Ghugarkar et al., IJPSR, 2015; Vol. 6(7): 2681-2688.

E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

IJPSR (2015), Vol. 6, Issue 7

(Review Article)

Received on 05 October 2014; received in revised form, 08 February, 2015; accepted, 28 February, 2015; published 01 July, 2015

COLON TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVEIW ON PRIMARY AND NOVEL

APPROACHES
P. Ghugarkar*, P. Kulat, K. Swain and V. Suggala and D. Shaik
Department of Pharmaceutics, Padmashree Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations College of Pharmacy,
Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar-414111, Maharashtra, India.
Keywords:
Colon drug delivery system,
Primary approaches, newly
developed approaches, evaluation of
colon targeted drug delivery systems
Correspondence to Author:
P. Ghugarkar
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Padmashree Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil
Foundations College of Pharmacy,
Vilad Ghat, Ahmednagar-414111,
Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: ghugarkarp@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: In the recent years there is new development in field of colon

specific drug delivery system. The colon is the terminal part of the GIT
which has gained as a potential site for delivery of various novel therapeutic
drugs. The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs
can take place. Local delivery allows topical treatment of inflammatory
bowel disease, Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, etc. However, treatment
can be made effective if the drugs can be targeted directly into the colon,
thereby reducing the systemic side effects. It also plays vital role in systemic
delivery of proteins, therapeutic peptides, anti-asthmatic drugs,
antihypertensive drugs and anti-diabetic agents. This review article discusses
introduction of colon, need and Primary approaches for CDDS (Colon
Specific Drug Delivery), which includes prodrugs, pH and time dependent
systems and microbially triggered drug delivery system. Newly developed
CDDS, which includes pressure controlled colonic delivery capsules
(PCDCS), CODE and osmotic controlled drug delivery and also focuses on
evaluations of Colon targeted drug delivery in general.

INTRODUCTION: Targeted drug delivery to the

colon is highly desirable for local treatment of a
variety of bowel diseases such as (ulcerative colitis,
crohns disease) amebiosis, colonic cancer, and for
local treatment of local colonic pathologies, and the
systemic delivery of protein and peptide drugs 1.
The colon specific drug delivery system (CDDS)
should be capable of protecting the drug en route to
colon i.e. drug release and absorption should not
occur in the stomach as well as the small intestine
and bioactive agent should not be degraded and to
allow drug release only in the colon 2.
QUICK RESPONSE CODE
DOI:
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(7).2681-88

Article can be accessed online on:

www.ijpsr.com

The colon is believed to be a suitable absorption

site for peptides and protein drugs for the following
reasons; (i) less diversity, and intensity of digestive
Colon targeted drug delivery system increases the
absorption of poorly absorbable drug due to high
retention time of the colon.enzymes, (ii)
comparative proteolytic activity of colon mucosa is
much less than that observed in the small intestine,
thus CDDS protects peptide drugs from hydrolysis,
and enzymatic degradation in duodenum and
jejunum, and eventually releases the drug into
ileum or colon which leads to greater systemic
bioavailability.3 And finally, because the colon has
a long residence time which is up to 5 days and is
highly responsive to absorption enhancers.4
Advantages: 5

DOI link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(7).2681-88

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

1. Used for the effective treatment of

inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative
colitis, crohns disease, etc.
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2. Decreases the side effects in the treatment

of colon diseases.
3. Prevents gastric irritation resulting due to
the administration of NSAIDs.
4. Minimizes first pass metabolism.
5. Provides suitable environment for proteins
and peptides that are sensitive to gastric
fluid and digestive enzymes.
6. Increased patient compliance.
7. Decreased frequency of administration.
Hence decreased cost of drugs.
8. High retention time thus increasing the
bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs.
Limitations of colon target DDS:
Difficult to access colon:
1. Successful delivery requires the drug to be
in solution before it arrives in the colon, but
the fluid content in the colon is lower and
more viscous than in upper GIT, which is
the limiting factor for poorly soluble drugs.
2. Lower surface area and relative tightness of
the tight junctions in the colon can restrict
drug transport across the mucosa in to the
systemic circulation.6
Need for colon targeting drug delivery:
1. Targeted drug delivery to the colon to ensure
that direct treatment at the disease site (local
delivery), at lower dosing and fewer systemic
side effects 7.

