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NURSING RESEARCH
Nursing Research
• Kerlinger - the systematic, empirical, controlled and critical investigation of a
hypothetical proposition in relation to a natural phenomena/ problem
• Conducted to affirm or deny a hypothesis
Phenomenon.
• everyday phenomenon that affects the nurse (eg. bacteria, drugs, physician)
Florence Nightingale
• Birthplace – Italy
• Training Ground – Germany
• Greatest Contribution – environmental Theory, training RNs in Crimean
War
• School – Saint Thomas School of Nursing
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
Ethics of a Researcher
• S – Scientific Objective – conductive research for a good purpose or object for
your pt
• C – Cooperation and Consent. Do not conduct data/experiment w/o a consent
(legally the patient owns the chart. However the hospital owns the chart)
• I – Integrity – worked hard on the research
• E – Equitable – acknowledging works or contribution of others
• N – Nobility – protect the rights of your subjects
o Right not to be harmed
(physical, mental, moral harm) usually done during experimental
research
Physical Harm/ Negligence - undeliberate physical harm
• Commission – done outside the standard practice of
nursing (eg. urinary catheter placed on the nose of the pt)
• Omission – from the very start, you did not do something
about it.
Moral Harm
• Assault – mental fear/threat without physical harm
• Battery – physically you harm the pt
Restraint is never an independent nursing order
• physical restraint – eg. Jacket
• chemical restraint – eg. use of psychotropic drug
Moral harm
• Slander – oral defamation
• Libel – published or placed in the newspaper
o Right to self-determination
o Right to privacy
Anonymity – identity of subject may not be disclosed. Privacy of
the Informant (pt) eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants
his name to be written in the newspaper as Mr. X, Mr. Y or Mr. W
Confidentiality – information acquired must be disclosed. Privacy
of the information eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants
the nurse should only know
• T – Truthfulness – put only the data you have collected
• I – Importance – importance to the nursing profession
• F – Factual – facts or data
• I – Ideal (follow the 11 steps of research)
• C – Courage
E – experience
N – Nursing problems
T – theories
Research:
1. Identify the Problem
2. Purpose – objective using SMART (Systematic, Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic, Time Bounded)
3. Define Terms
a. Conceptual Definition – dictionary definition
b. Operational Definition – defined in accordance on how the researcher
used the word
4. Revision of Terms
Manipulation
• Performing intervention
Validation
• comparison of the effects
Quasi-experimental
• false experiment.
• No control sample.
• Non-experimental
o No manipulation is done. Only observation,
describe and record down the result.
o Types of non-experimental research design
base on time element
Retrospective (Ex Post Facto)
• Getting actual experience
• Studies a group of people after its
occurrence, experience or facts.
• Experience of people in the past
Descriptive
• Observe, describe & record.
• Study of current events.
Prospective
• Study of research about future
occurrence or future events.
Historical
• Past that is written, documented,
published and recorded
• Primary Data
o Observe
o 1st hand information
o person himself
• Secondary Data
o 2nd Hand Information
• About the past using records,
journals, books.
• Study of the dead people thru his
written materials, facts
o according to data
quantitative
• data base on numerical
interpretation, datas that are
measurable, using your senses, data
that are observable.
qualitative
• subjective data, feelings, perception,
beliefs, culture, attitude
o Survey Research Design
Group
• Small
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
• Face to face
• Large – not good result
Methods
• Mailed survey
• Face to face
• Telephone survey
o According to Time Orientation
Cross Sectional
• Applicable to 2 or more identical
group
• Short term
• For comparison
Longitudinal
• 1 group only
• with initial and follow up survey
• long term study
• for developmental study
• Selecting your population and samples
o sample
part of population, data is collected.
The recipient of the experimental treatment in experimental design
or the individuals to be observed in a non-experimental design
o Types of sampling
Probability - equal presentation/ chances in the population.
