Australia - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

3/12/2015
AustraliaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Australia
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Australia(/streli/,//,colloquially/j/),[10][11]
officiallytheCommonwealthofAustralia,[12]isan
Oceaniancountrycomprisingthemainlandofthe
Australiancontinent,theislandofTasmania,and
numeroussmallerislands.Itistheworld'ssixthlargest
countrybytotalarea.Neighbouringcountriesinclude
PapuaNewGuinea,IndonesiaandEastTimortothe
norththeSolomonIslandsandVanuatutothenorth
eastandNewZealandtothesoutheast.
Foratleast40,000years[13]beforethefirstBritish
settlementinthelate18thcentury,[14][15]Australiawas
inhabitedbyindigenousAustralians,[16]whospoke
languagesgroupedintoroughly250language
groups.[17][18]AftertheEuropeandiscoveryofthe
continentbyDutchexplorersin1606,Australia'seastern
halfwasclaimedbyGreatBritainin1770andinitially
settledthroughpenaltransportationtothecolonyofNew
SouthWalesfrom26January1788.Thepopulationgrew
steadilyinsubsequentdecadesthecontinentwas
exploredandanadditionalfiveselfgoverningcrown
colonieswereestablished.On1January1901,thesix
coloniesfederated,formingtheCommonwealthof
Australia.Sincefederation,Australiahasmaintaineda
stableliberaldemocraticpoliticalsystemthatfunctions
asafederalparliamentarydemocracyandconstitutional
monarchycomprisingsixstatesandseveralterritories.
Thepopulationof23.6million[5]ishighlyurbanisedand
heavilyconcentratedintheeasternstatesandonthe
coast.[19]
Australiaisadevelopedcountryandoneofthe
wealthiestintheworld,withtheworld's12thlargest
economy.In2014Australiahadtheworld'sfifthhighest
percapitaincome.[20]Australia'smilitaryexpenditureis
theworld's13thlargest.Withthesecondhighesthuman
developmentindexglobally,Australiarankshighlyin
manyinternationalcomparisonsofnationalperformance,
suchasqualityoflife,health,education,economic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia
CommonwealthofAustralia
Flag
Coatofarms
Anthem:"AdvanceAustraliaFair"[N1]
Capital
Canberra
3518.48S1497.47E
Largestcity
Sydney
Officiallanguages
None[N2]
Nationallanguage
English[N2]
Demonym
Australian
Aussie(colloquial)[3][4]
Government
Monarch
GovernorGeneral
PrimeMinister
ChiefJustice
Federalparliamentary
constitutionalmonarchy
ElizabethII
SirPeterCosgrove
MalcolmTurnbull
RobertFrench
Legislature
Upperhouse
Lowerhouse
Parliament
Senate
HouseofRepresentatives
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freedom,andtheprotectionofcivillibertiesandpolitical
rights.[21]AustraliaisamemberoftheUnitedNations,
G20,CommonwealthofNations,ANZUS,Organisation
forEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),
WorldTradeOrganization,AsiaPacificEconomic
Cooperation,andthePacificIslandsForum.
Contents
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Europeanarrival
2.3 Colonialexpansion
2.4 Nationhood
3 Government
4 Statesandterritories
IndependencefromtheUnitedKingdom
Federation,
1January1901
Constitution
Statuteof
9October1942 (witheffect
Westminster
from3September1939)
AdoptionAct
AustraliaAct
Area
Total
23,980,500[5](51st)
2011census
21,507,717[6]
Density
2.8/km2(233rd)
7.3/sqmi
GDP(PPP)
Total
2015estimate
Percapita
$47,318[7](17th)
GDP(nominal)
Total
2015estimate
Percapita
$51,642[7](9th)
Gini(2012)
33.6[8]
medium19th
HDI(2013)
0.933[9]
veryhigh2nd
Currency
Australiandollar(AUD)
Timezone
various[N3]
(UTC+8to+10.5)
Summer(DST)
various[N3](UTC+8to
+11.5)
Dateformat
ddmmyyyy
Drivesonthe
left
Callingcode
+61
ISO3166code
AU
InternetTLD
.au
7 Environment
7.1 Environmentalissues
8 Economy
9 Demographics
9.1 Language
9.2 Religion
7,692,024km2(6th)
2,969,907sqmi
Population
2015estimate
5 Foreignrelationsandmilitary
6 Geographyandclimate
3March1986
$1.137trillion[7](19th)
$1.241trillion[7](12th)
9.3 Education
9.4 Health
10 Culture
10.1 Arts
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10.1 Arts
10.2 Media
10.3 Cuisine
10.4 Sportandrecreation
11 Seealso
12 Notes
13 References
14 Bibliography
15 Furtherreading
16 Externallinks
Name
ThenameAustralia(pronounced[stlj,li]inAustralianEnglish,[22])isderivedfromtheLatinTerra
Australis("southernland")anameusedforputativelandsinthesouthernhemispheresinceancient
times.[23]TheearliestrecordeduseofthewordAustraliainEnglishwasin1625in"AnoteofAustraliadel
EsprituSanto,writtenbySirRichardHakluyt",publishedbySamuelPurchasinHakluytusPosthumus,a
corruptionoftheoriginalSpanishname"AustrialiadelEsprituSanto"(SouthernLandoftheHoly
Spirit)[24][25][26]foranislandinVanuatu.[27]TheDutchadjectivalformAustralischewasusedinaDutch
bookinBatavia(Jakarta)in1638,torefertothenewlydiscoveredlandstothesouth.[28]Thefirsttimethat
thenameAustraliaappearstohavebeenofficiallyusedwasinadespatchtoLordBathurstof4April1817
inwhichGovernorLachlanMacquarieacknowledgesthereceiptofCapt.Flinders'chartsofAustralia.[29]
On12December1817,MacquarierecommendedtotheColonialOfficethatitbeformallyadopted.[30]In
1824,theAdmiraltyagreedthatthecontinentshouldbeknownofficiallyasAustralia.[31]
History
Prehistory
HumanhabitationoftheAustraliancontinentisestimatedtohavebegunbetween42,000and48,000years
ago,[32][33]possiblywiththemigrationofpeoplebylandbridgesandshortseacrossingsfromwhatisnow
SouthEastAsia.ThesefirstinhabitantsmayhavebeenancestorsofmodernIndigenousAustralians.[34]At
thetimeofEuropeansettlementinthelate18thcentury,mostIndigenousAustralianswerehunter
gatherers,withacomplexoralcultureandspiritualvaluesbasedonreverenceforthelandandabeliefin
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theDreamtime.TheTorresStraitIslanders,ethnicallyMelanesian,wereoriginallyhorticulturalistsand
huntergatherers.[35]ThenortherncoastsandwatersofAustraliawerevisitedsporadicallybyfishermen
fromMaritimeSoutheastAsia.[36]
Europeanarrival
ThefirstrecordedEuropeansighting
oftheAustralianmainland,andthe
firstrecordedEuropeanlandfallon
theAustraliancontinent,are
attributedtotheDutchnavigator
WillemJanszoon.Hesightedthe
coastofCapeYorkPeninsulain
early1606,andmadelandfallon26
FebruaryatthePennefatherRiver
nearthemoderntownofWeipaon
AboriginalrockartintheKimberley
CapeYork.[37]TheDutchcharted
regionofWesternAustralia
thewholeofthewesternand
northerncoastlinesandnamedthe
PortraitofCaptainJames
islandcontinent"NewHolland"duringthe17thcentury,butmadeno
Cook,thefirstEuropeanto
attemptatsettlement.[37]WilliamDampier,anEnglishexplorerand
maptheeasterncoastlineof
privateer,landedonthenorthwestcoastofNewHollandin1688andagain
Australiain1770
in1699onareturntrip.[38]In1770,JamesCooksailedalongandmapped
theeastcoast,whichhenamedNewSouthWalesandclaimedforGreat
[39]
Britain. WiththelossofitsAmericancoloniesin1783,theBritishGovernmentsentafleetofships,the
"FirstFleet",underthecommandofCaptainArthurPhillip,toestablishanewpenalcolonyinNewSouth
Wales.AcampwassetupandtheflagraisedatSydneyCove,PortJackson,on26January1788,[15]adate
whichbecameAustralia'snationalday,AustraliaDay,althoughtheBritishCrownColonyofNewSouth
Waleswasnotformallypromulgateduntil7February1788.Thefirstsettlementledtothefoundationof
Sydney,andtheexplorationandsettlementofotherregions.
