Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Agenda
SEXI model
Toulmin model
Creating arguments
Refuting arguments
SEXI model
by unknown debater(Nu se stie cine a inventat sexi)
Explanation
E
x
Illustration
Explanation
E
x
Shows
desired
action &
main reason
Explains the
reasoning
behind
Statement
Validates
Explanation
Explanation
E
x
Illustration (Analogy)
Shows
desired
action &
main reason
Explains the
reasoning
behind
Statement
Validates
Explanation
Explanation
E
x
Illustration (Example)
Shows
desired
action &
main reason
Explains the
reasoning
behind
Statement
Validates
Explanation
Explanation
E
x
Illustration (Statistics)
Shows
desired
action &
main reason
Explains the
reasoning
behind
Statement
Validates
Explanation
Creating arguments
SEXI
vs.
Toulmin
Statement
Explanation
Illustration
Claim
Qualifier
Warrant
Support
Warrant
Backing
Rebuttals
Definition
(classification, definition, interpretation, meaning)
Fact
(true, real, fact, happened, exists)
Policy
(what should we do, why should we do, policy, actions to solve problem)
Value
(good or bad, beneficial or harmful, who says so, what value system should be used)
Argument by Aristotle
Atechnic based on facts (statistics, empirical studies, surveys
Discovered through research
Usage of Ethos
Ethos (person)
Especially needed if argument is very controversial
Usage of Pathos
Pathos (values)
Used to provide extra support to argument
Grammatical correctness
Appropriate word choice
Sentence structure
Metaphor, hyperbole, rhetorical questions, irony
Arrangement
Style
Memory
Delivery
Refuting arguments
Refute definitions
Look at the words used in the argument
Is there a single, clear meaning
Is that meaning clear to everyone
Seek ambiguity and uncertainty
Words with various definitions
Challenge expertise and assumptions of authority
Refute logics
Consider the rationale being used
Refute grounds
Consider data and evidence used
Show that there is not enough data
Show that some critical evidence is missing
Indicate how data that might refute the
argument is being ignored
Show how data is being misinterpreted or
misrepresented
Refute support
Look at the supporting statements to the
argument
Refute Warrant linking grounds to Claim
Refute Backing that supports Warrant
Challenge Qualifiers and floppy language
Appeal to tradition
Traditions are nice but they dont make argument all alone
Appeal to authority
Authorities are also nice, just nice
False dilemma
Some options given; however, there are more
Strawman
Refutes the weakest argument and states that all arguments are refused
False analogy
Even if two things seem similar, they might be not
Assertion
Asserting that something is true, right etc. without proving it
Refuting argument
De
Su
fin
pp
itio
or
ns
tu
us
se
ed
d
Groun
ds us
ed
Argument
ies
c
a
l
l
a
f
l
Logica
t
n
d
e
se
m
u
u
s
g
r
c
i
a
g
r
o
L
te
n
u
o
C
TIP: use many ways of refutation; however,
dont pick on too small details