• Simple random technique
o Used a single/identical group.
o Fish bowl technique
• Stratified random sampling
o You will first going to create a sub population from
the whole population before doing randomization.
o One population, you divide it.
• Cluster random sampling
o You will first create a sub area in a population
before doing the randomization. In one population,
you make it smaller
• Systematic random sampling
o choosing a sample every nth name in the
population.
o Multiple of 100 names
o Sampling frame – list of names appearing as your
population
Non-probability sampling – you are not choosing by chance.
• Accidental/ convenience sampling
o Base on the accessibility/availability of your
sample.
o Kung sino pinakamalapit syo, yun ang kukunin mo.
• Purposive/judgmental sampling
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
• Interpretation of Data
o 2 Methods
quantitative method – base on numerical or graphical standards
qualitative method – use of narrative words
• Communicating your conclusion
o Explaining the results of your work to the public
o Conclusion – final answer to your research
o Recommendation – suggestion to others
o Dissemination of Information
Methods :
• thesis/book – written form
• symposia/symposium – oral presentation
• publish – a lot will be able to read your research
LEADERSHIP
Nursing Leadership
• style or process whereby a person is called by a nurse leader were influence of
group of people called his followers for the purpose of attaining only one
goal/objective.
Leadership styles
• Authocratic/Authoritarian/dictatorial/”hard” leader
o unilateral style of leadership. Only the leader here performs the decision
making without getting the inputs from his members.
o One sided style of leadership Behavior :
A – apathy – insensitive to others
B – Boisterous speech
C – consistency
D – Dominating
E – Exploitative behavior
F – ferocious behavior, to coerce or compel the group to follow him
o not a good style of leadership but only best style during emergency or
intensive crisis
• Permissive, ultra-liberal, laissez faire, free-rein
o Loose style of nursing leadership.
o Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your subordinates if to lenient
in your subordinates, there will be ↓ control and power = ↑ negligence
• Democratic/participative
o best style of leadership. Mutual style of nursing leadership
• B – Behavioral
o S – specialized body of knowledge and skills to do safe care
o P – patient centered
o A – accountability – liable for the results of your actions
o C – confidentiality – nurse-patient relationship
Exceptions to confidentiality of the contract :
• P – patient consent, if there is
• I – inform/report to healthcare team for purpose of
precautionary measures
• C – Communicable disease
o RA 3573 Law on Notifiable Disease
o 24 – Polio/ Measle
o 1 Week – SAD/ HIV/Tetanus Neonaturom
• C – Crimes
o Child Abuse 48 hours, Baranggay, NGO
• E – ethics
• C – Communication skill
o transfer of information with understanding
o Communication barriers/communication backlog – eg. Dialect differences,
noise, deaf, high level of anxiety, hallucinating
• D – Decision making skills
o Steps
identify the problem
identify person affected
gather options/alternative
• brainstorming
• delphitechnique – gathering solutions outside the group
(eg. specialized nurse)
choose and implement
Evaluation
• E – Ethics
o Principles
o Principle of Autonomy
independent judgment or decision making
in all situation the pt himself is the one who should decide for his
own care
Consent
• respect the decision of the pt
• explain the risk to the patient/SO
• waiver - a legal doc when the pt refuse for treatment.
o Principle of Veracity
telling the truth to the patient
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
#1 the patient has the right to know from the PHYSICIAN (not the
nurse)
o Principle of Double Effects
if the pt is made to choose between 2 equal danger and he only
needs to choose one, choose the one that will produce one good
effect and less evil effect.
o Principle of Beneficence
doing good to the patient (eg. providing therapeutic
communication, providing privacy)
o Principle of Non-Maleficence
do no harm
3 types of Harm
• Physical – negligence by commission
• Mental – assault and battery
• Moral – slander and libel
o Principle of Justice
Prioritize the needs of the patient.
To be able to provide nursing care to the patient, provide the
nursing process.