ABritishsettlementwasestablishedinVanDiemen'sLand,now
knownasTasmania,in1803,anditbecameaseparatecolonyin
1825.[40]TheUnitedKingdomformallyclaimedthewesternpartof
WesternAustralia(theSwanRiverColony)in1828.[41]Separate
colonieswerecarvedfrompartsofNewSouthWales:South
Australiain1836,Victoriain1851,andQueenslandin1859.[42]The
NorthernTerritorywasfoundedin1911whenitwasexcisedfrom
SouthAustralia.[43]SouthAustraliawasfoundedasa"free
province"itwasneverapenalcolony.[44]VictoriaandWestern
Australiawerealsofounded"free",butlateracceptedtransported
convicts.[45][46]AcampaignbythesettlersofNewSouthWalesled
totheendofconvicttransportationtothatcolonythelastconvict
shiparrivedin1848.[47]
Tasmania'sPortArthurpenal
settlementisoneofelevenUNESCO
WorldHeritagelistedAustralian
ConvictSites.
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Theindigenouspopulation,estimatedtohavebeenbetween750,000and1,000,000atthetimeEuropean
settlementbegan,[48]declinedfor150yearsfollowingsettlement,mainlyduetoinfectiousdisease.[49]A
governmentpolicyof"assimilation"beginningwiththeAboriginalProtectionAct1869resultedinthe
removalofmanyAboriginalchildrenfromtheirfamiliesandcommunitiesoftenreferredtoastheStolen
Generationsapracticewhichmayalsohavecontributedtothedeclineintheindigenouspopulation.[50]
TheFederalgovernmentgainedthepowertomakelawswithrespecttoAboriginesfollowingthe1967
referendum.[51]Traditionalownershipoflandaboriginaltitlewasnotrecogniseduntil1992,whenthe
HighCourtcaseMabovQueensland(No2)overturnedthelegaldoctrinethatAustraliahadbeenterra
nullius("landbelongingtonoone")beforetheEuropeanoccupation.[52]
Colonialexpansion
AgoldrushbeganinAustraliaintheearly1850s[53]andtheEurekaRebellionagainstmininglicencefees
in1854wasanearlyexpressionofcivildisobedience.[54]Between1855and1890,thesixcolonies
individuallygainedresponsiblegovernment,managingmostoftheirownaffairswhileremainingpartofthe
BritishEmpire.[55]TheColonialOfficeinLondonretainedcontrolofsomematters,notablyforeign
affairs[56]defence,[57]andinternationalshipping.
Nationhood
On1January1901,federationofthecolonieswasachievedaftera
decadeofplanning,consultationandvoting.[58]Thisestablishedthe
CommonwealthofAustraliaasadominionoftheBritishEmpire.[59]
TheFederalCapitalTerritory(laterrenamedtheAustralianCapital
Territory)wasformedin1911asthelocationforthefuturefederal
capitalofCanberra.Melbournewasthetemporaryseatof
governmentfrom1901to1927whileCanberrawasbeing
constructed.[60]TheNorthernTerritorywastransferredfromthe
controloftheSouthAustraliangovernmenttothefederalparliament
in1911.[61]In1914,AustraliajoinedBritaininfightingWorldWar
TheLastPostisplayedatanAnzac
I,withsupportfromboththeoutgoingCommonwealthLiberalParty
DayceremonyinPortMelbourne,
andtheincomingAustralianLaborParty.[62][63]Australianstook
Victoria.Similarceremoniesareheld
partinmanyofthemajorbattlesfoughtontheWesternFront.[64]Of
inmostsuburbsandtowns.
about416,000whoserved,about60,000werekilledandanother
152,000werewounded.[65]ManyAustraliansregardthedefeatof
theAustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps(ANZACs)atGallipoliasthebirthofthenationitsfirst
majormilitaryaction.[66][67]TheKokodaTrackcampaignisregardedbymanyasananalogousnation
definingeventduringWorldWarII.[68]
Britain'sStatuteofWestminster1931formallyendedmostoftheconstitutionallinksbetweenAustraliaand
theUK.Australiaadopteditin1942,[69]butitwasbackdatedto1939toconfirmthevalidityoflegislation
passedbytheAustralianParliamentduringWorldWarII.[70][71]TheshockoftheUnitedKingdom'sdefeat
inAsiain1942andthethreatofJapaneseinvasioncausedAustraliatoturntotheUnitedStatesasanew
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allyandprotector.[72]Since1951,AustraliahasbeenaformalmilitaryallyoftheUS,undertheANZUS
treaty.[73]AfterWorldWarIIAustraliaencouragedimmigrationfromEurope.Sincethe1970sand
followingtheabolitionoftheWhiteAustraliapolicy,immigrationfromAsiaandelsewherewasalso
promoted.[74]Asaresult,Australia'sdemography,culture,andselfimageweretransformed.[75]Thefinal
constitutionaltiesbetweenAustraliaandtheUKwereseveredwiththepassingoftheAustraliaAct1986,
endinganyBritishroleinthegovernmentoftheAustralianStates,andclosingtheoptionofjudicialappeals
tothePrivyCouncilinLondon.[76]Ina1999referendum,55%ofvotersandamajorityineverystate
rejectedaproposaltobecomearepublicwithapresidentappointedbyatwothirdsvoteinbothHousesof
theAustralianParliament.SincetheelectionoftheWhitlamGovernmentin1972,[77]therehasbeenan
increasingfocusinforeignpolicyontieswithotherPacificRimnations,whilemaintainingclosetieswith
Australia'straditionalalliesandtradingpartners.[78]
Government
Australiaisaconstitutionalmonarchywithafederaldivisionof
powers.Itusesaparliamentarysystemofgovernment[79]with
ElizabethIIatitsapexastheQueenofAustralia,arolethatis
distinctfromherpositionasmonarchoftheotherCommonwealth
realms.TheQueenresidesintheUnitedKingdomandis
representedinAustraliabytheGovernorGeneralatthefederallevel
andbytheGovernorsatthestatelevel,whobyconventionacton
theadviceofherministers.[80][81]Themostnotableexercisetodate
oftheGovernorGeneral'sreservepowersoutsidethePrime
Minister'srequestwasthedismissaloftheWhitlamGovernmentin
theconstitutionalcrisisof1975.[82]
Thefederalgovernmentisseparatedintothreebranches:
ParliamentHousewasopenedin
Canberrain1988,replacingthe
provisionalParliamentHouse
building,openedin1927.
Thelegislature:thebicameralParliament,definedinsection1oftheconstitutionascomprisingthe
Queen(representedbytheGovernorGeneral),theSenate,andtheHouseofRepresentatives
Theexecutive:theFederalExecutiveCouncil,inpracticetheGovernorGeneralasadvisedbythe
PrimeMinisterandMinistersofState[83]
Thejudiciary:theHighCourtofAustraliaandotherfederalcourts,whosejudgesareappointedby
theGovernorGeneralonadviceoftheCouncil.
