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Contents
Calculation Note for Random Stone Retaining Walls at South Marjaayoun 2
Embankment Reservoir......................................................................................4
1. Introduction...............................................................................................4
2. Computation Parameters..........................................................................4
2.1 Wall Properties....................................................................................4
2.2 Loads...................................................................................................5
2.3 Soil Parameters...................................................................................5
3. Random Stone Retaining Wall Design Method..........................................6
3.1 Calculation of Horizontal Thrust..........................................................7
3.1.1 Horizontal Active Soil Thrust............................................................8
3.1.2 Horizontal Active Surcharge Thrust..................................................9
3.2 Overturning Analysis...........................................................................9
3.3 Sliding Analysis.................................................................................10
3.4 Eccentricity of Resultant Forces Analysis..........................................11
3.5 Allowable Bearing Pressure Analysis.................................................11
4. Random Stone Retaining Wall Calculations.............................................13
4.1 Constants..........................................................................................13
4.2 Geometry of the Wall........................................................................13
4.3 Stability Check..................................................................................14
4.3.1 Combination 1................................................................................15
4.3.1.1 Soil Parameters...........................................................................15
4.3.1.2 Horizontal Thrust.........................................................................15
4.3.1.3 Overturning Analysis...................................................................16
4.3.1.4 Sliding Analysis............................................................................18
Page 1 of 88
Page 2 of 88
Page 3 of 88
2.Computation Parameters
The design of earth retaining walls requires the consideration of the
interaction between the ground and the structure. To perform the design of
the earth retaining walls a set of equilibrium calculations is to be done. Wall
properties, loads and soil characteristics are the main parameters to be taken
into consideration in designing the retaining walls.
2.1
Wall Properties
Random stone walls used for retaining the fill will be stone masonry walls
comprised of rock materials packed with mortar joints. According to Technical
Page 4 of 88
Specification Volume 2.2 Section 6, each stone shall be of minimum mass 500
kg and minimum dimension 600 mm.
The density of the designed wall was measured to be 2.4 Ton/m3 according to
laboratory test results (Appendix III).
The following figure represents the geometrical parameter of the retaining
wall:
2.2
Loads
2.3
Soil Parameters
According to laboratory test results (Appendix III), the soil parameters used for
the design of the retaining wall are:
1 Soil density:
4. Friction angle of soil:
s = 1.8 Ton/m3.
= 38o.
Page 5 of 88
Where set A includes the partial factors applied on actions or the effects of
actions (Appendix II, Table A.3), set M includes the partial factors applied for
soil parameters (Appendix II, Table A.4) and set R includes the partial
resistance factors (Appendix II, Tables A.13 and A.14).
Moreover, since the designed wall is located in an area affected by
earthquakes, another calculation must be performed to ensure the
functionality of the wall during and after an earthquake, without suffering
significant structural damage. This calculation was done according to BS
EN1998-5.
The two calculations according to BS EN1997-1 are used for static conditions,
whereas the calculation according to BS EN1998-5 is used for seismic
conditions.
The forces acting on the wall are mainly due to the soil retained behind the
wall along with the surcharge above it producing a horizontal thrust.
Page 6 of 88
3.1
The total horizontal thrust exerted on the retaining wall is the summation of
horizontal active soil thrust and horizontal active surcharge thrust as shown in
the following figure:
Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Phq:
Page 7 of 88
3.1.1
The retained soil will create earth pressure on the retaining wall that is known
as the active soil pressure resulting in a horizontal active soil thrust calculated
by the following equations:
2
K H
Phs= G o d (For StaticConditi ons)
2
Where
Phs:
Ko:
[Ton/ml]
K o=1sin '
Phs=
[Ton/m3]
d:
s:
Soil density
G:
H:
Height of Wall
( 1+K v ) K s H 2
2
= x s
[Ton/m3]
[m]
Where
Page 8 of 88
K:
K=
cos 2 ()
sin(+)sin()
cos cos (+) 1 +
cos (+)
where
tan =
Kh
1K v
Kh:
Kv:
3.1.2
The uniform surcharge pressure acting on the entire ground surface behind
the wall exerts a horizontal active surcharge pressure calculated by the
following equations:
[Ton/ml]
Q:
Surcharge Pressure
[Ton/m2]
Q:
Overturning Analysis
M r >M o
Where:
Page 9 of 88
Mr:
Resisting moment per linear meter of wall length
[Ton.m/ml]
Mo:
[Ton.m/ml]
W T = GW A
Where GW is the density of the retaining wall [Ton/m3] and A is the
cross sectional area of the wall [m2]
xCG:
[m]
M os=Phs
( H3 h)
[m]
Page 10 of 88
Moq:
length
M oq=Phq
H
h
2
( )
[Ton.m/ml]
[m]
The moment due to passive pressure is neglected. The reason is because with
a rotation type failure mode, the wall may not move enough laterally to
induce passive earth pressures.
