1

Corona Effect in Frequency Dependent

Transmission Line Models
M. A. Freitas, S. Kurokawa, Member, IEEE and J. Pissolato, Member, IEEE
Abstract - The inclusion of the corona effect in a frequency
dependent transmission line model is proposed in this paper.
The transmission line is represented through a cascade of 7t
circuits and the frequency dependence of the longitudinal
parameters is synthesized with series and parallel resistors and
inductors. The corona effect will be represented using the Gary
and Skilling-Umoto models. The currents and voltages along
the line are calculated by using state-space technique. To
demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the proposed
frequency dependent line model, time domain simulations of a
10 km length single-phase line response under energization
procedure will be presented.
Index Terms - transmission lines, time domain analysis,
state space methods, corona.
I. INTRODUCTION

HE Corona effect is an electrostatic discharge

mechanism which occurs due to ionization in an
insulation material subjected to electric field intensity over a
critical level. This effect is observed on the surface of the
conductors of an overhead transmission line when the
gradient value of the existing potential exceeds the value of
the air disruptive critical gradient. This gradient depends on
the pressure and the humidity of air where the conductor is
located and the form of voltage wave [1].
The electrical field divergent also influences the value of
the disruptive gradient. In this way, the dust in air around
the conductor can be changed into a punctual source of
electrostatic discharges. In transmission lines, the
electrostatic discharge due to the corona effect can result in
a series of effects such as power loss, radio and television
interference, audible noise, electric field effect and change
in capacitance [1], [2]. Considering the corona effect, it is
already evident that for lines operating at extra high
voltages, the energy losses can vary from a few kilowatts
per unit length to hundreds of kilowatts per unit length,
depending on the atmospheric conditions and the weather.
The average losses can constitute only small parts of the
Joule losses effect, but the maximum losses can have a
significant influence on the demands of the electrical
system.
The corona effect can also occur due to overvoltage
surges resulting from a direct lightning stroke or a circuit
breaker operation in an overhead line. These surges can
generate faults on lines and are of great concern to power
This work is supported by Coordenayao de Aperfeiyoamento de Pessoal
de Nivel Superior (CAPES). M. Freitas and J. Pissolato are at Universidade
Estadual
de
Campinas,
Brazil
(michelly_freitas@yahoo.com.br,
pisso(~dsce.fee.llnicamp.br). S. Kurokawa is at Faculdade de Engenharia
de Ilha Solteira, Unesp (Sao Paulo State University), Caixa Postal 31, Ilha
Solteira, Postal Code 15385-000, SP, Brazil, fone/fax: 55 19 3788 3860.
(kurokawa@deeJeis.unesp.br).

978-1-4244-2218-0/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE.

systems engineers. In this case, if the overvoltage is large

enough to produce a corona, then its magnitude is attenuated
and its shape is distorted as it propagates along the line. The
knowledge of the peak values and the shapes of the surge
waveforms that are likely to occur on lines is very important
as a guide to provide proper protection and insulation
coordination for equipment connected to the line. This way,
a good understanding of the corona effects and its inclusion
in transmission line models is an important procedure.
Several models have been developed for the simulation
of corona effects in power systems. Many of them are
presented to investigate overvoltages in high-voltage power
transmission lines due to lightning, energization and other
sources of transients [2]-[9].
Recently, a transmission line model was shown [8] taking
into account the corona effect. In this paper the transmission
line was represented through a cascade of 1t circuits and the
corona effect was represented by the Gary and SkillingUmoto's models. The model proposed in [8], [10] does not
consider the frequency dependence of the longitudinal
parameters of the line and is therefore restricted.
More recently [9] presented a frequency dependent
transmission line model with a corona. The model of the
impulse corona was incorporated into the ATP-EMTP
program through its MODELS capability using a TACScontrolled type-91 time varying resistance and switches
were used to insert the corona model on the line. In this
model there is the possibility that numerical oscillations can
occur [9].
In this paper we aim to show an alternative frequency
dependent transmission line model taking into account the
corona effect. The line distributed parameters are
represented by a cascade of 1t circuits and the frequency
dependence of the longitudinal parameters are synthesized
with series and parallel resistors and inductors [11]. The
corona effect is represented by the Gary and Skilling-Umoto
models [8].
The first stage will show the development, accuracy and
validity of the proposed model. After that the model used to
represent the corona effect will be shown. Finally, the line
model with the corona effect will be used to simulate the
energization procedure of a 10 km single phase-line.
II. LINE REPRESENTED BY A CASCADE OF 1t CIRCUITS