IntheSenate(theupperhouse),thereare76senators:twelveeachfromthestatesandtwoeachfromthe
mainlandterritories(theAustralianCapitalTerritoryandtheNorthernTerritory).[84]TheHouseof
Representatives(thelowerhouse)has150memberselectedfromsinglememberelectoraldivisions,
commonlyknownas"electorates"or"seats",allocatedtostatesonthebasisofpopulation,[85]witheach
originalstateguaranteedaminimumoffiveseats.[86]Electionsforbothchambersarenormallyheldevery
threeyears,simultaneouslysenatorshaveoverlappingsixyeartermsexceptforthosefromtheterritories,
whosetermsarenotfixedbutaretiedtotheelectoralcycleforthelowerhousethusonly40ofthe76
placesintheSenateareputtoeachelectionunlessthecycleisinterruptedbyadoubledissolution.[84]
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MalcolmTurnbull,Prime
MinisterofAustralia
PeterCosgrove,Governor
GeneralofAustralia
Australia'selectoralsystemusespreferentialvoting
foralllowerhouseelectionswiththeexceptionof
TasmaniaandtheACTwhich,alongwiththe
Senateandmoststateupperhouses,combineit
withproportionalrepresentationinasystemknown
asthesingletransferablevote.Votingis
compulsoryforallenrolledcitizens18yearsand
overineveryjurisdiction,[87]asisenrolment(with
theexceptionofSouthAustralia).[88]Theparty
withmajoritysupportintheHouseof
Representativesformsthegovernmentandits
leaderbecomesPrimeMinister.Incaseswhereno
partyhasmajoritysupport,theGovernorGeneral
hastheconstitutionalpowertoappointthePrime
Ministerand,ifnecessary,dismissonethathaslost
theconfidenceofParliament.[89]
Therearetwomajorpoliticalgroupsthatusuallyformgovernment,federallyandinthestates:the
AustralianLaborPartyandtheCoalitionwhichisaformalgroupingoftheLiberalPartyanditsminor
partner,theNationalParty.[90][91]WithinAustralianpoliticalculture,theCoalitionisconsideredcentre
rightandtheLaborPartyisconsideredcentreleft.[92]Independentmembersandseveralminorpartieshave
achievedrepresentationinAustralianparliaments,mostlyinupperhouses.
Followingapartyroomleadershipchallenge,JuliaGillardbecamethefirstfemalePrimeMinisterinJune
2010.[93]Themostrecentfederalelectionwasheldon7September2013andresultedinamajority
governmentfortheCoalition.LiberalPartyleaderTonyAbbottwasswornintoofficeasPrimeMinisterby
theGovernorGeneralofAustraliaon18September.InSeptember2015,MalcolmTurnbullsuccessfully
challengedAbbottforleadershipoftheCoalition,andwassworninasPrimeMinisteronthe15th.[94]With
fivePrimeMinistersinasmanyyearsbetween2010and2015,withmostofthoseleadershipchanges
occurringthroughleadershipspillsratherthangeneralelections,Australiahasbeendescribedasthe"coup
capitalofthedemocraticworld".[95]
Statesandterritories
AustraliahassixstatesNewSouthWales(NSW),Queensland(QLD),SouthAustralia(SA),Tasmania
(TAS),Victoria(VIC)andWesternAustralia(WA)andtwomajormainlandterritoriestheAustralian
CapitalTerritory(ACT)andtheNorthernTerritory(NT).Inmostrespectsthesetwoterritoriesfunctionas
states,buttheCommonwealthParliamentcanoverrideanylegislationoftheirparliaments.Bycontrast,
federallegislationoverridesstatelegislationonlyinareasthataresetoutinSection51oftheAustralian
Constitutionstateparliamentsretainallresiduallegislativepowers,includingthoseoverschools,state
police,thestatejudiciary,roads,publictransportandlocalgovernment,sincethesedonotfallunderthe
provisionslistedinSection51.[96]
EachstateandmajormainlandterritoryhasitsownparliamentunicameralintheNorthernTerritory,the
ACTandQueenslandandbicameralintheotherstates.Thestatesaresovereignentities,althoughsubject
tocertainpowersoftheCommonwealthasdefinedbytheConstitution.Thelowerhousesareknownasthe
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LegislativeAssembly(theHouseofAssemblyinSouthAustraliaandTasmania)theupperhousesare
knownastheLegislativeCouncil.TheheadofthegovernmentineachstateisthePremierandineach
territorytheChiefMinister.TheQueenisrepresentedineachstatebyaGovernorandintheNorthern
Territory,theAdministrator.[97]IntheCommonwealth,theQueen'srepresentativeistheGovernor
General.[98]
Thefederalparliamentdirectlyadministersthefollowingterritories:[83]
AshmoreandCartierIslands
AustralianAntarcticTerritory
ChristmasIsland
Cocos(Keeling)Islands
CoralSeaIslands
HeardIslandandMcDonaldIslands
JervisBayTerritory,anavalbaseandsea
portforthenationalcapitalinlandthatwas
formerlypartofNewSouthWales
TheexternalterritoryofNorfolkIslandpreviously
exercisedconsiderableautonomyundertheNorfolk
IslandAct1979throughitsownlegislative
assemblyandanAdministratortorepresentthe
Queen.[99]In2015,theCommonwealthParliament
abolishedselfgovernment,integratingNorfolk
IslandintotheAustraliantaxandwelfaresystems
andreplacingitslegislativeassemblywitha
council.[100]
MacquarieIslandisadministeredbyTasmania,and
LordHoweIslandbyNewSouthWales.
Foreignrelationsandmilitary
AclickablemapofAustralia'sstatesandmainland
territories
Overrecentdecades,Australia'sforeignrelations
havebeendrivenbyacloseassociationwiththeUnitedStates
throughtheANZUSpact,andbyadesiretodeveloprelationships
withAsiaandthePacific,particularlythroughASEANandthe
PacificIslandsForum.In2005Australiasecuredaninauguralseat
attheEastAsiaSummitfollowingitsaccessiontotheTreatyof
AmityandCooperationinSoutheastAsia,andin2011attendedthe
SixthEastAsiaSummitinIndonesia.Australiaisamemberofthe
CommonwealthofNations,inwhichtheCommonwealthHeadsof
Governmentmeetingsprovidethemainforumforcooperation.[101]
Australiahaspursuedthecauseofinternationaltrade
liberalisation.[102]ItledtheformationoftheCairnsGroupandAsia
PacificEconomicCooperation.[103][104]Australiaisamemberofthe
AustralianArmysoldiersconducting
afootpatrolduringajointtraining
exercisewithUSforcesinShoalwater
Bay(2007).
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OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentandtheWorldTradeOrganization,[105][106]and
haspursuedseveralmajorbilateralfreetradeagreements,mostrecentlytheAustraliaUnitedStatesFree
TradeAgreement[107]andCloserEconomicRelationswithNewZealand,[108]withanotherfreetrade
agreementbeingnegotiatedwithChinatheAustraliaChinaFreeTradeAgreementandJapan,[109]
SouthKoreain2011,[110][111]AustraliaChileFreeTradeAgreement,andasofNovember2015hasputthe
TransPacificPartnershipbeforeparliamentforratification.[112]
AlongwithNewZealand,theUnitedKingdom,MalaysiaandSingapore,AustraliaispartytotheFive
PowerDefenceArrangements,aregionaldefenceagreement.AfoundingmembercountryoftheUnited
Nations,Australiaisstronglycommittedtomultilateralism[113]andmaintainsaninternationalaidprogram
underwhichsome60countriesreceiveassistance.The200506budgetprovidesA$2.5billionfor
developmentassistance.[114]AustraliaranksfifteenthoverallintheCenterforGlobalDevelopment's2012
CommitmenttoDevelopmentIndex.[115]
Australia'sarmedforcestheAustralianDefenceForce(ADF)comprisetheRoyalAustralianNavy
(RAN),theAustralianArmyandtheRoyalAustralianAirForce(RAAF),intotalnumbering81,214
personnel(including57,982regularsand23,232reservists)asofNovember2015.Thetitularroleof
CommanderinChiefisvestedintheGovernorGeneral,whoappointsaChiefoftheDefenceForcefrom
oneofthearmedservicesontheadviceofthegovernment.[116]Daytodayforceoperationsareunderthe
commandoftheChief,whilebroaderadministrationandtheformulationofdefencepolicyisundertakenby
theMinisterandDepartmentofDefence.