3.3
Sliding Analysis
Sliding of the retaining wall occurs when the driving force (Pha) is greater than
the resisting force (Phr) according to the following equation:
Phr >Pha
Phr=' G W T (For StaticConditions)
Where:
:
tan '
Kv
W
Phr=
Where:
Page 11 of 88
tan
The horizontal passive soil thrust is a favorable action since it increases the
stability of the wall against sliding. However it was neglected since there
might be excavation behind the wall.
In some situations, there may be adhesion between the bottom of the
retaining wall and the bearing soil. This adhesion is often neglected because
the wall is designed for active pressures, which is typically developed when
there is wall translation. Translation of the wall will break the adhesive forces
between the bottom of the wall and the bearing soil and therefore adhesion is
often neglected.
3.4
The eccentricity (e) of the resultant forces acting on the base of the wall from
center of the base must fall in the middle one third of the wall base as shown
in the following equation:
B
B
e
6
6
Where:
B:
e:
[m]
[m]
B
e= x where x is the difference in the opposing moments
2
divided by WT
x =
M r M o
WT
[m]
Page 12 of 88
3.5
Failure of the soil under the base of the retaining wall occurs when the
bearing pressure () under the base of the wall is greater than the design
allowable bearing pressure of soil (qa), or when there is tension at the base.
Hence, the following equations shall be satisfied:
'
max <q a
min >0
Where:
'
q a=
qa
(For StaticConditions)
R
Where:
qa:
[Ton/m2]
G W T
6e
1
(For Static Conditions)
B
B
WT
6e
1
( For Seismic Conditions )
B
B
( )
( )
Page 13 of 88
4.1
Constants
4.2
GW = 2.40 Ton/m3
Q = 0.50 Ton/m2
s = 1.80 Ton/m3
= 38
qa = 35.00 Ton/m2
Page 14 of 88
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
10.50
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.68
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.60
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.48
4.00
5.00
5.50
6.00
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.05
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.94
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.43
2.82
3.56
3.92
4.28
2.51
2.81
2.98
3.27
3.36
16.10
20.34
26.05
31.53
35.13
4.3
Stability Check
Page 15 of 88
4.3.1
4.3.1.1
Combination 1
Soil Parameters
The soil parameters integrated in all the calculations depend mainly on the
combination chosen. For combination 1, set M1, the partial factors for soil
parameters are as follows according to table A.4 (Appendix II):
Weight Density:
=1
=1
'
Soil Density:
Friction Coefficient:
d = s=1.80
4.3.1.2
tan
=38 . 00
'
'
1
=tan
tan '=tan
Ton/m3
'
'=tan =0.78
'
K o=1sin =0.38
Horizontal Thrust
Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Phq:
Where:
Page 16 of 88
G K o d H
Phs=
2
Knowing that:
G
=
1.35 (A lateral earth load is an unfavorable
action as it causes the wall to have a greater tendency to
overturn, according to table A.3, Appendix II)
Ko
0.38
1.80 Ton/m3
Phq=Q K o QH
Knowing that:
Q
=
1.5 (Surcharge is an unfavorable action as it
increases the tendency of the wall to overturn, according to
table A.3, Appendix II)
Q
0.5 Ton/m2
Horizontal Active
Surcharge Thrust (Phq)
[Ton/ml]
Horizontal Thrust (Pha)
[Ton/ml]
