Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TITLE
PAGE
Table of Content
1.0
2.0
Abstract
Introduction
3.0
4.0
5
Objectives
Theory
5.0
6.0
7.0
7
Apparatus and material
Experimental procedure
Results
and calculation
11
8.0 Discussion
9.0 Conclusion
10.0 Recommendations
References
Appendices
3
45
67-8
8
911-12
13
13
13
14
ABSTRACT
1
INTRODUCTION
In the Bernoullis Theorem, states that an increase in the speed of
moving air or a flowing fluid is accompanied by a decrease in the air
fluids pressure. This theorem also known as Bernoullis principle. Daniel
Bernoulli which is Swiss scientist (1700-1782), demonstrated that, in most
cases the pressure in a liquid or gas decreases as the liquid or gas move
faster. This is an important principle involving the movement of a fluid
through the pressure difference. Normally, a fluid is moving in a horizontal
direction and encounters a pressure difference. This pressure difference
will result in a net force, which is by Newtons Second Law will cause an
acceleration of the fluid.
Bernoullis Theorem also states that the total energy involves the
pressure energy, potential energy and kinetic energy of an incompressible
and non-viscous fluid in steady flow through a pipe remains constant
throughout the flow, provided there is no source or sink of the fluid along
the length of the pipe. This statement is depend to the assumption that
there is no loss energy due to friction.
2
P + gh + V = constant
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the discharge coefficient of the venturi meter
2. To measure flow rate with venturi meter
3. To demonstrate Bernoullis Theorem
THEORY
Clearly state that the assumption made in driving Bernoullis principle
equation is:
1. The model calculation here assumes laminar flow(no tubulance)
5
2. The distance from the larger diameter to the smaller is short enough
that viscous losses can be neglected
3. The velocity profile follows that of theoretical laminar flow
4. The flow is steady and the velocity of the liquid is less than the
critical velocity for the liquid.
5. There is no loss energy due to friction.
Then, it is expressed with the following equation:
datum, z=0), and thus, all the z values are zeros so that the above
equation reduces to:
p
' g
v2
2. g
= hT = constant
1. Venture meter
2. Pad of manometer tube
3. Hydraulic bench
4. Stop watch
5. Water
6. Water tank equipped with water controller
7. Water host and tubes
PROCEDURE
1. The main switch on the pump is switched on.
2. The flow control valve is fully opened to let the water flow into the
venture meter and manometer tubes.
3. The control valve and valve are closed.
4. The air bleed screw is regulated until water level in manometer
tubes reach 150 mm.
5. The flow control valve is fully opened and waited for some time for
the level in manometer tube h is in steady state.
6. After the steady state is achieved, the water tank is closed with
water controller and the time to for volume of water to reach the 3
litre is recorded.
7. The Pitot (total head measuring) tube that connected to manometer
h is pushed gently and its end reaches the cross section of the
venture tube at a. After waited some time, the reading of
manometer h and a are taken.
8. The step 5 to 7 is repeated with difference flow rate.
RESULT
Experiment 1
Volume ( m
0.003
20
Flow rate ( m /s )
1.50 x 10-4
h*= hH
hi
ViB = 2g (hH-hi)
(m)
(m)
(m/s)
0.420
0.485
0.767
0.678
0.343
0.140
168
163
160
158
156
154
159
151
130
141
150
153
Difference
ViB Vic
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m2)
5.309 x 10-4
3.664 x 10-4
2.011 x 10-4
3.142 x 10-4
3.801 x 10-4
5.309 x 10-4
0.283
0.409
0.746
0.477
0.395
0.283
0.137
0.076
0.021
0.101
-0.052
-0.143
Experiment 2
Volume ( m
0.003
9
17
Flow rate ( m /s )
1.764 x 10-4
h*= hH
hi
ViB = 2g (hH-hi)
(m)
(m)
(m/s)
D2/
i
Difference
ViB Vic
(m/s)
(m/s)
0.372
0.482
0.878
0.562
0.464
0.332
0.110
-0.070
-0.026
-0.002
0.021
-0.019
A
B
C
D
E
F
169
166
171
169
168
167
159
155
126
144
147
152
(m )
5.309 x 10-4
3.660 x 10-4
2.011 x 10-4
3.142 x 10-4
3.801 x 10-4
5.309 x 10-4
0.442
0.465
0.852
0.560
0.485
0.313
Experiment 3
Volume ( m
0.003
16
Flow rate ( m /s )
1.875 x 10-4
h*= hH
hi
ViB = 2g (hH-hi)
(m)
(m)
(m/s)
D2/
i
Difference
ViB Vic
(m/s)
(m/s)
0.353
0.512
0.932
0.597
0.493
0.353
0.190
0.066
0.107
0.131
0.133
0.152
A
B
C
D
E
F
180
175
171
169
168
167
165
158
116
142
148
154
0.543
0.578
1.039
0.728
0.626
0.505
(m )
5.309 x 10-4
3.664 x 10-4
2.011 x 10-4
3.142 x 10-4
3.801 x 10-4
5.314 x 10-4
10