Inthe201516budget,defencespendingwasA$31.9billionor1.92%ofGDP,[117]representingthe13th
largestdefencebudget.[118]AustraliahasbeeninvolvedinUNandregionalpeacekeeping,disasterrelief
andarmedconflict,includingthe2003invasionofIraqitcurrentlyhasdeployedabout2,241personnelin
varyingcapacitiesto12internationaloperationsinareasincludingIraqandAfghanistan.[119]
Geographyandclimate
Australia'slandmassof7,617,930squarekilometres
(2,941,300sqmi)[120]isontheIndoAustralianPlate.Surrounded
bytheIndianandPacificoceans,[N4]itisseparatedfromAsiaby
theArafuraandTimorseas,withtheCoralSealyingoffthe
Queenslandcoast,andtheTasmanSealyingbetweenAustraliaand
NewZealand.Theworld'ssmallestcontinent[122]andsixthlargest
countrybytotalarea,[123]Australiaowingtoitssizeandisolation
isoftendubbedthe"islandcontinent",[124]andissometimes
consideredtheworld'slargestisland.[125]Australiahas34,218
kilometres(21,262mi)ofcoastline(excludingalloffshore
ClimaticzonesinAustralia,basedon
islands),[126]andclaimsanextensiveExclusiveEconomicZoneof
theKppenclimateclassification.
8,148,250squarekilometres(3,146,060sqmi).Thisexclusive
economiczonedoesnotincludetheAustralianAntarctic
Territory.[127]ApartfromMacquarieIsland,Australialiesbetweenlatitudes9and44S,andlongitudes
112and154E.
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TheGreatBarrierReef,theworld'slargestcoralreef,[128]liesashortdistanceoffthenortheastcoastand
extendsforover2,000kilometres(1,240mi).MountAugustus,claimedtobetheworld'slargest
monolith,[129]islocatedinWesternAustralia.At2,228metres(7,310ft),MountKosciuszkoontheGreat
DividingRangeisthehighestmountainontheAustralianmainland.EventallerareMawsonPeak(at2,745
metresor9,006feet),ontheremoteAustralianterritoryofHeardIsland,and,intheAustralianAntarctic
Territory,MountMcClintockandMountMenzies,at3,492metres(11,457ft)and3,355metres(11,007ft)
respectively.[130]
CoraloftheGreatBarrierReef,the
world'slargestcoralreefsystem.
Australia'ssizegivesitawidevarietyoflandscapes,withtropical
rainforestsinthenortheast,mountainrangesinthesoutheast,
southwestandeast,anddrydesertinthecentre.[131]Itistheflattest
continent,[132]withtheoldestandleastfertilesoils[133][134]desertor
semiaridlandcommonlyknownastheoutbackmakesupbyfarthe
largestportionofland.[135]Thedriestinhabitedcontinent,itsannual
rainfallaveragedovercontinentalareaislessthan500mm.[136]The
populationdensity,2.8inhabitantspersquarekilometre,isamong
thelowestintheworld,[137]althoughalargeproportionofthe
populationlivesalongthetemperatesoutheasterncoastline.[138]
EasternAustraliaismarkedbytheGreatDividingRange,which
runsparalleltothecoastofQueensland,NewSouthWalesandmuchofVictoria.Thenameisnotstrictly
accurate,becausepartsoftherangeconsistoflowhills,andthehighlandsaretypicallynomorethan1,600
metres(5,249ft)inheight.[139]ThecoastaluplandsandabeltofBrigalowgrasslandsliebetweenthecoast
andthemountains,whileinlandofthedividingrangearelargeareasofgrassland.[139][140]Theseinclude
thewesternplainsofNewSouthWales,andtheEinasleighUplands,BarklyTableland,andMulgaLandsof
inlandQueensland.ThenorthernmostpointoftheeastcoastisthetropicalrainforestedCapeYork
Peninsula.[141][142][143][144]
ThelandscapesoftheTopEndandtheGulfCountrywiththeir
tropicalclimateincludeforest,woodland,wetland,grassland,
rainforestanddesert.[145][146][147]Atthenorthwestcornerofthe
continentarethesandstonecliffsandgorgesofTheKimberley,and
belowthatthePilbara.Tothesouthoftheseandinland,liemore
areasofgrassland:theOrdVictoriaPlainandtheWestern
AustralianMulgashrublands.[148][149][150]Attheheartofthe
countryaretheuplandsofcentralAustralia.Prominentfeaturesof
thecentreandsouthincludeUluru(alsoknownasAyersRock),the
famoussandstonemonolith,andtheinlandSimpson,Tirariand
SturtStony,Gibson,GreatSandy,Tanami,andGreatVictoria
deserts,withthefamousNullarborPlainonthesouthern
coast.[151][152][153][154]
TopographicmapofAustralia.Dark
greenrepresentsthelowestelevation
anddarkbrownthehighest
TheclimateofAustraliaissignificantlyinfluencedbyocean
currents,includingtheIndianOceanDipoleandtheElNio
SouthernOscillation,whichiscorrelatedwithperiodicdrought,andtheseasonaltropicallowpressure
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systemthatproducescyclonesinnorthernAustralia.[155][156]Thesefactorscauserainfalltovarymarkedly
fromyeartoyear.Muchofthenorthernpartofthecountryhasatropical,predominantlysummerrainfall
(monsoon)climate.[136]ThesouthwestcornerofthecountryhasaMediterraneanclimate.[157]Muchofthe
southeast(includingTasmania)istemperate.[136]
Environment
AlthoughmostofAustraliaissemiaridordesert,itincludesa
diverserangeofhabitatsfromalpineheathstotropicalrainforests,
andisrecognisedasamegadiversecountry.Fungitypifythat
diversityanestimated250,000speciesofwhichonly5%have
beendescribedoccurinAustralia.[158]Becauseofthecontinent's
greatage,extremelyvariableweatherpatterns,andlongterm
geographicisolation,muchofAustralia'sbiotaisunique.About
85%offloweringplants,84%ofmammals,morethan45%ofbirds,
and89%ofinshore,temperatezonefishareendemic.[159]Australia
hasthegreatestnumberofreptilesofanycountry,with755
species.[160]
Thekoalaandtheeucalyptusforman
iconicAustralianpair.