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
22.88
29.89
37.82
46.70
51.48
2.02
2.31
2.59
2.88
3.03
24.90
32.19
40.42
49.58
54.51
Page 17 of 88
4.3.1.3
Overturning Analysis
Taking into consideration the moments about the toe of the retaining wall
(Point O, Figure 02), the overturning moments shall satisfy the following:
M r >M o
Where:
M r= G W T x CG
Knowing that:
G
=
1 (The weight of the wall is a favorable action as
increasing the weight of the wall increases its stability,
according to table A.3, Appendix II)
WT
GW A
[Ton/ml]
GW
2.40 Ton/m3
xCG
[m]
M o=M os +M oq
Knowing that:
M os
M oq
h
Phs
H
h
3
( )
Phq
[Ton.m/ml]
( H2 h)
[Ton.m/ml]
Page 18 of 88
The following table represents the values of the resisting and overturning
moments corresponding to the different sections available:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32
45.45
67.80
94.64
130.11
149.46
Surcharge Thrust
Overturning Moment per
Linear Meter of Wall
Length (Moq) [Ton.m/ml]
6.36
8.31
10.38
12.84
14.08
51.81
76.11
105.02
142.95
163.54
93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
As summarized in the above table, the resisting moment is much greater than
the overturning moment for all the sections and thus the geometry of the wall
is sufficient for resisting overturning using combination 1 calculation.
4.3.1.4
Sliding Analysis
The Sliding of the retaining wall occurs when the driving force (Pha) is greater
than the resisting force (Phr) according to the following equation:
Phr >Pha
Where:
Phr=' G W T
Knowing that:
Page 19 of 88
G
=
1 (The weight of the wall is a favorable action as
increasing the weight of the wall increases its stability,
according to table A.3, Appendix II)
0.78
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
24.90
32.19
40.42
49.58
54.51
30.19
38.14
48.85
59.12
65.88
The resisting force is greater than the driving force for all the above sections
and thus the geometry of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding using
combination 1 calculation.
Page 20 of 88
4.3.1.5
B
e= x
2
[m]
Where:
x =
M r M o
WT
The obtained eccentricity results in the following table should satisfy the
following condition:
Section
B
B
e
6
6
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
() [m]
1.09
1.26
1.88
2.03
2.34
0.65
0.74
0.62
0.72
0.66
(B/6) [m]
0.58
0.67
0.83
0.92
1.00
The eccentricity for all the sections almost satisfies the above condition, thus
the line of action of forces falls within the middle third of the base as
calculated for combination 1.
4.3.1.6
max <q'a
min >0
Where:
Page 21 of 88
'
q a=
qa
R
Knowing that:
qa
35 Ton/m2
G W T
6e
1
B
B
( )
Knowing that:
G
=
1.35 (The weight of the wall is an unfavorable
action as increasing the weight of the wall increases the
bearing pressure, according to table A.3, Appendix II)
The table below summarizes the obtained results:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
Minimum Bearing
Pressure (min) [Ton/m2.ml]
-1.86
-1.89
4.41
3.98
6.40
Maximum Bearing
Pressure (max) [Ton/m2.ml]
31.81
34.84
29.35
33.16
31.54
The bearing pressure almost satisfies the above conditions for all the sections
and thus the allowable bearing pressure of the soil beneath the wall is enough
for resisting bearing pressures using combination 1 calculation.
