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FAULT ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS


Submitted by

Nupoor Shukla
Nawal Pathak
Mohammed Sanaullah Khan
Under Guidance of

Prof. Achala Jain

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering


ShriShankaracharyaTechnical Campus,
ShriShankaracharya Group of Institutions, Bhilai
(Recognized by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi. Accredited by N.B.A., New Delhi)
December - 2015

Certificate
Certified that the contents of the project report entitled, "Fault analysis using
MATLAB" is a bonafide work carried out under my guidance by Nupoor
Shukla ,Nawal Pathak, Mohammed Sanaullah Khan in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and
Electronics.

Approved by:

Guided by :

Dr. R. N. Patel
(H.O.D)
Department of Electrical
and ElectronicsEngg
SSTC, Bhilai

Achala Jain
Professor
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engg
SSTC, Bhilai

CERTIFICATE OF DISSERTATION OF ACCEPTANCE

This is to certify that project work entitled FAULT ANALYSIS USING


MATLAB carried out by NUPOOR SHUKLA,NAWAL PATHAK,
MOHAMMED SANAULLAH KHAN students of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering 7th semester (2015), of ShriShankaracharya Technical Campus,
Junwani, (Bhilai) is hereby accepted and approved after proper evaluation as a
creditable work submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics from
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai(C.G.).
It is understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not
necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or
conclusion therein, but approve the report for the purpose of which it is submitted.

Name:
Internal Examiner

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Name:
ExternalExaminer

We, the students of ShriShankaracharya Group of Institutions have taken


efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We
would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to HoD. Dr. R.N Patel for providing us all the
resources needed for the completion of our project. We would like to
thank our project guide Mrs.Achala Jain for her constant supervision as
well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also
for her support in completing the project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards the faculty members of
Electrical and Electronics department for their kind co-operation and
encouragement, which helped us in the completion of this project.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to our parents and colleagues in
developing the project and people who have willingly helped us out with
their abilities.

Nupoor Shukla
Nawal Pathak
Mohammed Sanaullah Khan
ABSTRACT

A MATLAB based simulation tool has been developed to calculate the short-circuit
fault currents in power transmission lines and to use as an educational material
for courses on power system analysis. Presented documents contains study about
different short circuit faults occurring in transmission line and there detection using
MATLAB. Presented simulink provides the calculation of single line-to-ground
(1LG), line-to-line(2LS), and double line-to-ground (2LG) faults on transmission
lines. Symmetrical components of currents and voltages are used for calculations
in the program. By means of the program, calculated fault currents and voltages on
the fault point of the line have been presented both in per-unit and in real values.
Furthermore, this calculated currents and voltages can be observed in graphical
presentation. In this way, an effective and efficient tool has been developed for the
students to check the accuracy of their calculations and to observe the variations of
waveforms. The purpose of this GUI based tool is to help the student to understand
the concept of symmetrical components and short-circuit faults.

CONTENTS
< Font Size 16>
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim and scope
1.2 Literature survey

01
02
03

INTRODUCTION
There are a number of different types of faults that may occur in power systems.
Three phase symmetrical fault occurs in three phase systems where the phase
conductors are in contact with each other. The phase to phase fault occurs when
two phase conductors are in contact with each other. A single phase to ground fault
occurs between a phase conductor and neutral conductor or ground conductor in
three phase grounded neutral systems. If two phase conductors are in contact with
the neutral or ground conductor, a two phase to ground fault occurs. Fault analysis
is very important part of power system analysis. Studying symmetrical fault

