82.

12

BSE Science Self -Tutor*X

Q. 63. Wich gland.s produce ad,renaline?

Ans. Adrenal glands produce adrenaline.
is the supply of blood, to the d,igestiue system and. skin reduced. d.uring emergency
fub*1@ny
I ' situation?
Ans. The blood is diverted to muscles which need excess biood to act in such situations.
&{.Vhat effect does ad,renaline haue on heo,rt?
Ans" It makes the heartbeats faster which results in more supply of oxygen to muscles.
00. Wat is the effect of ad,renaline on the respiratory system?
'^Q.Ans. The muscles of the diaphragm and the rib muscles contract, so that the rate of
breathing increases for supply of more oxygen.
What happens when the groutth hormone is'produced in less quantity in chitdhoo:d?
67.
Q.
Ans. It affects the growth of the child and the child remains a dwarf. This condition is

llled

dwarfisrn.

qXia" Which part of the brain is associated with sensati.on of hunger?

Ans. The forebrain is associated with the sensation of hunger.

Q.

l.

What are the conlponerlts of the hum.an neruous system?

Ans. The components of human nervous system are:

(i) Central nervous system consisting ofthe brain and the spinal

(il)

cord.

Peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial, spinal and visceral nerves.

Q. 2. Are the rnouements like ru,nning, playing and, chewing of cud by the buffaloes different
from the ntouement shown by a seed, growing into a seedling?
Ans. The two types of movements are different. Growth movemenis occur due tp cell
enlargement in the seedling, but the movements like running, playing and chewing
are due to the stimulus generated in the environment.
u4 S. Mention the receptors for tastland. smell in animals.
Ans. Gustatory receptors for taste.'
Olfactory receptors for smell.
^
6 e. 4. Why does impuLse mot)e in one direction in a nerue?
Ans. The ends of dendrites of a neuron receive the impulse from the receptor and pass
it to the cell body and then it reaches the axon. Axon passes the impulse to the
dendrites of the next neuron through syrlapse, thus making the movement of the
impulse unidirectional.
Q" 5. Mahe a labelled diagram of a neura m,u.sctt lar j unctio n.
Neuromuscular
Ans.
junction

Muscle libre
Mitochondrion

Fig.2.3

Co

ntro I and

C oo r

dination

82.18

({ e. 6. Differentiate between, cerebrum and. cerebellum.

Ans.

Cerebrum
(,) Cerebrura is a part of the forebrain
and is also the largest part of the
(r,)

brain.
It is the seat for memory, learning
and intelligence and has sensory,
associated and motor areas.

Cerebellum is a part of the hindbrain

and is smaller than the cerebrun.

It maintains the body posture and

equilibrium.

W.at
Wh.at are plant h.ormones? Giue the funetion of cytokinins.
Ans. Plant hormones are naturally occurring chemical substances
substance which bring about
control" and coordination in them.
The function of cytokinins is to promote cell division.
Q.8. Name the constituent parts of the peripheral neruou,s systern.
.{ns. (i) Cranial nerves (12 pairs) from the brain.

Q.

"

(ii) Spinal nerves

(31 pairs) from the spinal cord.

Q. e. Name the h,ormone produced by the pancreas. Write the function of that harmone.
Ans. Insulin, which is produced by the pancreas, changes excess glucose in blood to glycogen,
thus maintaining the glucose level in the blood. If it is not produced in sufficient
amounts, the blood glucose level increases, causing diabetes.
Q. 10" Name the hormones produced at puberty in girls and boys.

-{ns.

$e.,r.
-{:es.

(l) Estrogen is produced rn grrls at puberty.

(ii) Testosterone is produced in boys at puberty.
What happens ta the information, generated due ta change in the enuirorurnent,

csnce

it is receiued at the ends of the dendritic tips?

The dendritic tips receive the information through receptors which causes the
generation of an electrical impulse, which is carried to the ceil body and then to the
nerve endi.ngs of the axon. It is finaliy passed on to the next neuron. llltimately, the
information will reach the respective qpntre in the brain.

Q. 12. Which parts of the neruous system are inuolued,

(i)

in

the follau,irtg actiuities:

Balan cing of the body posture, (ii) Saliuation and uomitin g, (iii) Reftex action,

and (iu) Thinhin g.

(l)

Cerebellum, (ii) Medulla oblongata, (iir) Spinal cord and (ir,) Cerebrum.
13. Vrh,ere is cerebellum situated in the brain? What function does it perform?
-\ls. Cerebellum ts situated postcrior to the cerebrum and is a part ofthe hindbrarn" lt
maintains the posture and equilibrium of the body during movements.
Q i4. Where is pons present in the brain? Which actiuity it controls?
-{ns. Pons is situated helow the cerebellum and above the medulla oblongata in the hmdbrain.
It is responsible for regulating the respiratory activity.
q 15. Differentiate betweeru sensory nerue and motor nerue.
-\ns.

q.