Page 22 of 88
4.3.2
4.3.2.1
Combination 2
Soil Parameters
The soil parameters integrated in all the calculations depend mainly on the
combination chosen. For combination 2, set M2, the partial factors for soil
parameters are as follows according to table A.4 (Appendix II):
Weight Density:
=1
=1.25
'
Soil Density:
d = s=1.80
Friction Coefficient:
'
4.3.2.2
Ton/m3
1
tan
=32. 01
'
'
'=tan =0.63
K o=1sin ' =0.47
Horizontal Thrust
Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Phq:
Where:
Page 23 of 88
G K o d H
Phs=
2
Knowing that:
Ko
0.47
1.80 Ton/m3
Phq=Q K o QH
Knowing that:
Q
0.5 Ton/m2
Horizontal Active
Surcharge Thrust (Phq)
[Ton/ml]
Horizontal Thrust (Pha)
[Ton/ml]
4.3.2.3
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
20.73
27.07
34.26
42.30
46.63
2.14
2.44
2.75
3.05
3.21
22.86
29.51
37.01
45.35
49.84
Overturning Analysis
Taking into consideration the moments about the toe of the retaining wall
(Point O, Figure 02), the overturning moments shall satisfy the following:
M r >M o
Page 24 of 88
Where:
M r= G W T x CG
Knowing that:
G
WT
=
=
GW A
[Ton/ml]
GW
2.40 Ton/m3
xCG
[m]
M o=M os +M oq
Knowing that:
M os
M oq
h
Phs
H
h
3
( )
Phq
[Ton.m/ml]
H
h
2
( )
[Ton.m/ml]
The following table represents the values of the resisting and overturning
moments corresponding to the different sections available:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32
41.17
61.42
85.72
117.86
135.38
Page 25 of 88
6.74
8.80
11.00
13.60
14.93
47.91
70.22
96.73
131.46
150.30
93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
As summarized in the above table, the resisting moment is much greater than
the overturning moment for all the sections and thus the geometry of the wall
is sufficient for resisting overturning using combination 2 calculation.
4.3.2.4
Sliding Analysis
The Sliding of the retaining wall occurs when the driving force (Pha) is greater
than the resisting force (Phr) according to the following equation:
Phr >Pha
Where:
Phr=' G W T
Knowing that:
G
0.63
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
22.86
29.51
37.01
45.35
49.84
Page 26 of 88
[Ton/ml]
Resisting Sliding Force
(Phr) [Ton/ml]
24.15
30.51
39.08
47.29
52.70
The resisting force is greater than the driving force for all the above sections
and thus the geometry of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding using
combination 2 calculation.
4.3.2.5
B
e= x
2
[m]
Where:
B=
x =
M r M o
WT
The obtained eccentricity results in the following table should satisfy the
following condition:
Section
B
B
e
6
6
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
() [m]
1.19
1.38
2.02
2.18
2.49
0.55
0.62
0.48
0.57
0.51
(B/6) [m]
0.58
0.67
0.83
0.92
1.00
The eccentricity for all the sections satisfies the above condition, thus the line
of action of forces falls within the middle third of the base as calculated for
combination 2.
4.3.2.6
'
max <q a
min >0
Where:
'
q a=
qa
R
Knowing that:
qa
35 Ton/m2
G W T
6e
1
B
B
( )
Knowing that:
G
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
Minimum Bearing
Pressure (min) [Ton/m2.ml]
0.55
0.81
5.26
5.23
6.95
Maximum Bearing
Pressure (max) [Ton/m2.ml]
21.63
23.60
19.75
22.29
21.16
The bearing pressure satisfies the above conditions for all the sections and
thus the allowable bearing pressure of the soil beneath the wall is enough for
resisting bearing pressures using combination 2 calculation.
Page 28 of 88
4.3.3
4.3.3.1
Seismic Calculation
Soil Parameters
The soil parameters integrated in all seismic calculations are used by their
characteristic values as described in section 4.1 of this calculation note.