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2. Site-specific or targeted drug delivery system

would allow oral administration of peptide and
protein drugs, colon-specific formulation could
also be used to prolong the drug delivery 8.
3. Colon-specific drug delivery system is
considered to be beneficial in the treatment of
colon diseases 8.
4. The colon is a site where both local or
systemic drug delivery could be achieved,
topical treatment of inflammatory bowel
disease, e.g. ulcerative colitis or Crohns
disease. Such inflammatory conditions are
usually treated with glucocorticoids and
sulphasalazine 9.
5. A number of others serious diseases of the
colon, e.g. colorectal cancer, might also be
capable of being treated more effectively if
drugs were targeted to the colon 10.
6. Formulations for colonic delivery are also
suitable for delivery of drugs which are polar
and/or susceptible to chemical and enzymatic
degradation in the upper GI tract, highly
affected by hepatic metabolism, in particular,
therapeutic proteins and peptides 10.
Criteria for Selection of Drug for CDDS:
The best Candidates for CDDS are drugs which
show poor absorption from the stomach or intestine
including peptides. The drugs used in the treatment
of IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), ulcerative
colitis, diarrhea, and colon cancer are ideal
candidates for local colon delivery 11. The criteria
for selection of drugs for CDDS is summarized in
Table 1.12 13

TABLE 1: CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF DRUGS FOR CDDS

Criteria
Pharmacological Class
Non-peptide drugs
Drugs used for local
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Oxyprenolol,
effects in Colon
Metoprolol,
against GIT diseases
Nifedipine
Drugs poorly
Antihypertensive and
Ibuprofen,
absorbed from upper
Antianginal drugs
Isosorbides,
GIT
Theophylline
Drugs for colon
Antineoplastic drugs
Pseudoephedrin
cancer
Drugs that degrade
Peptides and proteins
Bromophenaramine,
in stomach and small
5-Flourouracil,
intestine
Doxorubicin
Drugs that undergo
Nitroglycerin and
Bleomycin, Nicotine
extensive first pass
corticosteroids
metabolism

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Peptide drugs
Amyline, Antisense,
Oligonucleotide
Cyclosporin,
Desmopressin
Epoetin,
Glucagon
Gonadoreline,
Insulin, Interferons
Protirelin Sermorelin,
Saloatonin

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Drug Carrier is another factor which influences

CDDS. The selection of carrier for particular drugs
depends on the physiochemical nature of the drug
as well as the disease for which the system is to be
used. Factors such as chemical nature, stability and
partition coefficient of the drug and type of
absorption enhancer chosen influence the carrier
selection. Moreover, the choice of drug carrier
depends on the functional groups of the drug
molecule 14. For example, aniline or nitro groups on
a drug may be used to link it to another benzene
group through an azo bond. The carriers, which
contain additives like polymers (may be used as
matrices and hydro gels or coating agents) may
influence the release properties and efficacy of the
systems 15.

dependent polymers is based on these differences

in pH levels. The polymers described as pH
dependent in colon specific drug delivery are
insoluble at low pH levels but become increasingly
soluble as pH rises.20

Approaches for colon targeted drug delivery: 16

1. Primary approaches for colon targeted drug
delivery:

b. Delayed or time controlled release drug

delivery system:
Time controlled drug delivery system 22 includes
sustained or delayed release systems. In this system
the delayed release or colon targeted drug delivery
is attained by prolonging the lag time. The transit
time varies in different parts of gastrointestinal
tract. This transit time is responsible for the
delayed release of drug. The main drawbacks of
this delivery system are that the transit time varies
from one person to other and amount of food
intake.

a) pH sensitive polymer coated drug delivery

system
b) Delayed release drug delivery system
c) Microbially triggered drug delivery
i. Prodrug approach
ii. Polysaccharide based system

Although a pH dependent polymer can protect a

formulation in the stomach, and proximal small
intestine, it may start to dissolve in the lower small
intestine, and the site-specificity of formulations
can be poor.21 The decline in pH from the end of
the small intestine to the colon can also result in
problems, lengthy lag times at the ileo-cecal
junction or rapid transit through the ascending
colon which can also result in poor site-specificity
of enteric-coated single-unit formulations.20