Nursing Process characteristics :
• A – acceptable universally
• B - based patients assessment needs
• C – client focused
• D – dynamics – base on the ever changing needs of the pt
• E – equitable care
• F – familiarity/rapport to the patient
• G – goal directed towards solving the assess needs of the
patient (SMART)
o Principle of Respect/Inviolability of life
Suicide and abortion is violation of this principle
• F – Face/solve Conflicts
o any clash of ideas resulting to crisis
o Methods of resolving conflict
avoidance – by paying attention
smoothing – appealing to ones conscience and kindness
unilateral action – use of forced fear or threat
negotiation – best method in resolving conflict. The head nurse
should offer negotiation between conflicting parties.
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
NURSING MANAGEMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
choosing the right person and giving them the appropriate task for the purpose of
achieving their goal/objective in achieving total care
o Positive workers
o diligent, effective, efficient worker
theory X should be given focus because they are prone to negligence and
malpractice.
Professional
A calling in which its members profess to have acquired special values,
knowledge, training or by experience so that they may guide others in that
special field.
Nursing is a profession
• Calling – service oriented
• Others – patients
Characteristics by profession
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
A doctor’s order is valid when giving medication is when it is put into writing and signed
by the physician. Whatever is not put into writing is considered not ordered by the
physician.
4. Clinical Instructor
o Qualifications :
A – accredited nursing Org
M – MAN in nursing or other health courses
O – One yr clinical experience
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
R – R.N.
• it happens if someone will limit the freedom of the patient to move or travel from
one place to another.
• HIV Patient – should be kept in one room
o Felacio – oral sex – most fastest mode of transfer
o Cannalingus – tongue on clitoris
o Analingus – tongue on anus – least mode of transfer
Professional Negligence
Negligence
• failure to do something which are reasonable and prudent nurse should have
done something under a particular situation. (eg. failure to raise side rales when
the pt is unconscious)
• 3 elements of negligence
o duty on part of the nurse
o failure to do said duty
o injury, harm, death – most important negligence
Malpractice
• injury, harm or death is not important in malpractice
• The nurse is allowed to perform episiorrhapy
• with proper training but not episiotomy
• The nurse is allowed to perform IE but with 2 conditions :
o fetal aberration/ abnormal delivery
o prior to complete delivery
Types of Rape
• Ordinary rape
o a forcible penetration of an organ for copulation to another organ for
copulation. (eg. women are only the victim)
• sexual assault
o anything that is forcible inserted to a body orifice with sexual malice.
o Also form of rape (eg. hand or an object is being inserted in the anal.
Committed in both female or male)
o Intervention :
S – safety (emotional or physical safety)
R – report (↓ 18 – report to brgy.)
R – referral (if father is the rapist, refer to DSWD)
Abortion
• is the expulsion or termination of a product of conception before the stage of
viability. (3-6month/12-24weeks)
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
Infanticide
• kill the person in less than 3days or 72hrs of life.
Parricide
• killing another person to whom you have a relationship (mother, father, husband)
Homicide
• unintentionally killing another person without any relationship (eg. negligence in
giving meds)
Murder
• intentionally killing another person without any relationship
Simulation of birth
• committed by any person who shall substitute one child to another child or alter
his identities for the purpose of losing his civil status. (eg. the midwife failed to
report the birth of the baby, giving wrong information of the gender of the baby)
PD 651 (Birth registration act)
• law any person who assist in giving birth to report within 30 days to the Local
Civil Registration Office
• B – BSN RN
• A – Accredited Org
• N – 9 units
• T – 2 yrs
Chief/Director
RN + MAN + Add only MAN +
5 yrs supervisor master’s in GSC
experience PHN or (Gen.
(N.B. if primary CHN Staffing
hosp) Course)
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
o Examinees
CGM (Good Moral Character)
Proofs of Valid Holder of Filipino Citizenship
Proofs of valid holder of a BSN Degree only from
schools whose curriculum is approved by the CHED
3 docs sub to PRC
RLE certificate
TOR with Scanned picture
List of cases
Examination fee is P900
Last day Is :