Moreover, seismic coefficients will be used in the below calculations. These
coefficients are as follows according to the final detailed design report for
Conveyor 800 Project, Section 5.9:
K h=0.13
2
K v = K h=0.09
3
Characteristic Friction
=tan =0.78
Coefficient:
2
= =25.33
3
=tan
Kh
=8 . 10
1K v
( )
K=
cos 2 ()
sin(+)sin()
cos (+)
=0.30
Page 29 of 88
4.3.3.2
Horizontal Thrust
Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Phq:
Where:
Phs=
( 1+K v ) K s H 2
2
Knowing that:
Kv
0.09
0.30
1.80 Ton/m3
0.5 Ton/m2
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
14.55
19.01
24.06
29.70
32.75
Page 30 of 88
Horizontal Active
Surcharge Thrust (Phq)
[Ton/ml]
Horizontal Thrust (Pha)
[Ton/ml]
4.3.3.3
1.16
1.32
1.49
1.65
1.73
15.71
20.33
25.54
31.35
34.48
Overturning Analysis
Taking into consideration the moments about the toe of the retaining wall
(Point O, Figure 02), the overturning moments shall satisfy the following:
M r >M o
Where:
M r=W T x CG
Knowing that:
WT
GW A
[Ton/ml]
GW
2.40 Ton/m3
xCG
[m]
M os
M oq
Phs
( H3 h)
Phq
[Ton.m/ml]
H
h
2
( )
[Ton.m/ml]
Page 31 of 88
Kh
0.13
yCG
[m]
The following table represents the values of the resisting and overturning
moments corresponding to the different sections available:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32
28.91
43.13
60.20
82.76
95.07
Surcharge Thrust
Overturning Moment per
Linear Meter of Wall
Length (Moq) [Ton.m/ml]
3.64
4.76
5.94
7.35
8.06
53.30
77.63
109.68
147.98
171.21
93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
As summarized in the above table, the resisting moment is much greater than
the overturning moment for all the sections and thus the geometry of the wall
is sufficient for resisting overturning under seismic conditions.
4.3.3.4
Sliding Analysis
The Sliding of the retaining wall occurs when the driving force (Pha) is greater
than the resisting force (Phr) according to the following equation:
Page 32 of 88
Phr >Pha
Where:
Kv
W
Phr =
Knowing that:
0.78
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
15.71
20.33
25.54
31.35
34.48
22.55
28.49
36.49
44.16
49.21
The resisting force is greater than the driving force for all the above sections
and thus the geometry of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding under
seismic conditions.
4.3.3.5
B
e= x
2
[m]
Where:
x =
M r M o
WT
Page 33 of 88
The obtained eccentricity results in the following table should satisfy the
following condition:
B
B
e
6
6
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
() [m]
1.05
1.23
1.81
1.96
2.25
0.69
0.77
0.69
0.79
0.75
(B/6) [m]
0.58
0.67
0.83
0.92
1.00
The eccentricity for all the sections almost satisfies the above condition, thus
the line of action of forces falls within the middle third of the base as
calculated under seismic conditions.
4.3.3.6
max <q'a
min >0
Where:
'
q a=q a
Knowing that:
qa
35 Ton/m2
WT
6e
1
B
B
( )
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
-2.11
-1.97
2.15
1.95
3.46
Page 34 of 88
24.30
26.38
22.86
25.56
24.64
The bearing pressure almost satisfies the above conditions for all the sections
and thus the allowable bearing pressure of the soil beneath the wall is enough
for resisting bearing pressures under seismic conditions.
Page 35 of 88
5.Appendixes
5.1
The following figures show the plan layout and the different sections of the
retaining wall:
Page 36 of 88
Page 37 of 88
5.2
The following tables represent the partial factors on actions or the effects of
actions (Table A.3), the partial factors for soil parameters (Table A.4), the
partial resistance factors for retaining structures (Table A.13) and the partial
resistance factors for slopes and overall stability (Table A.14).
The tables are presented in Annex A of BS EN1997.
Page 38 of 88
Page 39 of 88
5.3
The values of the angle of friction of soil and the unit weight of the retaining
wall and of the retained soil were computed according to tests done in our
laboratory.
