Commentary

Exodus 12:1-14
The L ORD tells the people what needs to be done before they set out on their
journey to the promised land. An animal must be selected and be made ready. A
meal needs to be cooked. And the house is to be marked against the danger that
walks the land at night. This work is carried out every year so the people know
what kind of God the L ORD is.

Exodus 12:1 The L ORD said – The command to keep the Passover comes from
the mouth of the L ORD.

Exodus 12:2 This month shall mark for you the beginning of months – This event
is of primary importance, so much so that everything must follow it. That is
why time itself is changed and the calendar is adjusted.

Exodus 12:3 Tell the whole congregation of Israel – No one is exempted from
this celebration of freedom.

Exodus 12:4 If a household is too small – The L ORD provides practical rules to
ensure no one is left out.

Exodus 12:5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a year-old male – The L ORD
asks for the best lamb or goat to feed the people.

Exodus 12:6 You shall keep it until the fourteenth day – The animal is selected
on the tenth day of the month and then four days later it is killed.

Exodus 12:7 take some of the blood and put it – Mark your houses so that others
know you are Jews. Place the blood on your door then the angel of the L ORD
realizes you trust in the promise.

Exodus 12:8 eat the lamb – The sacrifice is not for the L ORD but instead for the
benefit of the people.
with unleavened bread and bitter herbs – Tradition will develop around the
use of these two items. Bread with out yeast is part of the meal since there
is no time to let the dough rise. The herbs remind the people of the pain and
suffering that comes with the loss of freedom.

1
Exodus 12:9 Do not eat any of it raw – The L ORD spells out prohibitions such
as this example on how not to consume the meat.

Exodus 12:10 You shall let none of it remain – When you are leaving for a long
journey across a wilderness, you need to have your strength. Eat up. You do
not know where your next meal is coming from.

Exodus 12:11 you shall eat it hurriedly – The time to leave this world is coming
soon, very soon. Be ready to leave at a moment’s notice.

Exodus 12:12 I will execute judgements – On this night, as on every night, the
L ORD will decide who will live and who will not.

Exodus 12:13 I will pass over you – Ironically, the L ORD, a warrior mighty in
battle, the creator of existence, does not know His own people unless they
mark themselves. How then, can one trust in the decisions made by the
L ORD if this One lacks access to some of the facts?

Exodus 12:14 be a day of remembrance – From now on, keep these feast to
remember what the L ORD has done.

Psalm 116:1-2, 12-19

Psalm 116:1 I love the L ORD, because he has heard – The psalmist’s attrac-
tion to the L ORD is due to the practical reason of response. The L ORD has
answered his prayer.

Psalm 116:2 I will call on him as long as I live. – This single answer by the
L ORD causes a lifetime attraction to the L ORD.

...

Psalm 116:12 What shall I return to the L ORD – The question comes from one
who is thankful what the L ORD has done. What do the ones, who never have
heard a single word from the L ORD do? What is their response to a God that
sits in silence? What happens to those who suffer and cry out but nothing
ever improves?

Psalm 116:13 I will lift up the cup of salvation – Even the act of drinking becomes
an occasion for thanksgiving because the L ORD has answered the poet’s
prayer. More people cry at night because the L ORD says nothing. More

2
 tears are spilled because they hurt and no one cares. More pain happens that
relief.

Psalm 116:14 I will pay my vows to the L ORD – Apparently, part of the prayer
included a dedication of some precious resource to the L ORD. What do the
people who have nothing do? What do the downtrodden offer the L ORD?
What sacrifice does one make on their death-bead?

Psalm 116:15 Precious in the sight of the L ORD is the death of his faithful ones. –
Yet the L ORD is silent and people die. Do they pass out of existence without
the L ORD’s knowledge?

Psalm 116:16 I am your servant, the child of your serving-maid – This one knows
the L ORD because of the faithful witness of his mother. Who speaks to
those who do not have parents? Who comes to those people whose mother
and father do not know the L ORD? Who tells those who have forgotten the
words of their childhood?

Psalm 116:17 I will offer to you a thanksgiving sacrifice – This man is blessed.
The L ORD listen to him. His fortune is great. Not only does he has enough
resources to promise the L ORD something special but the poet also has ac-
cess to more material goods that he will dedicate to the L ORD. What do the
have-nots sacrifice? Who will remember the poor in the future? Where is
their salvation?

Psalm 116:18 in the presence of all his people – The entire company will know
the mighty deeds of the L ORD.

Psalm 116:19 in your midst, O Jerusalem – The L ORD’s holy city is where
the vow and the sacrifice take place. The less fortunate cannot make it to
Jerusalem. No one knows about their pain.