analysis is easier than teaching unsymmetrical faults and this complexity leads to a
loss of focus and lack of understanding of the basic processes affecting the values
of currents and voltages after the occurrence of a fault and the students become
indifferent to the variation in the results from one type of fault to another.
Using visual tools to calculate and present the variations, makes the concept
of fault more understandable and lasting for the purpose of study. Graphical User
Interfaces (GUI)is one of the visual tools to provide the user with interactive visual
communication with the tasks on hand and the solution process. With GUI, the
student can start applying the application software to solve the problem more
efficiently. The GUI environment keeps most of the tedious and repetitive
calculations in the background, allowing the user to spend more time in
the analysis of the results obtained. Many power system analysis applications have
been developed taking advantage of GUI. In this study, a MATLAB/GUI
(Graphical User Interface) based simulation tool has been developed to calculate
the short-circuit fault currents in power transmission lines. The program provides
the calculation of four different faults on transmission lines. For calculations of
fault currents and voltages symmetrical components are used. A GUI-based userfriendly interface has been developed. The students are also able to see the
graphical variations of fault currents and voltages in GUI screen.
THE LITERATURE SURVEY
General Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed via large
interconnected power systems. The generation of electric power takes place in a
power plant. Then the voltage level of the power will be raised by the transformer
before the power is transmitted. Electric power is proportional to the product of
voltage and current this is the reason why power transmission voltage levels are
used in order to minimize power transmission losses. The primary objective of all
power systems is to maintain the continuous power supply. During normal
operating conditions, current will flow through all elements of the electrical power

system within pre-designed values which are appropriate to these elements ratings.
However, natural events such as lightning, weather, ice, wind, heat, failure in
related equipment and many other unpredictable factors may lead to undesirable
situations and connection between the phases conductors of a transmission lines or
the phase conductors to ground, these types of events are known as faults. A falling
tree on a transmission lines could cause a three-phase fault where all phases share a
point of contact called fault location. In different occasions, fault could be a result
of insulation deterioration, wind damage or human vandalism. Faults can be
defined as the flow of a massive current through an improper path which could
cause enormous equipment damage which will lead to interruption of power,
personal injury, or death. In addition, the voltage level will alternate which can
affect the equipment insulation in case of an increase or could cause a failure of
equipment start-up if the voltage is below a minimum level. As a result, the
electrical potential difference of the system neutral will increase. Hence, People
and equipment will be exposed to the danger of electricity which is not accepted.
Any power system can be analyzed by calculating the system voltages and currents
under normal & abnormal scenarios. The fault currents caused by short circuits
may be several orders of magnitude larger than the normal operating currents and
are determined by the system impedance between the generator voltages and the
fault, under the worst scenario if the fault persists, it may lead to long-term power
loss, blackouts and permanently damage to the equipment. To prevent such an
undesirable situation, the temporary isolation of the fault from the whole system it
is necessary as soon as possible. This is accomplished by the protective relaying
system. The process of evaluating the system voltages and currents under various
types of short-circuits is called fault analysis which can determine the necessary
safety measures & the required protection system to guarantee the safety of public.
The analysis of faults leads to appropriate protection settings which can be
computed in order to select suitable fuse, circuit breaker size and type of relay. The
severity of the fault depends on the short-circuit location, the path taken by fault
current, the system impedance and its voltage level. In order to maintain the

continuation of power supply to all customers which is the core purpose of the
power system existence, all faulted parts must be isolated from the system
temporary by the 6 protection schemes. When a fault exists within the relay
protection zone at any transmission line, a signal will trip or open the circuit
breaker isolating the faulted line. To complete this task successfully, fault analysis
has to be conducted in every location assuming several fault conditions. The goal is
to determine the optimum protection scheme by determining the fault currents &
voltages. In reality, power system can consist of thousands of buses which
complicate the task of calculating these parameters without the use of computer
softwares such as Matlab. In 1956, L.W. Coombe and D. G. Lewis proposed the
first fault analysis program. Many exiting texts offer an extensive analysis in fault
studies and calculation.