2. New approaches for colon targeted drug

delivery:
a. Pressure controlled drug delivery system
(PCDDDS)
b. CODE
c. Osmotic controlled drug delivery system
(OROS-CT)
1. Primary Approaches for CDDS:
a. pH sensitive polymer coated drug delivery
system:
In the stomach, pH ranges between 1 and 2 during
fasting but increases after eating.17 The pH is about
6.5 in the proximal small intestine, and about 7.5 in
the distal small intestine.18 From the ileum to the
colon, pH declines significantly. It is about 6.4 in
the cecum. However, pH values as low as 5.7 have
been measured in the ascending colon in healthy
volunteers.19 The pH in the transverse colon is 6.6
and 7.0 in the descending colon. Use of pH

FIG.1: DESIGN OF ENTERIC COATED TIMED-RELEASE

PRESS COATED TABLET (ETP TABLET)

Enteric coated time-release press coated (ETP)

tablets, are composed of three components, a drug
containing core tablet (rapid release function), the
press coated swellable hydrophobic polymer layer
(Hydroxy propyl cellulose layer (HPC), time
release function) and an enteric coating layer (acid
resistance function). The tablet does not release the
drug in the stomach due to the acid resistance of the
outer enteric coating layer. After gastric emptying,

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the enteric coating layer rapidly dissolves and the

intestinal fluid begins to slowly erode the press
coated polymer (HPC) layer.
c. Microbially triggered drug delivery system:
The microflora of colon is in the range of 1011 -1012
CFU/mL23, consisting mainly of anaerobic bacteria,
e.g. Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, Eubacteria,
Clostridia, Enterococci, Enterobacteria and
Ruminococcus etc. This vast microflora fulfills its
energy needs by fermenting various types of
substrates that have been left undigested in the
small intestine, e.g. di- and tri- saccharides,
polysaccharides etc 24. For this fermentation, the
microflora produces a vast number of enzymes like
glucoronidase,
xylosidase,
arabinosidase,
galactosidase,
nitroreductase,
azareducatase,
deaminase, and urea dehydroxylase 25. Because of
the presence of the biodegradable enzymes only in
the colon, the use of biodegradable polymers for
colon-specific drug delivery seems to be a more
site-specific approach as compared to other
approaches 26.
These polymers shield the drug from the
environments of stomach and small intestine, and
are able to deliver the drug to the colon. On
reaching the colon, they undergo assimilation by
micro-organism, or degradation by enzyme or
break down of the polymer back bone leading to a
subsequent reduction in their molecular weight and
thereby loss of mechanical strength 27-31. They are
then unable to hold the drug entity any longer. 32
TABLE 2: EXAMPLES OF PRODRUG SYSTEM FOR
CDDS
Drug
Carrier
Linkage
hydrolysed
5-ASA
Azo
Azo linkage
conjugates
Dexamethasone
Saccharide
Glycosidic
carriers
linkage
Prednisolone,
Glucose,
Glycosidic
hydrocortisone,
galactose
linkage
fludrocortisone
Salicylic acid
Amino acid
Amide
conjugates,
linkage
glycine

Prodrug 33 is the main approach of microbial

triggered drug delivery system in which the drug
release from the formulation is triggered by the
microflora present in the gut. Prodrug is the

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inactive form of an active parent drug that

undergoes enzymatic transformation to release the
active drug. The produrgs are prepared by linking
the active drug with hydrophobic moieties like
amino acids, glucoronic acids, glucose, galactose,
cellulose, etc. These prodrug molecules get
hydrolysed in the presence of the enzymes released
by the microflora.
The main drawback of this approach is that the
formulation depends on the functional groups
available on drug moiety for chemical linkage. The
prodrugs formed upon linkage results in the
formation of new chemical entities that need a lot
of evaluation before using them as carriers.
The most widely used prodrug approach is the
metabolism of azo compounds by intestinal
bacteria. Polysaccharide based delivery system is
the other form of microbial triggered drug delivery
system. Naturally occurring polysaccharides like
guar gum, xanthan gum, chitosan, alginates, etc. are
used in targeting the drug delivery. These are
broken down by the colonic microflora to simple
saccharides.
TABLE 3: DIFFERENT POLYMERS USED FOR CDDS
BASED ON MICROBIAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM 33