The test results are listed below:
Page 40 of 88
5.3.1
Page 41 of 88
Page 42 of 88
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5.3.2
Page 44 of 88
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5.3.3
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5.3.4
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Page 72 of 88
5.4
The allowable bearing pressure (qa) was calculated according to the following
equation of BS EN1997:
'
'
'
q a=q N q bq sq iq +0.5 d B N b s i
Where:
d:
q:
Design effective overburden pressure at the level of wall base
[Ton/m2]
'
q = d t
Nq,:
N q=e
'
tan
'
tan (45+ )
2
2
N =2(N q 1) tan
bq,:
bq =b (1 tan ')2
sq,:
'
[m]
Shape factors
s q=s =1
iq,:
F
i q=(1 H )
FV
FH
i =(1 )
FV
F H =F hs+F hq
[Ton/ml]
K o d H 2
Fhs =
2
[Ton/ml]
Fhq =K o QH
[Ton/ml]
Ko:
Q:
H:
Height of Wall
FV =W T =GW A
B:
WT:
GW:
A:
[m]
[Ton/ml]
[m2]
[m]
'
B =B2e
B:
e:
[m]
[m]
Page 74 of 88
M M Fo
B
e= x where x = Fr
is the difference in the
2
WT
opposing moments divided by WT
[m]
M Fr =F V x CG
M Fo=F hs
[Ton.m/ml]
( H3 h)+F ( H2 h)
hq
[Ton.m/ml]
xCG:
h:
Inclination height
[m]
Substituting the above values, the following table summarizes the results of
the allowable bearing pressure (qa) for each different wall section:
Page 75 of 88
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.69
1.8
16.95
22.14
28.02
34.59
38.14
1.35
1.54
1.73
1.92
2.02
18.29
23.68
29.75
36.51
40.15
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32
Factors
Bearing Capacity Factor (Nq)
48.93
48.93
48.93
48.93
48.93
74.90
74.90
74.90
74.90
74.90
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
37.91
55.76
77.02
104.94
120.10
93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
() [m]
1.45
1.67
2.33
2.53
2.85
0.29
0.33
0.17
0.22
0.15
2.90
3.35
4.66
5.06
5.71
59.10
60.28
67.54
43.73
46.08
Page 76 of 88
As a result, a minimum value for the allowable bearing pressure was assumed
to be 35 Ton/m2.
Moreover, as recommended by the Engineer, the wall is laid on soil
replacement fill with an average of depth 3.5 meters beneath heel of wall, and
thus the allowable bearing pressure is achieved.
Page 77 of 88
5.5
Internal stability check should be studied to avoid the failure of the retaining
wall and to ensure that all the stones comprising the wall are acting together.
Knowing that the minimum thickness of the stones used in the construction of
the retaining wall is 60cm, it is enough to study the stability of the retaining
wall against sliding across the joints, i.e. every 60cm. Moreover, since the
stones in each row are of variable thicknesses, this will create keys between
rows that will produce additional sliding resistance.
Referring to this calculation note, combination 1 has shown to be the most
critical regarding stability against sliding, so the internal stability checks
against sliding can be performed only on this combination.
Considering (i) to be the height from the top of the wall, the resisting force
against sliding at height (i), (Phr(i)), must be greater than the sliding force at
the same height, (Pha(i)), according to the following equation:
W T (i)
GW
=
=
GW A (i )
[Ton/ml]
2.40 Ton/m3
A(i)
=
Cross sectional area from the top of the wall to
height i from top of wall
[m2]
0.78
G K o d i
Phs(i)=
2
Knowing that:
G
=
1.35 (A lateral earth load is an unfavorable
action as it causes the wall to have a greater tendency to
overturn, according to table A.3, Appendix II)
Ko
0.38
1.80 Ton/m3
Phq(i) = Q K o Qi
Knowing that:
Q
=
1.5 (Surcharge is an unfavorable action as it
increases the tendency of the wall to overturn, according to
table A.3, Appendix II)
Q
0.5 Ton/m2
The sliding force is independent of the geometry of the section but yet
depends on the height at which the force is calculated. Consequently the
sliding force results are the same for all sections at each height.
Whereas the resisting force depends on the area of section from top of wall to
height i, and for simplicity the calculation will be applied only for the smallest
area.