Australianforestsaremostlymadeupofevergreenspecies,
particularlyeucalyptustreesinthelessaridregionswattlesreplace
themasthedominantspeciesindrierregionsanddeserts.[161]
AmongwellknownAustraliananimalsarethemonotremes(theplatypusandechidna)ahostof
marsupials,includingthekangaroo,koala,andwombat,andbirdssuchastheemuandthekookaburra.[161]
Australiaishometomanydangerousanimalsincludingsomeofthemostvenomoussnakesinthe
world.[162]ThedingowasintroducedbyAustronesianpeoplewhotradedwithIndigenousAustralians
around3000BCE.[163]Manyanimalandplantspeciesbecameextinctsoonafterfirsthumansettlement,[164]
includingtheAustralianmegafaunaothershavedisappearedsinceEuropeansettlement,amongthemthe
thylacine.[165][166]
ManyofAustralia'secoregions,andthespecieswithinthoseregions,arethreatenedbyhumanactivitiesand
introducedanimal,chromistan,fungalandplantspecies.[167]AllthesefactorshaveledtoAustraliahaving
thehighestmammalextinctionrateofanycountryintheworld.[168]ThefederalEnvironmentProtection
andBiodiversityConservationAct1999isthelegalframeworkfortheprotectionofthreatenedspecies.[169]
NumerousprotectedareashavebeencreatedundertheNationalStrategyfortheConservationofAustralia's
BiologicalDiversitytoprotectandpreserveuniqueecosystems[170][171]65wetlandsarelistedunderthe
RamsarConvention,[172]and16naturalWorldHeritageSiteshavebeenestablished.[173]Australiawas
ranked3rdoutof178countriesintheworldonthe2014EnvironmentalPerformanceIndex.[174]
Environmentalissues
ProtectionoftheenvironmentisamajorpoliticalissueinAustralia.[175][176]In2007,theFirstRudd
GovernmentsignedtheinstrumentofratificationoftheKyotoProtocol.Nevertheless,Australia'scarbon
dioxideemissionspercapitaareamongthehighestintheworld,lowerthanthoseofonlyafewother
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industrialisednations.[177]RainfallinAustraliahasslightlyincreasedoverthepastcentury,bothnationwide
andfortwoquadrantsofthenation.[178]
AccordingtotheBureauofMeteorology's2011AustralianClimate
Statement,Australiahadlowerthanaveragetemperaturesin2011as
aconsequenceofaLaNiaweatherpatternhowever,"thecountry's
10yearaveragecontinuestodemonstratetherisingtrendin
temperatures,with20022011likelytorankinthetoptwowarmest
10yearperiodsonrecordforAustralia,at0.52Cabovethelong
termaverage".[179]Furthermore,2014wasAustralia'sthirdwarmest
yearsincenationaltemperatureobservationscommencedin
DroughtaffectingLakeHumeonthe
1910.[180][181]Waterrestrictionsarefrequentlyinplaceinmany
UpperMurrayRiver
regionsandcitiesofAustraliainresponsetochronicshortagesdue
tourbanpopulationincreasesandlocaliseddrought.[182][183]
Throughoutmuchofthecontinent,majorfloodingregularlyfollowsextendedperiodsofdrought,flushing
outinlandriversystems,overflowingdamsandinundatinglargeinlandfloodplains,asoccurredthroughout
EasternAustraliain2010,2011and2012afterthe2000sAustraliandrought.
Acarbontaxwasintroducedin2012andhelpedtoreduceAustralia'semissionsbutwasscrappedin2014
undertheLiberalGovernment.[184]Sincethecarbontaxwasrepealed,emissionshaveagaincontinuedto
rise.[185]
AustralianbiotahasbeenseverelyimpactedbychangesoccurringsinceEuropeansettlementbeganin
1788,[186]withmorethan10%ofmammalspecieslostinthepast225years.[187]Therehavealsobeen23
birdspeciesorsubspecies,[188]4amphibiansandmorethan60plantspeciesknowntobelostduringthis
period.[186]TheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationActof1999wasdesignedto
minimisefurtherimpactsonecologicalcommunitiesinAustraliaanditsterritories.[189]
Economy
Australiaisawealthycountryitgeneratesitsincomefromvarious
sourcesincludingminingrelatedexports,telecommunications,
bankingandmanufacturing.[191][192][193]Ithasamarketeconomy,a
relativelyhighGDPpercapita,andarelativelylowrateofpoverty.
Intermsofaveragewealth,Australiarankedsecondintheworld
afterSwitzerlandin2013,althoughthenation'spovertyrate
increasedfrom10.2%to11.8%,from2000/01to2013.[194][195]It
wasidentifiedbytheCreditSuisseResearchInstituteasthenation
withthehighestmedianwealthintheworldandthesecondhighest
averagewealthperadultin2013.[194]
TheAustraliandollaristhecurrencyforthenation,including
ChristmasIsland,Cocos(Keeling)Islands,andNorfolkIsland,as
wellastheindependentPacificIslandstatesofKiribati,Nauru,and
TheSuperPitgoldminein
Kalgoorlie,WesternAustralia,isthe
nation'slargestopencutmine. [190]
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Tuvalu.Withthe2006mergeroftheAustralianStockExchangeandtheSydneyFuturesExchange,the
AustralianSecuritiesExchangebecametheninthlargestintheworld.[196]
RankedthirdintheIndexofEconomicFreedom(2010),[197]Australiaistheworld'stwelfthlargest
economyandhasthefifthhighestpercapitaGDP(nominal)at$66,984.Thecountrywasrankedsecondin
theUnitedNations2011HumanDevelopmentIndexandfirstinLegatum's2008ProsperityIndex.[198]All
ofAustralia'smajorcitiesfarewellinglobalcomparativelivabilitysurveys[199]Melbournereachedtop
spotforthefourthyearinarowonTheEconomist's2014listoftheworld'smostliveablecities,followed
byAdelaide,Sydney,andPerthinthefifth,seventh,andninthplacesrespectively.[200]Totalgovernment
debtinAustraliaisabout$190billion[201]20%ofGDPin2010.[202]Australiahasamongthehighest
housepricesandsomeofthehighesthouseholddebtlevelsintheworld.[203]
Anemphasisonexportingcommoditiesratherthan
manufacturedgoodshasunderpinnedasignificant
increaseinAustralia'stermsoftradesincethestartof
the21stcentury,duetorisingcommodityprices.
Australiahasabalanceofpaymentsthatismorethan
7%ofGDPnegative,andhashadpersistentlylarge
currentaccountdeficitsformorethan50years.[205]
Australiahasgrownatanaverageannualrateof3.6%
forover15years,incomparisontotheOECDannual
DestinationandvalueofAustralianexportsin
averageof2.5%.[205]Australiawastheonlyadvanced
2006[204]
economynottoexperiencearecessionduetotheglobal
financialdownturnin20082009.[206]However,the
economiesofsixofAustralia'smajortradingpartnershavebeeninrecession,whichinturnhasaffected
Australia,significantlyhamperingitseconomicgrowthinrecentyears.[207][208]From2012toearly2013,
Australia'snationaleconomygrew,butsomenonminingstatesandAustralia'snonminingeconomy
experiencedarecession.[209][210][211]
TheHawkeGovernmentfloatedtheAustraliandollarin1983andpartiallyderegulatedthefinancial
system.[212]TheHowardGovernmentfollowedwithapartialderegulationofthelabourmarketandthe
furtherprivatisationofstateownedbusinesses,mostnotablyinthetelecommunicationsindustry.[213]The
indirecttaxsystemwassubstantiallychangedinJuly2000withtheintroductionofa10%Goodsand
ServicesTax(GST).[214]InAustralia'staxsystem,personalandcompanyincometaxarethemainsources
ofgovernmentrevenue.[215]
InMay2012,therewere11,537,900peopleemployed(eitherfullorparttime),withanunemployment
rateof5.1%.[216]Youthunemployment(1524)stoodat11.2%.[216]DatareleasedinmidNovember2013
showedthatthenumberofwelfarerecipientshadgrownby55%.In2007228,621Newstartunemployment
allowancerecipientswereregistered,atotalthatincreasedto646,414inMarch2013.[217]Accordingtothe
GraduateCareersSurvey,fulltimeemploymentfornewlyqualifiedprofessionalsfromvariousoccupations
hasdeclinedsince2011butitincreasesforgraduatesthreeyearsaftergraduation.[218][219]
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Since2008,inflationhastypicallybeen23%andthebaseinterestrate56%.Theservicesectorofthe
economy,includingtourism,education,andfinancialservices,accountsforabout70%ofGDP.[220]Richin
naturalresources,Australiaisamajorexporterofagriculturalproducts,particularlywheatandwool,
mineralssuchasironoreandgold,andenergyintheformsofliquifiednaturalgasandcoal.Although
agricultureandnaturalresourcesaccountforonly3%and5%ofGDPrespectively,theycontribute
substantiallytoexportperformance.Australia'slargestexportmarketsareJapan,China,theUS,South
Korea,andNewZealand.[221]Australiaistheworld'sfourthlargestexporterofwine,andthewineindustry
contributes$5.5billionperyeartothenation'seconomy.[222]
Demographics
Forgenerations,thevastmajorityofimmigrantscamefromthe
BritishIsles,andthepeopleofAustraliaarestillmainlyofBritishor
Irishethnicorigin.Inthe2011Australiancensus,themost
commonlynominatedancestrywasEnglish(36.1%),followedby
Australian(35.4%),[223]Irish(10.4%),Scottish(8.9%),Italian
(4.6%),German(4.5%),Chinese(4.3%),Indian(2.0%),Greek
(1.9%),andDutch(1.7%).[224]
Australiahasoneoftheworld'smost
Australia'spopulationhasquadrupledsincetheendofWorldWar
highlyurbanisedpopulationswiththe
I,[225]muchofthisincreasefromimmigration.FollowingWorld
majoritylivinginmetropolitancities
WarIIandthroughto2000,almost5.9millionofthetotal
onthecoast.(Pictured:GoldCoast
populationsettledinthecountryasnewimmigrants,meaningthat
beachandskyline,Queensland).
