S TO I C H I O M E T R I C R E L AT I O N S H I P S

Topic 1 Stoichiometric relationships

Activity answers (possible responses could include the following)
Page 4
1. energy provided to the system is being used to break down the intermolecular hydrogen bonds
between the H2O (l) molecules; discussion of latent heat of vaporisation;
2. water vapour results in more painful burns to the skin; boiling water and water vapour both have
a temperature of 100C; vaporisation is an endothermic process; condensation of water vapour on
the skin is an exothermic process;
3. the heat from the sun and warm air passing over the body increases the rate of evaporation from
the skin; evaporation is an endothermic process; water molecules leaving the surface of the skin
results in a loss of energy from the skin; the response of the human body is to shiver;
Page 11

a) yield examines the efficiency of the reaction in converting reactants to products under given
conditions; it makes no distinction between useful products and waste products produced
during a reaction; the atom economy may be poor if a reaction produces a high proportion of
products with little or no commercial value or application;

b) energy consumption and paper recycling industry; wood pulp, Green Chemistry, availability
and reserves of reactant materials;

Molecular mass of atoms of useful products

c) percentage atom economy = ____

100%
Molecular mass of atoms in reactants

Mr (CH3 (CH2)3 Br
= ____

(Molecular mass of atoms in reactants)

137.03
= ___

100% = 49.8%
(74.14 + 102.89 + 98.09)

Quick questions
Page 7

1. Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)

2. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (g)
_
3. CaCO (s) _
CaO(s) + CO (g)
3

Page 11

Type of
reaction
Combination
Decomposition
Combustion
Double Replacement
Neutralization

Equation
Number
1
2, 5, 9
3, 4, 6
8
7

1. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

2. 2NCl3(g) N2(g) + 3Cl2(g)

3. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

4. 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)

5. 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

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6. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

7. Ni(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) NiCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

8. 2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

9. Ca(OH)2(s) CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Page 16
a)
148.33 g mol-1
b)
105.99 g mol-1
c)
399.91 g mol-1
d)
256.56 g mol-1
e)
99.4 g mol-1
f)
162.12 g mol-1
g)
253.8 g mol-1
h)
246.52 g mol-1
i)
135.1 g mol-1
j)
141.94 g mol-1
Page 17
8.09
1. a) _

= 0.30 mol
26.98
9.8

b) _
= 0.01 mol
98.09
25.0

c) _
= 0.25 mol
100.09
279.94

d) _

= 0.70 mol
399.91
2. a) 0.150 28.02 = 4.20 g
b)
1.20 64.07 = 76.9 g

c)
0.710 310.18 = 220 g
d)
0.600 60.06 = 36.0 g

3. a) 2.00 6.02 1023 = 1.20 1024

b)
0.200 6.02 1023 = 1.20 1023
72.99

c) _

6.02 1023 = 2.71 1023

162.2
4.60

b) _

6.02 1023 = 6.02 1022

46.01
Page 22
1. a) O
2
b)
C4H10
c)
C4H10
d) O2
2. Na2CO3 is the limiting reagent; 5.0 g of CaCO3
3. a) 4KO2 + 2CO2 2K2CO3 + 2O2
b)
KO2 is the limiting reagent
c)
27.64 g K2CO3
d)
9.600 g O2
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S TO I C H I O M E T R I C R E L AT I O N S H I P S

4. a) HNO3 is in excess
b)
96.4 g
c)
9.34 g NO
5. a) MnO2 is the limiting reagent
b)
88.81%
Page 24
1. a) 4.0 g of C9H8O4
b)
Percentage yield 93%
2. 0.782 g of Na2CO3
3. a) Theoretical yield = 40.0 g
b)
Percentage yield = 70%
Page 26
113.5 dm3 of NH3 and 56.75 dm3 of CO2
Page 33
1. a) 98.09 g of H2SO4
2. 1.6 4 2.5 6.02 1023 = 9.6 1024