Faults in transmission line


In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric
current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which current bypasses the normal
load. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by some failure.
In three-phase systems, a fault may involve one or more phases and ground, or
may occur only between phases. In a "ground fault" or "earth fault", current flows
into the earth. The prospective short circuit current of a predictable fault can be
calculated for most situations. In power systems, protective devices can detect fault
conditions and operate circuit breakers and other devices to limit the loss of service
due to a failure.
In a polyphase system, a fault may affect all phases equally which is a
"symmetrical fault". If only some phases are affected, the resulting "asymmetrical
fault" becomes more complicated to analyze. The analysis of these types of faults
is often simplified by using methods such as symmetrical components.
The design of systems to detect and interrupt power system faults is the main
objective of power-system protection.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or
states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry
normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
But when fault occurs, it causes excessively high currents to flow which causes the
damage to equipments and devices. Fault detection and analysis is necessary to
select or design suitable switchgear equipments, electromechanical relays, circuit
breakers and other protection devices.

There are mainly two types of faults in the electrical power system. Those are
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
Type of Faults
There are two types of faults which can occur on any transmission lines; balanced
faults and unbalanced faults also known as symmetrical and asymmetrical faults
respectively. Most of the faults that occur on power systems are not the balanced
three phase faults, but the unbalances faults. In addition, faults can be categorized
as the shunt faults, series faults and simultaneous faults. In the analysis of power
system under fault conditions, it is necessary to make a distinction between the
types of fault to ensure 7 the best results possible in the analysis. Two examples of
series fault are when the system holds one or two broken lines, or impedance
inserted in one or two lines. In the real world a series faults takes place, for
example, when circuit breakers controls the lines and do not open all three phases,
in this case, one or two phases of the line may be open while the other/s is closed.
Series faults are characterized by increase of voltage and frequency and fall in
current in the faulted phases. One of the most important characteristics of shunt
faults is the increment the current suffers and fall in voltage and frequency. Shunt
faults cab be classified into four categories.
1. Line-to-ground fault: this type of fault exists when one phase of any
transmission lines establishes a connection with the ground either by ice, wind,
falling tree or any other incident. 70% of all transmission lines faults are classified
under this category .
2. Line-to-line fault: as a result of high winds, one phase could touch anther phase
& line-to-line fault takes place. 15% of all transmission lines faults are considered
line-to-line faults
3. Double line-to-ground: falling tree where two phases become in contact with
the ground could lead to this type of fault. In addition, two phases will be involved

instead of one at the line-to-ground faults scenarios. 10% of all transmission lines
faults are under this type of faults.
4. Three phase fault: in this case, falling tower, failure of equipment or even a line
breaking and touching the remaining phases can cause three phase faults. In reality,
this type of fault not often exists which can be seen from its share of 5% of all
transmission lines faults [11]. The first three of these faults are known as
asymmetrical faults.

Based on symmetry the faults are classified as:1.Symmetrical faults


These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These
are also called as balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to line to
ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line to line (L-L-L).

Symmetrical faults

Only 2-5 percent of system faults are symmetrical faults. If these faults occur,
system remains balanced but results in severe damage to the electrical power
system equipments.
Above figure shows two types of three phase symmetrical faults. Analysis of these
fault is easy and usually carried by per phase basis. Three phase fault analysis or
information is required for selecting set-phase relays, rupturing capacity of the
circuit breakers and rating of the protective switchgear.
2.Unsymmetrical faults
These are very common and less severe than symmetrical faults. There are mainly
three types namely line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L) and double line to
ground (LL-G) faults.

Unsymmetrical faults
Line to ground fault (L-G) is most common fault and 65-70 percent of faults are of
this type.
It causes the conductor to make contact with earth or ground. 15 to 20 percent of
faults are double line to ground and causes the two conductors to make contact
with ground. Line to line faults occur when two conductors make contact with each
other mainly while swinging of lines due to winds and 5- 10 percent of the faults
are of this type.

These are also called unbalanced faults since their occurrence causes unbalance in
the system. Unbalance of the system means that that impedance values are
different in each phase causing unbalance current to flow in the phases. These are
more difficult to analyze and are carried by per phase basis similar to three phase
balanced faults.

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