nearlytwooutofeverysevenAustralianswereborninanother
country.[226]Mostimmigrantsareskilled,[227]buttheimmigration
quotaincludescategoriesforfamilymembersandrefugees.[227]By2050,Australia'spopulationiscurrently
projectedtoreacharound42million.[228]Nevertheless,itspopulationdensity,2.8inhabitantspersquare
kilometre,remainsamongthelowestintheworld.[137]Assuch,Australianshavemorelivingspaceper
personthantheinhabitantsofanyothernation.[229]
In2011,24.6%ofAustralianswerebornelsewhereand43.1%ofpeoplehadatleastoneoverseasborn
parent[230]thefivelargestimmigrantgroupswerethosefromtheUnitedKingdom,NewZealand,China,
India,andVietnam.[231]FollowingtheabolitionoftheWhiteAustraliapolicyin1973,numerous
governmentinitiativeshavebeenestablishedtoencourageandpromoteracialharmonybasedonapolicyof
multiculturalism.[232]In200506,morethan131,000peopleemigratedtoAustralia,mainlyfromAsiaand
Oceania.[233]Themigrationtargetfor201213is190,000,[234]comparedto67,900in199899.[235]
TheIndigenouspopulationAboriginesandTorresStraitIslanderswascountedat548,370(2.5%ofthe
totalpopulation)in2011,[236]asignificantincreasefrom115,953inthe1976census.[237]Theincreaseis
partlyduetomanypeoplewithIndigenousheritagepreviouslyhavingbeenoverlookedbythecensusdue
toundercountandcaseswheretheirIndigenousstatushadnotbeenrecordedontheform.Indigenous
Australiansexperiencehigherthanaverageratesofimprisonmentandunemployment,lowerlevelsof
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education,andlifeexpectanciesformalesandfemalesthatare,respectively,11and17yearslowerthan
thoseofnonindigenousAustralians.[221][238][239]SomeremoteIndigenouscommunitieshavebeen
describedashaving"failedstate"likeconditions.[240]
Incommonwithmanyotherdevelopedcountries,Australiaisexperiencingademographicshifttowardsan
olderpopulation,withmoreretireesandfewerpeopleofworkingage.In2004,theaverageageofthe
civilianpopulationwas38.8years.[241]AlargenumberofAustralians(759,849fortheperiod200203[242]
1millionor5%ofthetotalpopulationin2005[243])liveoutsidetheirhomecountry.
Language
AlthoughAustraliahasnoofficiallanguage,Englishhasalwaysbeenentrenchedasthedefactonational
language.[2]AustralianEnglishisamajorvarietyofthelanguagewithadistinctiveaccentandlexicon,[245]
anddiffersslightlyfromothervarietiesofEnglishingrammarandspelling.[246]GeneralAustralianserves
asthestandarddialect.Accordingtothe2011census,Englishistheonlylanguagespokeninthehomefor
closeto81%ofthepopulation.ThenextmostcommonlanguagesspokenathomeareMandarin(1.7%),
Italian(1.5%),Arabic(1.4%),Cantonese(1.3%),Greek(1.3%),andVietnamese(1.2%)[231]aconsiderable
proportionoffirstandsecondgenerationmigrantsarebilingual.A20102011studybytheAustraliaEarly
DevelopmentIndexfoundthemostcommonlanguagespokenbychildrenafterEnglishwasArabic,
followedbyVietnamese,Greek,Chinese,andHindi.[247][248]
Over250IndigenousAustralianlanguagesarethoughttohaveexistedatthetimeoffirstEuropeancontact,
ofwhichlessthan20arestillindailyusebyallagegroups.[249][250]About110othersarespoken
exclusivelybyolderpeople.[250]Atthetimeofthe2006census,52,000IndigenousAustralians,
representing12%oftheIndigenouspopulation,reportedthattheyspokeanIndigenouslanguageat
home.[251]AustraliahasasignlanguageknownasAuslan,whichisthemainlanguageofabout5,500deaf
people.[252]
Religion
AustraliahasnostatereligionSection116ofthe
AustralianConstitutionprohibitsthefederal
governmentfrommakinganylawtoestablishany
religion,imposeanyreligiousobservance,orprohibit
thefreeexerciseofanyreligion.[253]Inthe2011census,
61.1%ofAustralianswerecountedasChristian,
including25.3%asRomanCatholicand17.1%as
Anglican22.3%ofthepopulationreportedhaving"no
religion"7.2%identifywithnonChristianreligions,
thelargestofthesebeingBuddhism(2.5%),followed
byIslam(2.2%),Hinduism(1.3%)andJudaism(0.5%).
Theremaining9.4%ofthepopulationdidnotprovide
anadequateanswer.[231]
ReligioninAustralia[231]
Religion
RomanCatholic
Anglican
OtherChristian
Buddhism
Islam
Hinduism
Judaism
Other
Noreligion
Undefinedornotstated
Percent
25.3%
17.1%
18.7%
2.5%
2.2%
1.3%
0.5%
0.8%
22.3%
9.4%
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BeforeEuropeansettlement,theanimistbeliefsofAustralia'sindigenouspeoplehadbeenpractisedfor
manythousandsofyears.MainlandAboriginalAustralians'spiritualityisknownastheDreamtimeandit
placesaheavyemphasisonbelongingtotheland.Thecollectionofstoriesthatitcontainsshaped
Aboriginallawandcustoms.Aboriginalart,storyanddancecontinuetodrawonthesespiritualtraditions.
ThespiritualityandcustomsofTorresStraitIslanders,whoinhabittheislandsbetweenAustraliaandNew
Guinea,reflectedtheirMelanesianoriginsanddependenceonthesea.The1996Australiancensuscounted
morethan7000respondentsasfollowersofatraditionalAboriginalreligion.[254]
SincethearrivaloftheFirstFleetofBritishshipsin1788,Christianityhasgrowntobethemajorreligion
practisedinAustralia.Christianchurcheshaveplayedanintegralroleinthedevelopmentofeducation,
healthandwelfareservicesinAustralia.FormuchofAustralianhistorytheChurchofEngland(nowknown
astheAnglicanChurchofAustralia)wasthelargestreligiousdenomination.However,multicultural
immigrationhascontributedtoadeclineinitsrelativeposition,andtheRomanCatholicChurchhas
benefittedfromrecentimmigrationtobecomethelargestgroup.Similarly,Islam,Buddhism,Hinduismand
JudaismhaveallgrowninAustraliaoverthepasthalfcentury.[255]
Australiahasoneofthelowestlevelsofreligiousadherenceintheworld.[256]Itwasreportedin2001that
only7%ofAustraliansattendedchurchonaweeklybasis.[257]
Education
TheUniversityofSydneyisthe
oldestuniversityinAustralia,having
beenfoundedin1850.