CALCULATION
Experiment 1
Volume ( m
0.003
20
Flow rate ( m /s )
1.50 x 10-4
h*= hH
hi
ViB = 2g (hH-hi)
(m)
(m)
(m/s)
D2/
i
Difference
ViB Vic
(m/s)
(m/s)
0.283
0.409
0.746
0.477
0.395
0.283
0.137
0.076
0.021
0.101
-0.052
-0.143
A
B
C
D
E
F
168
163
160
158
156
154
159
151
130
141
150
153
(m )
5.309 x 10-4
3.664 x 10-4
2.011 x 10-4
3.142 x 10-4
3.801 x 10-4
5.309 x 10-4
0.420
0.485
0.767
0.678
0.343
0.140
Experiment 2
Volume ( m
Flow rate ( m /s )
0.003
17
1.764 x 10-4
11
h*= hH
hi
ViB = 2g (hH-hi)
(m)
(m)
(m/s)
0.442
0.465
0.852
0.560
0.485
0.313
169
166
171
169
168
167
159
155
126
144
147
152
Difference
ViB Vic
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m2)
5.309 x 10-4
3.660 x 10-4
2.011 x 10-4
3.142 x 10-4
3.801 x 10-4
5.309 x 10-4
0.372
0.482
0.878
0.562
0.464
0.332
0.110
-0.070
-0.026
-0.002
0.021
-0.019
Experiment 3
Volume ( m
0.003
16
3
Flow rate ( m /s )
1.875 x 10-4
h*= hH
(m)
180
175
171
169
168
167
hi
(m)
165
158
116
142
148
154
ViB = 2g (hH-hi)
Difference
ViB Vic
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
0.543
0.578
1.039
0.728
0.626
0.505
(m2)
5.309 x 10-4
3.664 x 10-4
2.011 x 10-4
3.142 x 10-4
3.801 x 10-4
5.314 x 10-4
0.353
0.512
0.932
0.597
0.493
0.353
0.190
0.066
0.107
0.131
0.133
0.152
12
DISCUSSION
Based on the objective, this experiment is being conduct to
investigate the validity of the Bernoullis equation when applied to the
steady flow of water in a tapered duct. As we already know water is fluid
and all fluid have properties to take the shape of the container or
wherever they flow or stored. Since the volume passing through at given
length of pipe during a given period of time will be the same, there must
be a decrease in pressure. From the Bernoullis principle, it states that the
slower the rate of flow, the higher the pressure, and the fastest the rate
flow the lower the pressure.
The Bernoulli theorem is an approximate relation between pressure,
velocity, and elevation, and is valid in regions of steady, incompressible
flow where net frictional forces are negligible. The equation is obtained
when the Eulers equation is integrated along the streamline for a
constant density for incompressible fluid. The constant of integration
(called the Bernoullis constant) varies from one streamline to another but
remains constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless, incompressible
flow. Despite its simplicity, it has been proven to be a very powerful tool
for fluid mechanics. Bernoullis equation states that the sum of the
kinetic energy (velocity head), the pressure energy (static head) and
Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at anypoint
13
Q
Ai
As we can see from table above, as the pressure difference increase, the
velocity difference increase. From the Bernoullis Principle Theorem, as
the pressure increase, the velocity must be decrease. Thus, we can
conclude that there must be error during the experiment as the value of
difference velocity are not constantly decreased. One of them is, the
observer must have not read the level of static head properly, where the
eyes are not perpendicular to the water level on the manometer. Other
than that, the pressure on A until F are not stable yet but the reading are
already taken. Thus, there are some minor effects on the circulations due
to the errors. From the experiment has been found that the Bernoullis
principle is valid for steady flow of fluid in tapered duct .
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the objective of this experiment was achieved that is to demonstrate
the Bernoullis Theorem experiment. The result collected from the experiment is according to
the Bernoullis Theorem which is the highest speed is the one at the lowest pressure, whereas
the lowest speed is present at the most highest pressure. Due to the highest pressure of the
water, it causes the reading of manometer become the highest. This principle complies with
the principle of conservation of energy which it is the sum if all forms of mechanical energy
along the streamline.
RECOMMENDATION
15
REFERENCES
John F.Douglas, (2001), Fluid Mechanics (4th ed.), Pearson Education
Limited.
B.R. Munson, D.F. Young, and T.H. Okiishi, (1998), Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics (3rd ed.), Wiley.
Lab Manual: Bernoullis Theorem demonstration Unit.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/39165346/Bernoulli-s-TheoremDistribution-Experiment
http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/FM24(A4).pdf
APPENDICES
16
17