De Broglie Wavelength

The de Broglie wavelength is the wavelength, , associated with a object and is related to its momentum and
mass.

Introduction
In 1923, Louis de Broglie, a French physicist, proposed a hypothesis to explain the theory of the atomic
structure.By using a series of substitution de Broglie hypothesizes particles to hold properties of waves. Within a
few years, de Broglie's hypothesis was tested by scientists shooting electrons and rays of lights through slits.
What scientists discovered was the electron stream acted the same was as light proving de Broglie correct.

Deriving the De Broglie Wavelength

De Broglie derived his equation using well established theories through the following series of substitutions:
1. De Broglie first used Einstein's famous equation relating matter and energy:

E=mc2
with

E = energy,
m = mass,
c = speed of light

2. Using Planck's theory which states every quantum of a wave has a discrete amount of energy given by
Planck's equation:

E=h(1)
with

E = energy,
h = Plank's constant (6.62607 x 10 J s),
= frequency
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3. Since de Broglie believed particles and wave have the same traits, he hypothesized that the two energies
would be equal:

mc2=h(2)
4. Because real particles do not travel at the speed of light, De Broglie submitted velocity ( v) for the speed of
light (c).

mv2=h(3)
5. Through the equation , de Broglie substituted v/ for and arrived at the final expression that relates
wavelength and particle with speed.

mv2=hv(4)
Hence:

=hvmv2=hmv(5)
A majority of Wave-Particle Duality problems are simple plug and chug via Equation 5 with some variation of
canceling out units

The Gaseous State

A gas is a sample of matter that takes the shape of the container

and expands to fill the entire volume of the container.

Chapter 9. The Gaseous State [edit]

Some of the first real breakthroughs in the study of chemistry happened in the study of
the gaseous state. In gases, the volume of the actual gas particles is but a tiny fraction of
the total volume that the gas occupies. This allowed early chemists to relate parameters
such as volume and the number of gas particles, leading to the development of the mole
concept. As we have seen in previous chapters, the notion of a chemical mole allows us
to do quantitative chemistry and lead us to the point where we can routinely address
reaction stoichiometry, etc. In this chapter, we will visit some of the early observations
that lead to our current understand of gasses and how they behave. We will see how the
relationships between pressure and volume; volume and temperature and volume and
moles lead to the ideal gas laws and how these simple rules can allow us to do
quantitative calculations in the gas phase.

The Liquid State

The liquid state of a material has a definite volume, but it does

not have a definite shape and takes the shape of the container,
unlike that of the solid state. Unlike the gas state, a liquid does
not occupy the entire volume of the container if its volume is
larger than the volume of the liquid.
At the molecular level, the arrangement of the molecules is random, unlike that of
the solid state in which the molecules are regular and periodic. The molecules in
the liquid state have translational motions as those in a gas state. There is short
order intermolecular ordering or structure, however.

The most familar liquid states at room temperature are water, alcohol, benzene,
carbon tetrachloride, corn oil, Castor oil, and gasoline. Name a liquid not listed
here, please.
Glasses, although solids, are often called frozen liquids, because the arrangements
of molecules in glasses are very similar to those in liquid states.