Schoolattendance,orregistrationforhomeschooling,[258][259]is
compulsorythroughoutAustralia.Educationistheresponsibilityof
theindividualstatesandterritories[260]sotherulesvarybetween
states,butingeneralchildrenarerequiredtoattendschoolfromthe
ageofabout5upuntilabout16.[261][262]Insomestates(e.g.,
WesternAustralia,[263]theNorthernTerritory[264]andNewSouth
Wales[265][266]),childrenaged1617arerequiredtoeitherattend
schoolorparticipateinvocationaltraining,suchasan
apprenticeship.
Australiahasanadultliteracyratethatwasestimatedtobe99%in
2003.[267]However,a201112reportfortheAustralianBureauof
StatisticsreportedthatTasmaniahasaliteracyandnumeracyrateofonly50%.[268]IntheProgrammefor
InternationalStudentAssessment,Australiaregularlyscoresamongthetopfiveofthirtymajordeveloped
countries(membercountriesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment).Catholic
educationaccountsforthelargestnongovernmentsector.
Australiahas37governmentfundeduniversitiesandtwoprivateuniversities,aswellasanumberofother
specialistinstitutionsthatprovideapprovedcoursesatthehighereducationlevel.[269]TheOECDplaces
Australiaamongthemostexpensivenationstoattenduniversity.[270]Thereisastatebasedsystemof
vocationaltraining,knownasTAFE,andmanytradesconductapprenticeshipsfortrainingnew
tradespeople.[271]About58%ofAustraliansagedfrom25to64havevocationalortertiary
qualifications,[221]andthetertiarygraduationrateof49%isthehighestamongOECDcountries.Theratio
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ofinternationaltolocalstudentsintertiaryeducationinAustraliaisthehighestintheOECDcountries.[272]
Inaddition,38percentofAustralia'spopulationhasauniversityorcollegedegree,whichisamongthe
highestpercentagesintheworld.[273][274]
Health
Australiahasthethirdandseventhhighestlifeexpectancyofmalesandfemalesrespectivelyinthe
world.[275]LifeexpectancyinAustraliain2010was79.5yearsformalesand84.0yearsforfemales.[276]
Australiahasthehighestratesofskincancerintheworld,[277]whilecigarettesmokingisthelargest
preventablecauseofdeathanddisease,responsiblefor7.8%ofthetotalmortalityanddisease.Ranked
secondinpreventablecausesishypertensionat7.6%,withobesitythirdat7.5%.[278][279]Australiaranks
35thintheworld[280]andnearthetopofdevelopednationsforitsproportionofobeseadults[281]and
nearlytwothirds(63%)ofitsadultpopulationiseitheroverweightorobese.[282]
Totalexpenditureonhealth(includingprivatesectorspending)isaround9.8%ofGDP.[283]Australia
introduceduniversalhealthcarein1975.[284]KnownasMedicare,itisnownominallyfundedbyanincome
taxsurchargeknownastheMedicarelevy,currentlysetat1.5%.[285]Thestatesmanagehospitalsand
attachedoutpatientservices,whiletheCommonwealthfundsthePharmaceuticalBenefitsScheme
(subsidisingthecostsofmedicines)andgeneralpractice.[284]
Culture
Since1788,thebasisofAustralianculturehasbeenstrongly
influencedbyAngloCelticWesternculture.[287][288]Distinctive
culturalfeatureshavealsoarisenfromAustralia'snatural
environmentandIndigenouscultures.[289][290]Sincethemid20th
century,AmericanpopularculturehasstronglyinfluencedAustralia,
particularlythroughtelevisionandcinema.[291]Othercultural
influencescomefromneighbouringAsiancountries,andthrough
largescaleimmigrationfromnonEnglishspeakingnations.[291][292]
Arts
TheRoyalExhibitionBuildingin
Melbournewasthefirstbuildingin
AustraliatobelistedasaUNESCO
TherockartofAustralia'sIndigenouspeoplesistheoldestand
WorldHeritageSitein2004. [286]
richestintheworld,datingasfarbackas60,000yearsandspread
acrosshundredsofthousandsofsites.[293]Traditionaldesigns,
patternsandstoriesinfusecontemporaryIndigenousAustralianart,"thelastgreatartmovementofthe20th
century"[294]itsexponentsincludeEmilyKameKngwarreye.[295]DuringthefirstcenturyofEuropean
settlement,colonialartists,trainedinEurope,showedafascinationwiththeunfamiliarland.[296]The
naturalistic,sunfilledworksofArthurStreeton,TomRobertsandothersassociatedwiththe19thcentury
HeidelbergSchoolthefirst"distinctivelyAustralian"movementinWesternartgaveexpressiontoa
burgeoningAustraliannationalismintheleaduptoFederation.[296]Whiletheschoolremainedinfluential
intothenewcentury,modernistssuchasMargaretPreston,and,later,SidneyNolanandArthurBoyd,
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explorednewartistictrends.[296]ThelandscaperemainedacentralsubjectmatterforFredWilliams,Brett
WhiteleyandotherpostWorldWarIIartistswhoseworks,eclecticinstyleyetuniquelyAustralian,moved
betweenthefigurativeandtheabstract.[296][297]TheNationalGalleryofAustraliaandstategalleries
maintaincollectionsofAustralianandinternationalart.[298]Australiahasoneoftheworld'shighest
attendancesofartgalleriesandmuseumsperheadofpopulation.[299]
AustralianliteraturegrewslowlyinthedecadesfollowingEuropean
settlementthoughIndigenousoraltraditions,manyofwhichhave
sincebeenrecordedinwriting,aremucholder.[301]Writersofthe
19thcenturyBulletinSchool,suchasHenryLawsonandBanjo
Paterson,capturedtheexperienceofthebushusingadistinctive
Australianvocabulary.TheirworksarestillverypopularPaterson's
bushpoem"WaltzingMatilda"(1895)isregardedasAustralia's
unofficialnationalanthem.[302]MilesFranklinisthenamesakeof
Australia'smostprestigiousliteraryprize,awardedtothebestnovel
aboutAustralianlife.[303]Itsfirstrecipient,PatrickWhite,wenton
towintheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1973.[304]Australianwinners
oftheManBookerPrizeincludePeterCarey,ThomasKeneallyand
RichardFlanagan.[305]AuthorDavidMalouf,playwrightDavid
WilliamsonandpoetLesMurrayarealsorenownedliterary
figures.[306][307]
SidneyNolan'sSnakemural(1970),
heldattheMuseumofOldandNew
ArtinHobart,Tasmania,isinspired
bytheAboriginalcreationmythof
theRainbowSerpent,aswellas
desertflowersinbloomaftera
drought. [300]
ManyofAustralia'sperformingartscompaniesreceivefundingthroughthefederalgovernment'sAustralia
Council.[308]Thereisasymphonyorchestraineachstate,[309]andanationaloperacompany,Opera
Australia,[310]wellknownforitsfamoussopranoJoanSutherland.[311]Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,
NellieMelbawasoneoftheworld'sleadingoperasingers.[312]BalletanddancearerepresentedbyThe
AustralianBalletandvariousstatecompanies.Eachstatehasapubliclyfundedtheatrecompany.[313]
Media
TheStoryoftheKellyGang(1906),theworld'sfirstfeaturelength
film,spurredaboominAustraliancinemaduringthesilentfilm
era.[314]AfterWorldWarI,Hollywoodmonopolisedthe
industry,[315]andbythe1960sAustralianfilmproductionhad
effectivelyceased.[316]Withthebenefitofgovernmentsupport,the
AustralianNewWaveofthe1970sbroughtprovocativeand
