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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Energy simulation and computational fluid dynamics
programs provide complementary information about
the performance of buildings. ES programs, such as
EnergyPlus (Crawley et al 2000), address the
performance of the building envelope, as well as the
heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC)
system, and provide the whole building energy
analysis.
Space-averaged indoor environmental
conditions, cooling/heating loads, coil loads, and
energy consumption can be obtained on an hourly or
sub-hourly basis for periods of time ranging from a
design day to a reference year or more. CFD
programs, on the other hand, make detailed
predictions of thermal comfort and indoor air quality
(IAQ), including the distributions of air velocity,
temperature, relative humidity and contaminant
concentrations. The distributions can be used further
qik
q
i =1
i ,c
Vroom C p T
t
q ik = h ik ,r (Ti Tk )
(1)
where
hik,r
where
N
q
i =1
i ,c
Ai
Ti
Tk
= air density
= room volume
= air specific heat
= temperature change of room air
= sampling time interval, normally one
hour
(4)
q i + q ir = q ik + q i ,c
And
Vroom
Cp
T
t
(3)
(2)
k =1
where
qi
= conductive heat flux on surface i
= radiative heat flux from internal heat
qir
sources and solar radiation
Principle of CFD
+ (V) - 2 = S
t
where
t
Coupling Approaches
(5)
= time
= Vj for the air velocity component in the j
direction
= 1 for mass continuity
= T for temperature
= C for different gas species
= turbulence parameters
= velocity vector
= diffusion coefficient
= source term
eff 1
Pr x
where
Cp
eff
Pr
(7)
h i ,c = C p
where
Cp
A
V
Tsupply
Toutlet
(8)
(6)
Illustration of Methodologies
One Step:
Static Coupling
ES
CFD
CFD
ES
Two Step:
ES
CFD
ES
CFD
ES
CFD
CFD
ES
CASE STUDY
Quasi-Dynamic Coupling:
ES
CFD
ES
1st step
CFD
2nd step
[A period of time]
Full Dynamic Coupling:
ES
CFD
ES
CFD
2nd step
Iterate till
convergence
1st step
Iterate till
convergence
[A period of time]
CFD
[Different situations]
Generate Functions
DataBase of Ti,air and hi,c
ES
[Year round]
3.2 m
3m
5.6 m
South Wall
Without CFD
With CFD
hi,c
(W/m2K)
2.41
4.37
Tr,i
(C)
0
-0.1077
Twall
(C)
9.62
11.65
Q
(W)
583
638
0.175
2300
Specific
heat
(J/kgK)
840
0.140
700
840
Thickness
(m)
Density
(kg/m3)
Thermal
cond
(W/mK)
1.9
0.23
700
Without CFD
With CFD
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Conduction[W]
Convection[W]
Radiation[W]
CONCLUSIONS
(1) It is beneficial to couple ES and CFD. Most
significant thermal and flow assumptions used by
individual ES and CFD programs can be eliminated
by coupled simulation due to the complementary
nature of the information provided by the programs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Beausoleil-Morrison I. (2000), The Adaptive
Coupling of Heat and Air Flow Modeling within
Dynamic Whole-Building Simulation, PhD Thesis,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow UK.