Class
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides

Examples
Lactose, Maltose
Cyclodextrins, Lactulose,
Raffinose,
Stachyose

Polysaccharides

Alginates, Amylose,
Cellulose, Chitosan,
Starch, Chondroitin
sulphate, pectin,
xanthan gum, etc

2. New approaches for colon targeted drug

delivery:
a. Pressure controlled drug delivery system:
Digestion mainly occurs due to the contractility of
the stomach and peristaltic movement of the
intestine. The contractility movement of stomach
leads to the digestion or breakdown of larger
particles to smaller ones which are then transferred
to intestine. The peristaltic movement of intestine is
responsible for the passage of bolus from one part
of GIT to the next part. The peristaltic movement
of ascending colon transfers the bolus to transverse
colon called as mass peristalsis. These peristaltic

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movements occur in limited number i.e. three to

four times a day. These peristaltic movements of
intestine results in an increase in the luminal
pressure. This increase in luminal pressure is the
key point in the development of pressure controlled
drug delivery system.
The pressure controlled drug delivery system 34
consists of a capsule in which the drug is present.
These gelatin capsules are coated with water
insoluble polymer like ethyl cellulose on their inner
side. The drug is introduced into the capsule along
with suppository base. The thickness of ethyl
cellulose coating determines the disintegration
capacity of the capsule. After administration the
suppository base dissolves at body temperature.
The water from intestinal contents is absorbed
resulting in increased viscosity which leads to an
increase in the pressure in the capsule. The pressure
in the capsule expels the drug into the colon.
b. CODES:
CODES is a unique CDDS technology that was
designed to avoid the inherent problems associated
with pH-or time dependent systems 35, 36. CODES
is a combined approach of pH dependent and
microbially triggered CDDS. It has been developed
by utilizing a unique mechanism involving
lactulose, which acts as a trigger for site specific
drug release in the colon, (Fig. 2).

FIG. 2: SCHEMATICS OF THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF

CODES

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The system consists of a traditional tablet core

containing lactulose, which is over coated with and
acid soluble material, Eudragit E, and then
subsequently overcoated with an enteric material,
Eudragit L. The premise of the technology is that
the enteric coating protects the tablet while it is
located in the stomach and then dissolves quickly
following gastric emptying. The acid soluble
material coating then protects the preparation as it
passes through the alkaline pH of the small
intestine.37
Once the tablet arrives in the colon, the bacteria
enzymetically
degrade
the
polysaccharide
(lactulose) into organic acid. This lowers the pH
surrounding the system sufficient to effect the
dissolution of the acid soluble coating and
subsequent drug release.38
c. Osmotic controlled drug delivery system
(OROS-CT):
The OROS-CT (Alza corporation) can be used to
target the drug locally to the colon for the treatment
of disease or to achieve systemic absorption that is
otherwise unattainable.39 The OROS-CT system
can be a single osmotic unit or may incorporate as
many as 5-6 push-pull units, each 4mm in diameter,
encapsulated within a hard gelatin capsule, (Fig. 3).
40
Each bilayer push pull unit contains an osmotic
push layer and a drug layer, both surrounded by a
semipermeable membrane. An orifice is drilled
through the membrane next to the drug layer.
Immediately after the OROS-CT is swallowed, the
gelatin capsule containing the push-pull units
dissolves.
Because of its drug-impermeable enteric coating,
each push-pull unit is prevented from absorbing
water in the acidic aqueous environment of the
stomach, and hence no drug is delivered. As the
unit enters the small intestine, the coating dissolves
in this higher pH environment (pH >7), water
enters the unit, causing the osmotic push
compartment to swell, and concomitantly creates a
flowable gel in the drug compartment. Swelling of
the osmotic push compartment forces drug gel out
of the orifice at a rate precisely controlled by the
rate of water transport through the semipermeable
membrane. For treating ulcerative colitis, each push
pull unit is designed with a 3-4 h post gastric delay

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to prevent drug delivery in the small intestine. Drug

release begins when the unit reaches the colon.
OROS-CT units can maintain a constant release
rate for up to 24 hours in the colon or can deliver
drug over a period as short as four hours. Recently,
new phase transited systems have come which
promise to be a good tool for targeting drugs to the
colon.[41-44] Various in vitro / in vivo evaluation
techniques have been developed and proposed to
test the performance and stability of CDDS.