Fig. 1 shows a cascade of 1t circuits that can be used to

represent a single-phase transmission line whose frequency
dependence of the longitudinal parameters is disregarded
[12]-[15].

2
R

G
2

. -

III. PROPOSED MODEL FOR A FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LINE

L

A. State modelfor afrequency dependent transmission

cline

Because a state model is an adequate representation of a

frequency independent line taking into account the corona
-F-ig'&-.-l.-S-in-gl-e--ph-a-"se-I-in-e-re-pr-es-en-t-ed-t-hr....l.ou-gh cascade of 1t-c-ir-c-ui-ts-""":"""-- effect [8], we are proposing in this paper to use a similar
model to represent a frequency dependent transmission line
In Fig. 1 Rand L are, respectively, the longitudinal with the corona effect.
Let us
suppose that a single-phase line can be
resistance and inductance of the line segment represented by
a 1t circuit and G and C are, respectively, the transversal represented by a cascade with n 1t circuits as shown in Fig.
conductance and capacitance. This way the R, L, G and C 2. Let us also suppose that the frequency dependence of the
longitudinal parameters is synthesized by m resistors and m
parameters are written as being:
inductors. If the state-space technique is used to represent
this
cascade, the state equations of the circuit will be written
R=R'~ L =L,d(1) in the form [8]:
n
n
C G

G=G'~
n

C=C'~
n

[X] = [A][X] + [B]u

(2)

where R', L', G' and C' are transmission line parameters
per unit length, d is the line length and n is the quantity of 1t
circuits.
The cascade of 1t circuits in Fig. 1 can be directly
implemented in an EMTP program [11]. This circuit can be
represented by its state equations. In this case a state model
can be formulated using the capacitor voltages and inductor
currents as the state variables [12-15]. If a state model is
used, the state equations may be implemented on a personal
computer and state variables can be solved using many
techniques [12-15].
It is known that the frequency dependence of the
longitudinal parameters of a transmission line can be
synthesized with series and parallel resistors and inductors
[16], and in [11] the use of a cascade of 1t circuits, is
proposed as shown in Fig 2, to represent a frequency
dependent transmission line.

(3)

In (3) [X] is a vector of state variables, u is a vector

of inputs, and [A] and [B] are matrices.
In a single-phase line represented by connecting n short 1t
nominal sections in cascade circuits (1t nominal sections are
shown in Fig. 2) we chose as state variables the capacitors
voltage at the receiving terminal and the inductor current in
each 1t circuit. By using the state variables above mentioned,
it was possible to write [X] and [A] as:
[X 2 ]

... [X n ]]

[All]

[A I2 ]

[A ln ]

[A 21 ]

[A 22 ]

[A 2n ]

[AnI]

[AnI]

[Ann]

[X]T = [[Xl]

[A]=

(4)

(5)

In (4) [X]T is the transposed matrix of [X]. It is possible

to observe that vector [X] has n elements and each element
is a vector with (m + 2) elements. A generic element [Xk] of
vector [X] is written as being:
G

Fig. 2. A 1t circuit unit with the frequency dependence.