successfulfilms,manyexploringthenation'scolonialpast,suchas
PicnicatHangingRockandBreakerMorant,[317]whiletheso
calledOzploitationgenreproducedinternationalblockbusters,
includingtheMadMaxseries.[318]Morerecentsuccessesincluded
ShineandRabbitProofFence.[319][320]NotableAustralianactors
includeErrolFlynn,JudithAnderson,GeoffreyRush,Nicole
Kidman,HeathLedgerandCateBlanchett.[321]
ActorplayingthebushrangerNed
KellyinTheStoryoftheKellyGang
(1906),theworld'sfirstfeaturefilm
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Australiahastwopublicbroadcasters(theAustralianBroadcastingCorporationandthemulticultural
SpecialBroadcastingService),threecommercialtelevisionnetworks,severalpayTVservices,[322]and
numerouspublic,nonprofittelevisionandradiostations.Eachmajorcityhasatleastonedaily
newspaper,[322]andtherearetwonationaldailynewspapers,TheAustralianandTheAustralianFinancial
Review.[322]In2010,ReportersWithoutBordersplacedAustralia18thonalistof178countriesrankedby
pressfreedom,behindNewZealand(8th)butaheadoftheUnitedKingdom(19th)andUnitedStates
(20th).[323]Thisrelativelylowrankingisprimarilybecauseofthelimiteddiversityofcommercialmedia
ownershipinAustralia[324]mostprintmediaareunderthecontrolofNewsCorporationandFairfax
Media.[325]
Cuisine
MostIndigenousAustraliantribalgroupssubsistedonasimplehuntergathererdietofnativefaunaand
flora,otherwisecalledbushtucker.[326][327]ThefirstsettlersintroducedBritishfoodtothecontinent,much
ofwhichisnowconsideredtypicalAustralianfood,suchastheSundayroast.[328][329]Multicultural
immigrationtransformedAustraliancuisinepostWorldWarIIEuropeanmigrants,particularlyfromthe
Mediterranean,helpedtobuildathrivingAustraliancoffeeculture,andtheinfluenceofAsiancultureshas
ledtoAustralianvariantsoftheirstaplefoods,suchastheChineseinspireddimsimandChikoRoll.[330]
Vegemite,pavlova,lamingtonsandmeatpiesareregardedasiconicAustralianfoods.[331]Australianwine
isproducedmainlyinthesouthern,coolerpartsofthecountry.
Sportandrecreation
About24%ofAustraliansovertheageof15regularlyparticipatein
organisedsportingactivities.[221]Ataninternationallevel,Australia
hasexcelledatcricket,fieldhockey,netball,rugbyleagueandrugby
union.[333]ThemajorityofAustralianslivewithinthecoastalzone,
makingthebeachapopularrecreationspotandanintegralpartof
thenation'sidentity.[334]Australiaisapowerhouseinwaterbased
sports,suchasswimmingandsurfing.[335]Thesurflifesaving
movementoriginatedinAustralia,andthevolunteerlifesaverisone
ofthecountry'sicons.[336]Nationally,otherpopularsportsinclude
Australianrulesfootball,horseracing,squash,surfing,soccer,and
motorracing.TheannualMelbourneCuphorseraceandtheSydney
toHobartyachtraceattractintenseinterest.[337]
TheMelbourneCricketGroundis
stronglyassociatedwiththehistory
anddevelopmentofcricketand
Australianrulesfootball,Australia's
twomostpopularspectator
[332]
sports.
Australiaisoneoffivenationstohaveparticipatedinevery
SummerOlympicsofthemodernera,[338]andhashostedtheGames
twice:1956inMelbourneand2000inSydney.[339]AustraliahasalsoparticipatedineveryCommonwealth
Games,[340]hostingtheeventin1938,1962,1982,2006andwillhostthe2018CommonwealthGames.[341]
AustraliamadeitsinauguralappearanceatthePacificGamesin2015.AswellasbeingaregularFIFA
WorldCupparticipant,AustraliahaswontheOFCNationsCupfourtimesandtheAFCAsianCuponce
theonlycountrytohavewonchampionshipsintwodifferentFIFAconfederations.[342]Othermajor
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internationaleventsheldinAustraliaincludetheAustralianOpentennisgrandslamtournament,
internationalcricketmatches,andtheAustralianFormulaOneGrandPrix.Thehighestratingtelevision
programsincludesportstelecastssuchastheSummerOlympics,FIFAWorldCup,TheAshes,Rugby
LeagueStateofOrigin,andthegrandfinalsoftheNationalRugbyLeagueandAustralianFootball
League.[343]SkiinginAustraliabeganinthe1860sandsnowsportstakeplaceintheAustralianAlpsand
partsofTasmania.
Seealso
TransportinAustralia
TourisminAustralia
VisapolicyofAustralia
OutlineofAustralia
Book:Australia
Notes
1. Australia'sroyalanthemis"GodSavetheQueen",playedinthepresenceofamemberoftheRoyalfamilywhen
theyareinAustralia.Inallotherappropriatecontexts,thenationalanthemofAustralia,"AdvanceAustraliaFair",
isplayed.[1]
2. Englishdoesnothavedejurestatus.[2]
3. ThereareminorvariationsfromthreebasictimezonesseeTimeinAustralia.
4. AustraliadescribesthebodyofwatersouthofitsmainlandastheSouthernOcean,ratherthantheIndianOcean
asdefinedbytheInternationalHydrographicOrganization(IHO).In2000,avoteofIHOmembernationsdefined
theterm"SouthernOcean"asapplyingonlytothewatersbetweenAntarcticaand60degreessouthlatitude.[121]
References
1. It'sanHonourSymbolsAustralianNationalAnthem(http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/anthem.cfm)
andDFAT"AustralianNationalAnthem"(http://dfat.gov.au/aboutus/publications/corporate/protocol
guidelines/Pages/16othermatters.aspx#163)"NationalSymbols"(PDF).ParliamentaryHandbookofthe
CommonwealthofAustralia(29thed.).2005[2002].Retrieved7June2007.
2. "PluralistNations:PluralistLanguagePolicies?".1995GlobalCulturalDiversityConferenceProceedings,
Sydney.DepartmentofImmigrationandCitizenship.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20December2008.Retrieved
11January2009."Englishhasnodejurestatusbutitissoentrenchedasthecommonlanguagethatitisdefacto
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Denoon,Donald,etal.(2000).AHistoryofAustralia,NewZealand,andthePacific.Oxford:Blackwell.ISBN
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Externallinks
WikimediaAtlasofAustralia
GeographicdatarelatedtoAustralia(http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/80500)at
OpenStreetMap
AboutAustralia(http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/)fromtheDepartmentofForeignAffairsand
Tradewebsite
GovernmentsofAustraliawebsite(http://www.gov.au/)(federal,statesandterritories)
AustralianGovernmentwebsite(http://www.australia.gov.au/)
AustralianBureauofStatistics(http://www.abs.gov.au/)
Communityorganisationsportal(http://www.community.gov.au/)
TourismAustralia(http://www.australia.com/)
Australia(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/as.html)entryatThe
WorldFactbook
Australia(http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/australia.htm)atUCBLibrariesGovPubs
Australia(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Oceania/Australia)atDMOZ
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia&oldid=693409896"
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