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buffers may be undertaken to characterize the

behavior of formulations at different pH levels.
Dissolution tests of a colon-specific formulation in
various media simulating pH conditions and times
likely to be encountered at various locations in the
gastrointestinal tract have been studied.46 The
media chosen were, for example, pH 1.2 to
simulate gastric fluid, pH 6.8 to simulate the jejunal
region of the small intestine, and pH 7.2 to simulate
the ileum segment. Enteric-coated capsules for
CDDS have been investigated in a gradient
dissolution study in three buffers. The capsules
were tested for two hours at pH 1.2, then one hour
at pH 6.8, and finally at pH 7.4.47
b) In vitro enzymatic test:
For this there are 2 tests:
a. Incubate carrier drug system in fermenter
containing suitable medium for bacteria
(Streptococcus faccium or B.ovatus) amount of
drug released at different time intervals
determined.

FIG.3: CROSS-SECTION OF THE OROS-CT COLON

TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

For in vitro evaluation, not any standardized

evaluation technique is available for evaluation of
CDDS because an ideal in vitro model should
posses the in-vivo conditions of GIT such as pH,
volume, stirring, bacteria, enzymes, enzyme
activity, and other components of food. Generally,
these conditions are influenced by the diet, physical
stress, and these factors make it difficult to design a
slandered in-vitro model. In vitro models used for
CDDS are:
a) In vitro dissolution test:
Dissolution of controlled-release formulations used
for colon-specific drug delivery are usually
complex, and the dissolution methods described in
the USP cannot fully mimic in vivo conditions such
as those relating to pH, bacterial environment and
mixing forces.45 Dissolution tests relating to CDDS
may be carried out using the conventional basket
method. Parallel dissolution studies in different

b. Drug release study is done in buffer medium

containing enzymes (enzyme pectinase,
dextranase), or rat or guinea pig or rabbit cecal
contents. The amount of drug released in
particular time is determined, which is directly
proportional to the rate of degradation of
polymer carrier 48.
c) In vivo evaluation:
A number of animals such as dogs, guinea pigs,
rats, and pigs are used to evaluate the delivery of
drug to colon because they resemble the anatomic
and physiological conditions as well as the micro
flora of human GIT. While choosing a model for
testing a CDDS, relative model for the colonic
diseases should also be considered. Guinea pigs are
commonly used for experimental IBD model. The
distribution of azoreductase and glucouronidase
activity in the GIT of rat and rabbit is fairly
comparable to that in the human.49 For rapid
evaluation of CDDS, a novel model has been
proposed. In this model, the human fetal bowel is
transplanted into a subcutaneous tullel on the back
of thymic nude mice, which bascularizes within
four weeks, matures, and becomes capable of
developing of mucosal immune system from the
host.

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Drug Delivery Index (DDI) and Clinical

Evaluation of Colon-Specific Drug Delivery
Systems:
DDI is a calculated pharmacokinetic parameter,
following single or multiple dose of oral colonic
prodrugs. DDI is the relative ratio of RCE (Relative
colonic tissue exposure to the drug) to RSC
(Relative amount of drug in blood i.e. that is
relative systemic exposal to the drug). High drug
DDI value indicates better colon drug delivery.
Absorption of drugs from the colon is monitored by
colonoscopy and intubation. Currently, gamma
scintigraphy and high frequency capsules are the
most preferred techniques employed to evaluate
colon drug delivery systems.50

6.

CONCLUSION: The colonic region of the GIT

has become an increasingly important site for drug
delivery and absorption. Colon targeted drug
delivery system offers benefits of both local as well
as systemic effects. Colon specificity is more likely
to be achieved with systems that utilize natural
materials that are degraded by colonic bacterial
enzymes. The main advantage of CDDS is that the
colon offers near neutral pH, a long transit time,
reduced enzymatic activity and increased
responsiveness to absorption enhancers. The novel
approaches are more specific compared to the
primary approaches. The biodegradable polymers
are used for the colon specific delivery of the drug.
For the in vitro evaluation of the system the current
dissolution techniques are not suitable. Research is
going on to develop suitable dissolution methods to
evaluate the colon targeted drug delivery systems.

13.

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How to cite this article:

Ghugarkar P, Kulat P, Swain K and Suggala V and Shaik D: Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System: A Reveiw on Primary and Novel
Approaches. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2015; 6(7): 2681-88.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(7).2681-88.
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