In Fig 2 Ro, R}, R 2, ...R m are constant resistances and La,

L l, L2, ...L m are constant inductances. The series and parallel
association of Fig. 2 results in the frequency dependent
resistance and inductance of the line segment represented by
only a 1t circuit.
In [11] a cascade of 1t circuits, as shown in Fig. 2, was
implemented in an EMTP program. The model was used to
simulate electromagnetic transients resulting in the normal
switching phenomenon.

(6)
In (6) [Xk]T is the transposed matrix of [Xk] and k can
vary from 1,2, to n . The elements of [Xkl are currents and
voltages of the kth 1t circuit. This way, we have:
iLka
iLkl
iLk2
iLkm
Vk

current at inductor La;

current at inductor L l ;
current at inductor L 2;
current at inductor L m;
voltage at receiving end of the kth 1t circuit.

Therefore, the vector of state variable [X] will have

(m+ 2) n elements.
In (5) the matrix [A] is a tridiagonal matrix with the
dimension (nx n). Each element in [A] is a matrix with the
dimension (m+2) x (m+2) .

3
A generic element [Ak,k] in (5) is written as:

t=O

/_---------

j=m

LR j
_ j=o

Lo

R2

Rm

_.&

Lo

Lo

Lo

.&
[Akkl =

.&

L1

L1

R2
Rm

Lm
1

Lo

Fig. 3. Single-phase transmission line.

_ R2

L2

~2~:::~~sr~R!!R!~!R!~!R!!R!~!R!~!R!!::

--

L2

0
0

0
_R m

Lm

(7)

where CT in Fig. 3 is a capacitance that represents a

transformer [12]. The value of CT is 6 llF.
We are supposing that the line shown in Fig. 3 has its
longitudinal parameters synthesized by the series and
parallel association shown in Fig. 4.

G
C

--

where k can vary from 1, 2, ...to n.

L'}
L'2
L'3
L'4
Fig. 4. Circuit used to approximate unit parameters of the line.

A generic element [A k-l,k] in (5) is written as:

[A k-l,k l =

[~-If ... ~]
...

where values of the resistors and inductors used in the

circuit shown in Fig. 4 are listed in Table I.
(8)

TABLE I
PASSIVE ELEMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT SHOWN IN FIG.

Resistances (ohms)

where in (8) k can vary from 2 to n.

An element [Ak+l,k] in (5) has the following general
form:

Inductances (mH)

R'o

0.026

L'o

2.209

R'}

1.470

L'}

0.740

R' 2

2.354

L' 2

0.120

R'3

20.149

L'3

0.100

R'4

111.111

L'4

0.050

o
(9)

where in (9) k can vary from 1 to (n-J)

Therefore we can observe that [A] has the
dimension (m + 2)n x (m + 2)n .
In (5) the vector [B] has a n (m + 2) x 1 dimension vector.
If u(1) is a voltage source connected at the sending end of the
line, the vector [B] will have the following general form:

[B] T

[Xo 0 ... 0]

(10)

102L-..----L~~~~--'-'--'-'-'--~~~~~-'--'-'-'---~~~

10

10

10
10
Frequency (Hz)

10

10

Fig. 5. Unit resistance of the line synthesized with elements of Table I.

Therefore, using (3)-(10) it is possible to describe a

cascade of 1t circuits that represents a frequency dependent
transmission line. The set of linear ordinary differential
equations can be transformed into a set of linear difference
equations using trapezoidal integration that can be evaluated
by using a personal computer [8,12].

B. Performance ofthe proposed model

To verify the performance of the proposed model, it
was used to represent a hypothetical 10 km single-phase
line. The line was energized with a 20 kV step voltage, as is
shown in Fig. 3.

OL-..----L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

10

10

10
10"
Frequency (Hz)

10

10

Fig. 6. Unit inductance of the line synthesized with elements of Table I.

