high-cost and low-cost storage media. HSM systems
exist because high-speed storage devices, such as hard disk drive arrays, are more
expensive (per byte stored) than slower devices, such as optical discs and magnetic tape
drives. While it would be ideal to have all data available on high-speed devices all the time,
this is prohibitively expensive for many organizations. Instead, HSM systems store the bulk
of the enterprise's data on slower devices, and then copy data to faster disk drives when
needed. In effect, HSM turns the fast disk drives into caches for the slower mass storage
devices.The HSM system monitors the way data is used and makes best guesses as to
which data can safely be moved to slower devices and which data should stay on the fast
devices.
Permanent vs. Transient Storage Issues:
There are endless threads on this (which admittedly are hard to find by searching) but
the general consensus AFAIK is that HDDs (with redundancy) are the most convenient and
reliable solution, followed by DVD-Rs (CD-R capacity is too low to be of much use these
days of RAW and high-MP images). As long as you spin a hard drive up every month or so
(which is probably not a problem if it's a backup device) and have a secondary backup
(because HDDs do go bad every now and then) you should be fine. I'd also avoid portable
HDDs and get a standard 3.5" drive in an external enclosure -- much more reliable and if the
power supply or plugs go bad you simply swap the drive into a new enclosure (for $20). The
problem with DVD-Rs is that they need good storage conditions and even then they can go
bad with no warning. Recovering data from a rotten DVD is next to impossible.
Online storage is too unreliable IMO (there have been instances of online storage
companies going under), ZIP drives are/were hopelessly unreliable, and the jury is
still
out on flash-memory based storage -- CF and SD cards are probably too delicate,but SSDs
could turn out to be a better bet for long-term storage.
Optical Disk Library (Jukebox):
Also called an "optical jukebox," it is an optical disk storage system that houses
multiple disc platters.It is similar to a music jukebox, except that instead of "playing one
tune," more than one drive can be used to read and write several discs simultaneously. Such
devices are made for rewritable optical discs, write once discs and CD-ROMs,
hold from a handful to several thousand discs or cartridges.
Hierarchical Storage Applications:
26
and can
recognizing virus behavior by observing disk I/O traffic directly. Several research questions
must be addressed before these benefits can be realized: how to correctly partition work
between the AV engine and the disk drive processor, how to design interfaces between the
operating system (OS) or host AV engine and the disk drive that provide satisfactory
performance without compromising security, and how to recognize malicious behavior based
on the dynamic analysis of low-level data accesses.
Cache Organization for Hierarchical Storage Systems:
We propose and analyze a two-level cache organization that provides high memory
bandwidth. The first-level cache is accessed directly by virtual addresses. It is small, fast,
and, without the burden of address translation, can easily be optimized to match the
processor speed. The virtually-addressed cache is backed up by a large physicallyaddressed cache; this second-level cache provides a high hit ratio and greatly reduces
memory traffic. We show how the second-level cache can be easily extended to solve the
synonym problem resulting from the use of a virtually-addressed cache at the first level.
Moreover, the second-level cache can be used to shield the virtually-addressed first
level cache from irrelevant cache coherence interference.
User
Application #1
Source
Manager
TWAIN
CODE
TWAIN
CODE
Remote
source
Local
Protocol Layer
Acquisition Layer
Local device
Device Layer
Network
29
It also specifies user interface guidelines to acquire data from the selected sources.
Protocol layer
The protocol layer is responsible for communication between the application and
acquisition
layer.
30
Device control
Acquisition of data from device
Transfer of data
Provision of user interface to control the device
Cue chunk
It identifies a series of position in the waveform data stream.
Playlist chunk
It specifies a play order for a series of cue points
Associated chunk
Provides the ability to attach information such as labels.
Instrumental chunk
The wave form is perfect file format for sorting a sampled sound synthesizers sample
31