Substituting the corresponding values in the above equations, the following
table is obtained:
Page 79 of 88
A(i)
WT(i)
Phr(i)
Phs(i)
Phq(i)
Pha(i)
[m2]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
i = 0.6 m
0.59
1.41
1.10
0.17
0.17
0.34
i = 1.2 m
1.31
3.15
2.46
0.67
0.35
1.02
i = 1.8 m
2.21
5.30
4.14
1.51
0.52
2.03
i = 2.4 m
3.27
7.86
6.14
2.69
0.69
3.38
i = 3.0 m
4.51
10.82
8.46
4.20
0.86
5.07
i = 3.6 m
5.92
14.20
11.09
6.05
1.04
7.09
i = 4.2 m
7.49
17.98
14.05
8.24
1.21
9.45
i = 4.8 m
9.24
22.17
17.32
10.76
1.38
12.14
i = 5.4 m
11.15
26.77
20.91
13.62
1.56
15.17
i = 6.0 m
13.22
31.73
24.79
16.81
1.73
18.54
i = 6.6 m
15.31
36.75
28.71
20.34
1.90
22.24
i = 7.2 m
17.71
42.51
33.21
24.21
2.08
26.28
i = 7.8 m
20.59
49.42
38.61
28.41
2.25
30.66
i = 8.4 m
23.59
56.62
44.24
32.95
2.42
35.37
i = 9.0 m
26.89
64.54
50.42
37.82
2.59
40.42
i = 9.6 m
30.49
73.18
57.17
43.04
2.77
45.80
The resisting force is greater than the driving force at all the heights, thus the
internal stability of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding.
As mentioned in the method statement of the earth embankment reservoirs,
the construction of the wall must be followed by successive backfilling behind
the rock layers, and thus precautions must be taken into consideration
so that the compaction procedure does not affect the internal
stability of the wall. To ensure that, roller must be kept at a distance
d from the back of the wall, where d is calculated as per the
Page 80 of 88
F s=
KoN
d +0.5 b
Knowing that:
Fs
[Ton/ml]
Weight of Roller
Ko
Width of Roller
[Ton]
[m]
Page 81 of 88
5.6
Page 82 of 88
Page 83 of 88
Page 84 of 88
Page 85 of 88
5.7
5.7.1
1
2
Ed = ( 1K v ) K H
2
Where:
H:
Wall height
: Soil unit weight
[m]
[Ton/m3] (Defined below in
Equation E.5, Annex E)
Kv:
K:
Earth pressure coefficient (static + dynamic)
section 5.6.3)
(Defined below in
Page 86 of 88
Phs =
( 1+K v ) K s H 2
2
(Defined above in section 3.1.1), will ensure a safe design as the value of the
unfavorable action is being increased.
5.7.2
The vertical force representing the seismic action (Kv Q) is considered acting
downward so as to increase the unfavorable horizontal active surcharge
thrust, thus the total surcharge load is (1+Kv)Q and the horizontal active
surcharge thrust defined in section 3.1.2 was calculated according to the
following formula:
sin2 ( +'d )
K=
'
d
'
d
sin( + d )sin( )
sin( d )sin(+ )
Where:
'd :
Page 87 of 88
'
d =tan
tan '
'
( )
'
'
: Design Value of the Friction Angle between the soil and the wall
d=tan
tan
'
( )
: Angle defined as
tan =
Kh
(Since increasing
1Kv
increases the
defined
tan =
, and thus we
Kh
)
1K v
Kh:
Kv:
: Inclination Angle of the Back of the Wall from the Horizontal Line
Page 88 of 88
'
= ' = =
d
d
' =1
=90
=0
The above formula may be written as:
sin2 (90 +)
K=
sin (+)sin(0)
cos sin 90 sin(90 ) 1+
sin (90 )sin(90 +0 )
2
Knowing that
cos 2 ()
K=
sin(+)sin()
cos cos (+) 1 +
cos (+)
5.7.4
Overturning moment
The overturning moment is the sum of the moments due to the horizontal
active soil thrust, horizontal active surcharge thrust and horizontal and
vertical seismic forces resulting from the weight of the wall.
Since the overturning moment is unfavorable action, then the moments due to
the seismic forces are taken positive, thus the vertical force (Kv WT) is
considered acting downward, whereas the horizontal force (Kh WT) is
considered acting opposing the toe of the wall.
Page 89 of 88
As a result, the overturning moment (Mo) defined in section 3.2 above is:
Resisting Force
The force resisting sliding is equal to the product of the gravity force due to
the weight of the wall and a friction coefficient for soil. Under seismic state,
the weight of the wall produces additional vertical force (Kv WT) and horizontal
force (Kh WT). In this case, the vertical seismic force was considered acting
upward and the horizontal force acting toward the toe of the wall since the
resisting force is a favorable action.
As a result, the resisting force (Phr) defined in section 3.3 above is:
Kv
W
Phr=
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