4
Figures 5 and 6 show the resistance and inductance
resulting from the series and parallel association of the
circuit shown in Fig. 4. It is possible to verify in these
figures that the resulting resistance and inductance of the
circuit shown in Fig. 4 have the behavior of the longitudinal
parameters of a frequency dependent overhead transmission
line [17].
To ensure that state equations developed in this
paper to represent the frequency dependent line shown in
Fig. 3, we compared the results obtained from the solution
of these state equations with results obtained from the
procedure developed in [11], where the currents and
voltages along the cascade of 1t circuits were calculated with
an EMTP program [17].
In Fig. 7 the voltage at the receiving end of the line
obtained from solutions of state equations and from an
EMTP program, is shown.

>

40

~
Q)

~
0

>

30

"C

c::
Q)
m
c::

:~
Q)
u
Q)
t:

20

10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

In Fig. 8 Ce and G e are, respectively, corona

capacitance and conductance of the line [4], C is geometric
capacitance and G is a conductance that can be usually
neglected, except at very low frequencies [18].
Considering a dynamic model for the corona effect, the
corona capacitance and conductance are connected to the
circuit if the following conditions are simultaneously
satisfied [4]:
i) The voltage across the corona elements is greater
than the corona inception voltage;
ii) The derivative of the voltage across the corona
elements with respect to time is positive.
If conditions i and ii above mentioned are not
simultaneously satisfied, the corona parameters Ce and G e
are null.
When the conditions are satisfied it is possible to
calculate Ce and Ge as functions of the voltage across Ce
and G e .
In this way, if the corona effect is taken into account in a
frequency dependent transmission line it is necessary to
verify in which position of the line so that conditions i and ii
are satisfied at each time instant. This way, the state
matrices [A] and [B] must be calculated at each time instant.
There are several models to compute Ce and G e and in
this paper two analytical models were used: the Gary model
and Skilling-Umoto model [8].
V. CORONA MODEL

0.5

Time (ms)

Fig. 7. Receiving end voltage obtained with proposed model (1) and with
EMTP program (2).

Figure 7 shows that, practically, there are no

relevant differences between results obtained from the state
space equations and the EMTP program. Therefore, the state
equations developed in this paper represent a frequency
dependent line.
IV. INSERTION OF THE CORONA EFFECT IN THE LINE MODEL

When the line voltage on the surface of the conductor is

higher than the corona voltage, the air around the conductor
becomes ionized and stores charge. The corona effect on
traveling waves result basically in power loss and change in
transversal capacitance. Therefore, in a frequency dependent
single-phase line represented by the model developed in this
paper, the corona effect can be represented as an additional
capacitance and conductance between the conductor and the
ground in each 1t section that represents the line. Figure 8
shows the inclusion of the corona effect in the kth 1t circuit
of the cascade that represents a frequency dependent line (k
> 1 and k < n).

A. The Gary model

If the corona capacitance is represented by the Gary
model, this capacitance is defined as [4,8]:

(11)

In (11), Ce is the corona capacitance (in F/m), C is the

geometric capacitance, V is the voltage across the corona
parameter, V e is the corona inception voltage and '1 is a
coefficient which for a single conductor, is given by the
following experimental formula [8]:
11 = 0.22 r + 1.2
where r is the conductor radius in centimeters.

(12)

B. The SkiUing-Umoto model

In the Skilling-Umoto model the corona capacitance (in
F1m) is written as [8]:

(13)

where

+E~cc

(14)

In (14), Oc is the corona loss constant, rand h is

conductor height. The conductor radius is in centimeters.

5
C. Corona loss

1500

The corona attenuation loss is modeled by a resistive

current loss through conductance which is calculated as
follows [8]:
(15)

1200

>'
~

900

4)

where

CJ

:!

600

(16)
300

In (16) (Jo is the corona loss constant.

o
o

VI. ApPLICATIONS AND RESULTS

To validate the model proposed we used it to simulate the

open circuit response of a hypothetical 10 km single-phase
line. In the simulation we energized the line with a 600 kV
DC source as shown in Fig. 9.