1 Corinthians 11:23-26
Paul recounts for the church in Corinth the tradition that he knows. It describes a
meal where Jesus is present. Jesus tells His followers to eat and drink. The bread
that is served tells the believers that Jesus is really with them. The wine unites the
drinkers with the new reality found in Christ.

3
 1 Corinthians 11:23 For I received from the Lord – Paul asserts that this specific
instruction on how to celebrate the Lord’s Supper came directly from Jesus.
It seems that what Paul describes in I Corinthians 11:23-26 is a Chabu-
rah meal, a periodic fellowship of men that come together and enjoy each
other’s company. One also can see Paul’s writing change from a rhetorical
style into a liturgical style. Since the liturgy is so “polished” most writers
assume that Paul is quoting from an earlier tradition.

1 Corinthians 11:24 This is my body – In the Greek, it says soma (σῶμα) which
indicates a person, that is somebody. The Greek does not say sarx (σάρξ),
which means flesh or carcass. So Jesus is saying that He is really present in
the meal.

1 Corinthians 11:25 after supper – Traditionally, Chaburah started around 10:00

am and continued to sundown.
This cup – At the end of the meal, whatever wine was left over was poured
into a single bowl and everyone was expected to drink from it. This last
drink was called the “cup of blessing.” It tops off the occasion and it is a
toast to the next meal that the men have together.
new covenant – This cup (of blessing) is the new relationship between God
and humanity that is found in Christ’s blood. When one drinks from this cup
(of blessing) with others, you have a full share of God’s blessings.

1 Corinthians 11:26 you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes – Paradox-
ically, the church knows that Jesus died and lives. He has left and is still
here.

John 13:1-17, 31b-35

This section in John (John 13:1 - 17:26) is known as the “Last Discourse.”1 It
functions as a final testament, something that was commonly done in Jewish writ-
ings.2 Points of commonality between this section of John and a last testament
are:
1
Francis J. Moloney, S.D.B.; Daniel J. Harrington, S.J., editor, The Gospel of John, Volume 4,
Sacra Pagina Series, (Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1998), p. 370.
2
Ibid., pp. 371, 377.

4
 • Telling others about leaving and dying. – Departures are a fact of life. Some-
time, people learn this news during a meal.3

• More bad news is coming. – The leader explains that future threats are on
the horizon.4

• Lead the ideal life. – Follow the example clearly set by the hero.5

• Go and do. – The hero tells his followers what is expected of them.6 Nor-
mally this includes the command to love one another.7

• God’s promises never end. – The leader reminds his disciples that God can
be trusted.8

• Closing with praise of God. Almost every example of a last will and testa-
ment ends with a doxology.9

John 13:1 before the festival of the Passover – John sets the betrayal of Jesus
during the time when the lambs for the Passover are being prepared for
death.
his hour – This phrase could refer back to the marriage at Cana when Jesus
tells Mary that it is not His hour (John 2:4).
Having loved his own who were in the world, he loved them to the end.
– This is what Jesus came/comes to do. It “surpasses all imaginable lov-
ing.”10 The tense of these verbs is aorist. In other words, they are valid for
all times.11

John 13:2 The devil had already put it into the heart of Judas son of Simon
Iscariot to betray him – The narrator gives us privileged information that
only increases the love that Jesus shows for the disciples since He washes
Judas’ feet also. The Greek βεβληκότος εἰς τὴν καρδίαν can either mean
3
Moloney, The Gospel of John, p. 377.
4
Ibid.
5
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
7
Ibid.
8
Ibid.
9
Ibid., p. 378.
10
Ibid., p. 373-374.
11
Ibid., p. 378.

5
 “to put in heart” or “to make up one’s heart.”12 It should be read as if satan
has made up his mind.13 It is not an emotional appeal that satan makes to
Judas.
John 13:3 he had come from God and was going to God – Christ’s source and
destination is never in question. The real issue revolves around His followers
and their beliefs.
John 13:4 took off his outer robe – The verb τίθημι found here brings to mind the
work of the Good Shepperd (John 10:11, 15, 17, 18).14
John 13:5 he poured water into a basin – Jesus never baptizes anyone but He
does wash the feet of His followers. Yet, the Church continually does not
see the need to serve others. Look what she does. Washing of feet is not a
ritual that reminds one of the importance of service. It is not a sacrament
that binds a Christian to Christ’s radical love that pours itself out for the
benefit of others. The Church refuses to help those who betray her.
John 13:6 Lord, are you going to wash my feet? – Peter, representing the world,
shows that others do not accept how God loves the world.15
John 13:7 later you will understand – This has been a common theme in John
(John 2:22; 12:16; 12:23).16 At some time in the future, the followers of
Jesus will see what is happening here.
John 13:8 You will never wash my feet. – Despite what Moloney asserts, it is
difficult to see this as a reference to baptism.17 Why do commentators insist
on oblique interpretations of the text?
Peter’s lack of understanding and his protests about what Jesus must do does
not cause Jesus to abandon Peter.
Unless I wash you, you have no share with me. – Baptism is the normal way
that people are admitted into the church. This truth ignores the fact that this
vignette is about service found in the washing of feet and not directly about
baptism.
12
Moloney, The Gospel of John, p. 378.
13
Ibid.
14
Ibid.
15
Ibid., p. 374.
16
Ibid.
17
Ibid., p. 375.

