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Question 1

a)

What is the difference between point function and path function?

Solution:POINT FUNCTION
When two properties locate a point on the graph (co-ordinate axes) then t Examples. Pressure, temperature, volume
etc hose properties are called as point function. These pro
PATH FUNCTION
There are certain quantities which cannot be located on a graph by a point but are given by the area or so, on that
graph. In that case, the area on the graph, pertaining to the particular process, is a function of the path of
the process. Such quantities are called path functions.
Examples. Heat, work etc.
Heat and work are inexact differentials.
b)
What is third law of thermodynamic?
Solution: - The third law of thermodynamics is stated as follow:

The entropy of all perfect crystalline solids is zero at absolute zero temperature.

The third law of thermodynamics, often referred to as Nernst Law, provides the basis
for the calculation of absolute entropies of substances.

Further, it can be shown that the entropy of a crystalline substance at T = 0 is not a function of
pressure, viz.,

c)
What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamic?
Solution: - It has been observed that energy can flow from a system in the form of heat or work. The first law of
thermodynamics sets no limit to the amount of the total energy of a system which can be caused to flow
out as work. A limit is imposed, however, as a result of the principle enunciated in the second law of
thermodynamics which states that heat will flow naturally from one energy reservoir to another at a lower
temperature, but not in opposite direction without assistance. This is very important because a heat engine
operates between two energy reservoirs at different temperatures.
Further the first law of thermodynamics establishes equivalence between the quantity of heat used and
the mechanical work but does not specify the conditions under which conversion of heat into work is
possible, neither the direction in which heat transfer can take place. This gap has been bridged by the
second law of thermodynamics.
d)

Solution: -

In a steam plant, 1 kg of water per second is supplied to the boiler. The enthalpy and velocity of
water entering the boiler are 800 kJ/kg and 5 m/s. The water receives 2200 kJ/kg of heat in the
boiler at constant pressure. The steam after passing through the turbine comes out with a velocity
of 50 m/s, and its enthalpy is 2520 kJ/kg. The inlet is 4 m above the turbine exit. Assuming the
heat losses from the boiler and the turbine to the surroundings are 20 kJ/s, calculate the power
developed by the turbine. Consider the boiler and turbine as single system.

e)

The specific heat capacity of the system during a certain process is given by

cn = (0.4 + 0.004 T) kJ/kgC.


If the mass of the gas is 6 kg and its temperature changes from 25C to 125C find Heat transferred.
Solution: -

f)

Determine the mass of 0.15 m3 of wet steam at a pressure of 4 bar and dryness fraction 0.8. Also
calculate the heat of 1 m3 of steam.
Solution: -

Question 2:- The minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle are 100 kPa and 27C. The amount
of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 kJ/kg.
I.
Determine the pressures and temperatures at all points of the air standard Otto cycle.
II.
Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of the cycle for a compression ratio of
8.1.
Solution :-

Question 3:- what do you mean by governing of turbine? Explain throttle governing of
steam turbine.
Solution: - Governing of steam turbine is required for controlling and regulating the output of a
turbine according to variable demands in service. This regulation of turbine is done by maintaining
accurate and positive control of speed, pressure and flow by employing governors. Governing of
turbine maintains the speed of turbine at constant level irrespective of load. Governing of steam
turbines can be of following types depending upon the mechanism of regulation.
(i)
Throttle governing
(ii)
Nozzle control governing
(iii)
By-pass governing
(iv)
Combined governing i.e., Combination of above as throttle and nozzle control governing
Or throttle and by-pass governing.

In throttle governing the steam entering is regulated by opening and closing of valve. As the valve is closed,
the throttling or constant enthalpy process occurs across the valve with an increase in entropy and
corresponding decrease in availability of energy per unit mass flow of steam. Also due to throttling the state of
steam entering turbine stage gets modified and the modified expansion line for each load is obtained. It may be
noted that even when the governor valve is full open the pressure drop does occur and thus it can be said that
throttling is evident at all loads on turbine. Representation of throttle governing on h-s diagram shows that the
steam is available at state 0 at p0 pressure in the main steam line. At the inlet from main steam line when the
governor valve is full open the throttling results in modified state 1 from where expansion occurs following
path 13 under insentropic expansion and non-isentropic expansion occurs following path 13. When mass
flow rate is reduced for reduced load on turbine then this partial closing of valve causes throttling as shown by
12. Now as a result of this throttling from 1 to 2 the modified expansion paths are 24 and 24_ for isentropic
and non-isentropic expansion in turbine. Thus it shows that as a result of throttling the available energy gets
reduced from h1-3 to h2-4 and h2-4 < h1-3. Hence this lowering of available energy causes reduced output
from turbine.

Question 4:- A De Laval turbine runs with steam supplied at 16 bar, 250C.
The nozzle efficiency is 90%, blade velocity coefficient is 0.98, mechanical efficiency is 95%,
nozzle angle is 15, symmetrical blades with 30 angle, mean diameter of wheel is 80 cm, back pressure
is 0.15 bar. Determine
(a) The speed of rotation,
(b) The steam consumption per-bhp-hr,
(c) The stage efficiency,
(d) The percentage energy loss at exit.
Solution: -

Question 5:- In a gas turbine plant working on Brayton cycle, the air at inlet is 27C, 0.1 MPa. The
pressure ratio is 6.25 and the maximum temperature is 800C. The turbine and compressor efficiencies
are each 80%. Find compressor work, turbine work, heat supplied, cycle efficiency and turbine exhaust
temperature. Mass of air may be considered as 1 kg. Draw T-s diagram.
Solution: -

Question 6:- different between two strokes, four stroke engine and SI, CI engine.
Solution: -

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