200

300

400

500

Time (us)

Fig. 10. Simulated voltages at the receiving end of the line: Without
corona effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).

t=O

1200

/_---------

~
1
._~ .-.- _.-.- .-.- _.-.- _.-.- .-.-.-.-.- _.-.-.-.- _.-.- .-1.-.-_
600kV

100

CT

.'!:.~:.'~:..'!:.~:..~'!8:..'!:.~:.'~:..'!8:.'~:..'!8,.'t:.~:..'!:.'!:.~:..'!:.'!:.~:..'!:.:~:.'~:..'!:..~:..'!:..'!:..'!,.'t:..~:.'!:..'!:..~

900

4)

CJ

600

Fig. 9. Single-phase transmission line with corona effect.

300

It was considered that per unit length geometric

capacitance C and conductance G of the line are constant
and have a magnitude of C = 11.II11F/km and

G = 0.556 f.lS/km . The conductor radius is 2.54 cm and the

conductor height is 18.9 m. The capacitance CT in Fig. 9 is
representing a transformer and the value of the capacitance
CT is 6 llF [12].
The transmission line was represented through a cascade
with 110 1t circuits and its frequency dependent longitudinal
parameters were fitted by the circuit shown in Fig. 4. The
values of the resistors and inductors used in the circuit of
Fig. 4 are shown in Table I. The fitted parameters are shown
in Figs. 5 and 6.
The corona effect was represented by the Gary model
and Skilling-Umoto model [4], [8]. It is considered that the
corona voltage is Vc = 550 kV and the Skiling-Umoto model
constants are ( j c = 30 and ( j G = 10 7 [1].
The currents and voltages along the line were described
by using the state equations developed in (3)-( 10) and these
state equations were evaluated by using trapezoidal
integration [8], [12].

100

200

300

400

500

Time (us)

Fig. 11. Simulated voltages at 7.5 km from the sending end of the line:
Without corona effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).
1500 -----,--------,--------,---,---------------,

1200

~ 900
4)
CJ)

600

100

200
300
Time (us)

400

500

Fig. 12. Simulated voltages at 5 km from the sending end of the line:
Without corona effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).

A. The Gary model results

Figures 10-13 show the voltage in four different positions
of the line during the energization procedure, with and
without the inclusion of the corona effect. The corona effect
was represented by the Gary model.

1200

~ 900
4)

CJ

1
~

600

300

100

200
300
Time (us)

400

500

Fig. 13. Simulated voltages at 2.5 km from the sending end of the line:
Without corona effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).

6
Figures 10-13 show that overvoltages, resulting from the
energization procedure which propagates along the line, are
attenuated and distorted by the corona effect. These results
agree with those shown in several papers [4,8]. Therefore,
we can conclude that the proposed model for a frequency
dependent line with the corona effect is correct and can be
considered adequate to represent the line during transient
simulations.

B. Skilling-Umoto model results

Figures 14-17 show the voltage at
four different
locations on the line during the energization procedure, with
and without the inclusion of the corona effect. The corona
effect was represented by the Skilling-Umoto model.
In these figures it is possible to observe that when the
Skilling-Umoto model is used to represent the corona effect
in a frequency dependent line, the distortions and
attenuations in the overvoltages along the line are less
accentuated than when the Gary model is used. These
results agree with those obtained in [8].

1500,-------,-----,-------------.-----

1200

~ 900
Q)

en

:l
~

600

300

O__

--....L----~~----'----------L--------!

100

200

300

400

500

Time (us)

Fig. 16. Simulated voltages at 5 km from the sending end of the line:
Without corona effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).
1500,------,--------,------,--------,---------,

1200
1500,--------,------,------,--------,-------------,

~ 900
Q)

en

1200

~ 900

600

300

Q)

S
~ 600
100

200

300

400

500

Time (us)

300

Fig. 17. Simulated voltages at 2.5 km from the sending end of the line:
Without corona effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).

