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Thermochemistry
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Chemical energy :
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + energy (heat)
The universe can be divided into two parts :
the system (reactants/products of the reaction)
& surroundings (everything else).
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R = 0.08206 Latm/Kmol
= 8.3145 J/Kmol
<0
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9.2 Enthalpy ()
H = E + PV
H : enthalpy, E : internal energy
P, V : properties of the system
H, E, P, & V are all state functions.
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H = qP.
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At constant pressure (where only PV work is allowed) the change in enthalpy (H) of the system is
equal to the energy flow as heat (qP) from the above.
H = Hproducts Hreactants (for a chemical reaction
the enthalpy change)
H > 0 endothermic; H < 0 exothermic.
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CO2 v.s. N2
R=8.3145 J/Kmol
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H T (PV = nRT)
Proportional constant
CP
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(constant P)
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H = nCPT = qP
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(constant V)
E = qV = nCVT
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(constant V)
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(constant P)
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E1 = E2 & H1 = H2
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9.4 Calorimetry
Calorimeter : a device to determine the heat
associated with a chemical reaction experimentally
(temp change & energy absorbed).
C (heat capacity) = heat absorbed/increase in temp
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H = qP
= -198 kJ
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Explanations :
1. Large heat capacity of feet because of water.
2. Although the surface of the coals has a very high
temp, the red-hot layer is very thin. Temp reflects
the intensity of the random kinetic energy in a
given sample of matter. The amount of energy
available for heat flow, depends on the quantity
of matter at a given temp.
3. Vaporization of the moisture consumes some of
the energy from the hot coals.
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Summary :
key concepts for doing enthalpy calculations
When a reaction is reversed, the magnitude of H
remains the same, but the sign changes.
When the balanced eq for a reaction is multiplied
by an integer, the value of H must be multiplied
by the same integer.
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()
()
()
()
()
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Possible solution:
H2(g) + M(s) MH2(s)
MH2(s) M(s) + H2(g)
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