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the specified load is abnormally high, and in special structures where limits to deflection
and crack-width are of particular importance.
Control of deflection:
The total deflection due to loads including the effects of temperature, shrinkage
and creep should not exceed span/250 when measured from the as last level of the
supports of floors, roofs, and all other horizontal members. The deflection including the
effects of temperature, shrinkage and creep occurring after the construction of partitions,
and finishes should not exceed span/350 or 20mm, which ever is lesser.
Two methods are given in the code for checking that deflection is not
excessive,These are
(1) Limiting l/d ratio given in clause 23.2.1 which should be used in all normal cases.
(2) Calculation of deflection given in Appendix c of the code to be used in special
cases.
l/d ratio:
This is a semi-empirical method based on calculations and tests on beams. The
permissible values for the l/d ratio depend on:
(a) The basic values given clause 23.2.1(a)
(b) The amount of tension steel.
(c) The amount of compression steel.
(d) The type of beam.
For beams and slabs, it is assumed that vertical deflection limit given earlier is
satisfied provided that the span to effective depth ratio(l/d) is not greater than the value
obtained below.
Actual l/d <= (basic l/d) ****
Where, = a factor which accounts for correction in basic l/d values for spans greater
than 10m.
= a factor which depends on area and stress in steel(tension reinforcement) as
per fig.4 of IS456-2000.
= a factor which depends on the area of compression reinforcement as per fig.5
of IS456-2000
= a factor for flanged beams which depends on the ratio of web width to flange
1.
(5/384)*[WL/EI]
2.
[WL/48EI]
3.
[WL/8EI]
4.
[WL/3EI]
5.
[WL/384EI]
6.
7.
<= 1.0;
<= 1.0;
Where pt = 100Ast/bd
Pc = 100Asc/bd
(c) Creep deflection:
The creep deflection due to permanent loads a cc per. is
a cc( per. ) = a i ,cc(per) a i (per)
where a i ,cc(per) = initial plus creep deflection due to permanent loads obtained
using an elastic analysis with an effective modulus of elasticity, Ece.
Ece = Ec/(1+); being creep coefficient.
a i , (per) = short term deflection due to permanent loads using Ec.
(1). A simply supported beam of span 3.5 m carries UDL of 22 kN/m. The cross
section of the beam is 230 mm x 500 mm with a clear cover of 25 mm. The tension
reinforcement consists of 4 16 mm dia. HYSD bars. If the grade of concrete is M20
determine the short term deflection of the beam due to load and shrinkage.
Shrinkage strain is 0.003.
(Ans). Ast
m
280
280
13.33
3cbc 3 * 7
fck
20 N/mm2,
fy =415 N/mm2
0.7
fck 0.7 *
20 3.13 N / mm 2
Loads
Super imposed load
= 22 kN/m.
Self weight
Total load
5
Wl 4
*
384 EcI eff .
whereI eff
Ir
[ Annex.CofIS 456]
x bw
Mr z
1.2
1
d b
M d
115*x2+10693.2*x-4993724.4=0
x = 167 mm.
z = d-x/3 = 467 167/3 = 411.3 mm.
Moment of inertia of cracked section
Ir =
bx 3
mAst ( d x) 2
3
230 * 167 3
13.33 * 804 * ( 467 167) 2
3
1.32 * 10 9 mm 4
bD 3 230 * 500 3
2.396 * 10 9 mm 4
12
12
Mr = Cracking moment =
f cr I gross
yt
where Yt
500
250mm
2
3.13 * 2.396 * 10 9
30kN .m.
250
Wl 2
24.76 * 3.5 2
37.9kN .m.
8
8
I eff
1.32 *10 9
167
30 411.3
1.2
1
*1
467
37.9 467
1.755 * 10 9 mm 4
I r I eff I gross .
asd
O.K.
5
24.76 * 3.5 4 * 1012
*
1.23mm
384 22360 * 1.755 * 10 9
Shrinkage Deflection:
acs
k3csl2
0.75%
bd
230 * 467
Pc
100 Asc
0
bd
0.75 0
0.62
0.75
0.72
= 3500/250 = 14mm.
Actual deflection = 3.77mm < permissible value of deflection
(o.k)
115*x2+18697.7*x-8731814=0
x = 206 mm.
z = d-x/3 = 467 206/3 = 398.3 mm.
Ir =
bx 3
mAst ( d x) 2
3
230 * 206 3
23.26 * 804 * (467 206) 2
3
1.944 * 10 9 mm 4
M
Wl 2
0.5 * 38 19kN .m.
8
I eff
1.944 * 10 9
206
30 398.3
1.2
1
*1
467
19 467
4.345 * 10 9 mm 4
I eff I gross .
(o.k)
c
x
h
d
d-x
h-x
c
m
bt
1
where a cr = distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal
bar = [(0.5s) + cmin ]
where s
b(h-x)(a-x)
3Es*As(d-x)
D =500mm
S = (230-2*25-2*16/2)/3 = 54.7mm.
acr = (54.7/2)+25
= 37mm
h-x
Ast=4-16
d-x
y=300
b(h-x)(a-x)
3Es*As(d-x)
= 6.3*10-4-
230(500-167)(500-167)
3*2*105*804*(467-167)
= 0.00046 or 4.6*10-4
w cr = (3*a cr *m)/ [1+2((a cr - cmin )/(h-x))]
= (3*37 *4.6*10-4)/ [1+2((37 - 25)/(500-167))]
= 0.047mm.