O_ _

-....L--------'---...ll-----L.-..---------L-------'

100

200

300

400

500

Time (us)

Fig. 14. Simulated voltages at the receiving end of the line: Without corona
effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).

1500

1200

:>
e

900

Q)

~
~

600

300

O_~---L--------'--------'------L....---------'-----J

100

200

300

400

500

Time (us)

Fig. 15. Simulated voltages at 7.5 km from the sending end of the line:
Without corona effect (curve 1) and with corona effect (curve 2).

VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a frequency dependent line model
taking into account the corona effect. In this model the line
is represented through a cascade of 1t circuits and the
frequency dependence of the longitudinal parameters are
synthesized with series and parallel resistors and inductors.
The proposed model for a frequency dependent line is
well known and it has already been used as a line model in
EMTP programs [11]. However, in EMTP programs it is
very difficult to include an analytical corona model. Due to
this difficult, in this paper, the current and voltages along
the cascade of 1t circuits were described by a state model.
This representation is useful because it can be used to
simulate electromagnetic transients, considering the
frequency dependence of the transmission line parameters,
directly in time domain without using inverse Fourier
transform. Simulation results obtained from the state
equation are practically identical to results obtained with a
Microtran that is an EMTP. However, after the first peak
value, there is a small delay between the reference that
obtained with the proposed model. The delay presented
could be due to the short length of the line analyzed and due
to rounding errors. This delay probably occurs because
Microtran limits the quantity of the significant number
during the editing of the network that represents the
frequency dependence of the longitudinal parameters. The
same does not occur when state space are valuated with
Matlab. However, the authors believe that the delay time

7
needs to be carefully analyzed.
The corona effect was represented with the Gary and
Skilling-Umoto models. The proposed model for a
frequency dependent line with the corona effect was used to
simulate a transient resulting from the energization of a
single-phase line. The obtained results show that
overvoltages, resulting from the energization procedure,
which propagates along the line, are attenuated and distorted
by the corona effect. This results agree with those shown in
several papers [4,8]. Therefore, we can conclude that
proposed model for a frequency dependent line with the
corona effect is correct and can be considered adequate to
represent the line during transient simulations.
The model was used to represent a single-phase line but it
can be easily extended to a non ideally transposed threephase line with a vertical symmetry plane if the Clarke
matrix is used as being a modal transformation matrix [11].
We believe that the major contribution of the paper is to
propose a friendly model to represent a frequency dependent
transmission line with the corona effect that can be
implemented directly in time domain without using an
EMTP program. The model can be used to teach basic
concepts about wave propagations in transmission lines, to
analyze transient voltages and current distributions on
transmission lines and to compute electromagnetic transients
on transmission lines
The proposed model utilizes the student's background in
network theory and it can be easily implemented on a
personal computer.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To CAPES (Coordena9ao de Aperfei90amento de Pessoal
de Nivel Superior) and FAPESP (Funda9ao de Amparo a
Pequisa do Estado de Sao Paulo) for the financial support.
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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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X. BIOGRAPHIES
Michelly Alcantara de Freitas. She graduated in electrical engineering
at Unesp - Sao Paulo State University in Ilha Solteira, Brazil (2004). At
present she is developing her D.Sc degree in electrical engineering
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP. Her main research
interests are transmission line models used to simulate electromagnetic
transients in power electric systems.
Sergio Kurokawa (S'Ol-M'04). He graduated in electrical engineering
(1990). Since 1994 he has been Professor of Unesp - Sao Paulo State
University in Ilha Solteira, Brazil. He received his D.Sc. degree in electrical
engineering from Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP. His
main research interests are electromagnetic transients in power electric
systems and models of long transmission lines used in studies of
electromagnetic transients.
Jose Pissolato Filho (M'95). He received the D.Sc. degree in electrical
engineering from Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, 1986. Since
1979 he has been with Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Departamento
de Sistemas e Controle de energia), Brazil. His main research interests are
in high voltage engineering, electromagnetic transients and electromagnetic
compatibility.