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End of topic questions (page 34)

1. a) 26.60 - 25.32 = 1.280 g
1.220
b) _

= 0.06770 mol
18.02

c)
25.32 - 24.10 = 1.220 g
1.22
d) _
= 0.01013 mol
120.38

e)
1:6.683
f)
MgSO4.7H2O
1.17
2. a) _

= 5.01 10-3 mol ( 5.02 10-3 mol also acceptable)

233.4
b) 5.01 10-3 mol (5.02 10-3 mol)

c) 2.50 10-3 mol (2.51 10-3 mol)

d) (i) Iron 55.85 2.50 10-3 = 0.140 g

(ii) Ammonium 18.05 5.01 10-3 = 0.0904 g

(iii) Sulfate 96.06 5.01 10-3 = 0.481 g

e) 0.982g - 0.711g = 0.271 g H2O;

0.271
_

= 1.50 10-2 mol

18.02
0.711
10-2 = 6
__

f) _

= 2.50 10-3 mol;

1.50

284.07
2.50 10-3
3. A

4. B
5. C
6. B
7. C

10.0 10
8. a) n(Cu2O) = _

= 69.9 mol
143.1
3
5.00 10
n(Cu2S) = _

= 31.4 mol
159.16
3

Cu2S is the limiting reagent

b)
n(Cu) = 6 n(Cu2S) = 6 31.4 = 188 mol
m(Cu) = 188 63.55 = 11947 g (11.9 kg);

9. a) C
N
H
62.0
24.1
13.9
_

= 5.16 _

= 1.72 _= 13.8;
12.01
14.01
1.01
C3NH8;

b) 
the average mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 of (the mass of) one atom of 12C which by
definition is taken as 12 or

average mass of a molecule/mass of 1/12 of one atom of 12C

c)
C6N2H16
10. empirical formula = CN

Mr = 51.9 g mol-1

:N

CC

N:

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11. a) to prevent (re)oxidation of the copper

b)
number of moles of oxygen = _
1.60

= 0.10
16.00
number of moles of copper = _
6.35

= 0.10
63.55
empirical formula = Cu (0.10) : O (0.10) = CuO
6.35
1.60
_
_

= 79.8%

= 20.2%
7.95
7.95
70.8
20.2= 1.29
_
_

= 1.25
63.5
16

c) H2 + CuO Cu + H2O

d) (black copper oxide) solid turns red/brown; condensation/water vapour (on sides of test tube);

12. a) M(BaSO4) = 137.34 + 32.06 + 4 (16.00) = 233.40 g mol-1

0.672 g
n(BaSO4) = __

= 0.00288 = 2.88 10-3 mol
233.40 g mol-1
b) n(alkali metal sulfate) = 0.00288 = 2.88 10-3 mol
0.502g
__
c) M = _
m

= 174.31 units: g mol-1

n= 0.00288
mol
(174 - (32 + (4 16)
___
d)
2(Ar) + 32 + 4(16) = 174, thus Ar = 39 or Ar =

= 39; Potassium (K);

2

e) K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)

13. A. (i) Mr(C7H6O3) = 138.13 g mol-1

3.15
n = _
= 2.28 10-2 mol
138.13
(ii) Mr(C9H8O4) = 180.17 g mol-1

m = 180.17 2.28 10-2 = 4.11g

(iii) percentage yield = _
2.50

100 = 60.8 %;
4.11
(iv) 3; percentage uncertainty = _
0.02

100 = 0.80 %
2.50
(v) sample contaminated with ethanoic acid / aspirin not dry / impure sample;
14. B. (i) 0.100 0.0285 = 2.85 10-3 mol
(ii) 2.85 10-3 mol

(iii) 63.55 2.85 10-3 = 0.181 g

0.181
(iv) _

100 = 39.7%
0.456
44.2 - 39.7
(v) __

100 = _
10%

44.2
10.2

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