6
 Jesus tells His followers that they must allow Him to serve them. In this
specific instance, it is Jesus who cleans the feet of the men around Him.
This action of waiting on someone comes in many different ways. Christians
accept this gift so that they may pass it on to others.

John 13:9 Lord, not my feet only but also my hands and my head! – In other
words, more is better. Peter expects that a complete bath by Jesus transforms
Peter into a new creation. That is not the purpose of service. It is to help. It
renders aid where needed. It does what is required and then moves on.

John 13:10 but is entirely clean – Commentators that insist that this text is about
baptism seem to forget this verse. If this was about baptism, then baptism
only removes the last little spot in your life that happens to be on the part
of you that comes in constant contact with the world. Obviously, that is not
what the Church teaches on the subject. Therefore, this text is about service.

John 13:11 he knew who was to betray him – The behavior of the disciples makes
it clear that at least one of them will turn Jesus over to the authorities.

John 13:12 Do you know what I have done to you? – There appears to be two
different interpretations to the foot-washing with one found in verses 6-11
and the other in 12-20.18 The verses found in 12-20 are generally assumed
to be a later tradition.19 Despite this understanding, it is clear that the entire
section has been designed to be thought of a single unit.20
The verbs know, love, and act now apply to the disciples.21 They must see
beneath the example of foot-washing and see what Jesus is talking about.
The disciples need to repeat Christ’s action of love to the entire world, even
to those who betray. The disciples must follow Christ’s command to do this.

John 13:13 You call me Teacher and Lord – The dual role of instructor and ruler
is needed for Jesus to make the following point. His students must continue
what the leader’s example.

John 13:14 you also ought to wash one another’s feet – The rubber hits the road
here. The people who call themselves Christians must serve others.
18
Moloney, The Gospel of John, p. 371.
19
Ibid.
20
Ibid.
21
Ibid., p. 275.

7
John 13:15 an example – The Greek reads ὑπόδειγμα at this point and this is the
only use in the New Testament. It is associated with “exemplary death” in
the LXX (2 Maccabees 6:28; 4 Maccabees 17:22-34; Sirach 44:16).22
you also should do as I have done to you. – Christians are not called to be
morally perfect; rather Jesus asks those who follow Him to imitate His self
giving.23 In other words, those people in the Church should see that giving
yourself for others is the normal way of living.

John 13:16 servants are not greater than their master – Do not expect a special
exemption from your life of waiting on others.

John 13:17 If you know these things, you are blessed if you do them. – Blessing
comes from entering into discipleship and living the life that Jesus mod-
eled.24

John 13:18-20 (Missing from the reading) It is interesting to note that the Church
continues to leave out the fact that sending and accepting the sent one is the
same as receiving the Father.
The traditional lessons also removes the part that clearly states Jesus fully
understands that He sends out disciples that will fail.

John 13:31b Now the Son of Man has been glorified – Jesus will be lifted up (on
the cross) to make God’s love known to all people.25 It is here on the cross
that God is truly revealed.26
God has been glorified in him – God is given the glory in the life of Christ
but God is also to be glorified in the lives of Christ’s followers.

John 13:32 If God has been glorified in him – The glory of God is not like what
the Caesars and Emperors of this world want. It is a life that ends in to-
tal service for the other and not completely taking the other for your own
benefit.
22
Moloney, The Gospel of John, p. 376.
23
Ibid.
24
Ibid., p. 379.
25
Ibid., p. 385.
26
Ibid.

8
 John 13:33 Little children – This is a term of endearment.27 But it also points out
how much they do not understand and how many times they have or will
fail.28

John 13:34 I give you a new commandment – As disciples, we must follow Jesus
in giving ourselves up in death for others.29
The Latin for commandment mandatum is why this day is named Maundy
Thursday.

John 13:35 everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one
another – The demonstrations of love need to be so obvious that the whole
world sees.

References
Moloney, S.D.B., Francis J.; Harrington, S.J., Daniel J., editor, The Gospel of
John, Volume 4, Sacra Pagina Series, (Collegeville, Minnesota: The Litur-
gical Press, 1998).

27
Moloney, The Gospel of John, p. 385.
28
Ibid.
29
Ibid., p. 386.