82.14

Ans.

Sensory Nerue

(l) Carries the impulse from the

(ii)

{* e.

BSE Science Self -Tutor-X

Motor Nerue
Carries the impulse from the central
nervous system to the effectors.

receptor to the central nervous

system.
Motor rlerve receives the irnpulse
Sensory area present in the central
nervous system receives the impulse from the motor area of the central
nervous svsf,em.
throuEh sensorv nerve.

LG. Which hormone helps

in the d.euelopment of

borues s.nd. muscles?

Which endacrinz

gland produees it?

Ans. Growth hormone prod.uced by the pituitary gland helps in the development of
bones and muscles.
Testes in males produce a hormane. Name it. What function does it perform?
17.
Q.
Ans. Testosterone is produced by the testes in males. It helps in the formation of the
sperms. This hormone also iegulates the development and growth of a boy into an
adult. It brings about the development of new characters like beard.
e. lB. What witl be the effect of low and, excess secretion of the growth hormone from th.e
pituitary gland?
Ans. When the growth hormone is secreted in low quantity in the childhood, the growth
will be retarded and chilil will grow into a dwarf, exhibiting dwarfisrn. When the
hormone is secreted in excess during childhood, the person u'ill grow into a giant.
exhibiting gigantisrn.
Q. 19. hfention, names of uarious plunt hormones.
Ans. Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid.
Q. 20. Define reflex action. Giue a suitable example.
Ans. A reflex action is a spontaneous, automatic, mechanical response to a stimulus. It
is brought by the sensory nrves, from the receptors to the spinal cord, and then
carriefl by ,ooto" nerves, from the spinal cord to the effector organs. An example of
a reflex action is btrinking of eyes on exposure to bright light'
Q. 21. Narne the hormone secreted, by the th,yroid g'!,and. and th.e po'llcrects.
Ans. Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine. Fancreas secretes the hormone

insulin.

q,. 22. Name the sense orgarus which perceiue changes in the enuironntent.
Ans. The sense organs are the internalear, the retina of the eye, nose lining, tongue and skinQ. 23. lWat is an axon? ExPlain.
Ans. Axon is the long fibre of the neuron. Through axon, the nerve impuise moves awa5i
from the cell Uoay. ffre impulse from the axon is passed to dendrites of the next
neuron through sYnaPSe.
e. 24" How d,o the horm"ones prod.uced. by the end,ocrine glaruds reaclt' the target organs?
Ans. Refer Q. 53 on Page B2.11.
Q. 25. What will be the sequetuce of th,e following d.uring a reflex act'ion:
(i\ Effector orgafL, (ii) Receptar organ, (iii) spinal cord,, (iu) senstsry nerue'
(u) Mator nerue anvd (ui) Stimulus.
Receptor organ --> Sensory nerve ----> Spina1 cord
Ans. Stimulus

-)

Effector: organ +_-- Motor nerr/e

Con

tro| and, C oordinat ion,

82.r5

Q. 26" Giue ane word, for the following:

(i) tsending of th.e shoot of a plant towards light.
(ii) Atlouentent ol an ttquatic plant towrtrd,s water.
Ans. (i) Phototropism"
(il) Hy,Jrotroprsm.
q". 27. What com,ponents are inualued in reflex action?
Ans. The components involved in reflex action are:
(i) Sensorv receptors, (ij) Sensory nerves, (iii) Spinal cord, (iu) Motor nerves and
(u) Effector organs like muscles and glands.
Q, 2E" \\\to,t constitutes peripheral neruous system?
Ans. Peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves arlsing from the brain and
spinal nerves arising frorn the spmal cord"
Q. 29. Do yow th,ink anintals need, orgarL systems to bring about q, corcect and, coord,irtated,
mouentent in response to a stimulusT No,me the systerns inuoltted,.
Ans. Animals need organ systems to bring about the correct and coordinated movernents
in response to a stimulus. The two systems involved are:
(i) Nervous systern and (ii) Muscular system.
Q. 30. How does the brain act'!
Ans" The hrain receives informatron from sensory receptors ttrrough sensory nerves and
the splnal cord" It already has pre'n ious information. Brain analyses the vaLrous
information, decides and executes the decision through motor nervers by strmulatrng
the concerned muscles or the glands.
q. ,, " Is the rnuemen t shawn by the tend,ril sanle as tho,t showrr, by leaues of a touch-nte-n,ot
plant?
Aras"

The movement shorvn by the tenctrii in response to the contact is slow and
directional, whereas the movement shown by a touch-rne-not plant, cau.serl in
l'esponse to touch, is very fast and non-directional"

6q.*r.

lhut

q,re

directianal mouements in plant, parts?

Ans, The tropic movements or directionatr movuments caused by light, gravity. water
and cheuricals may be towards the stimulus, as shown by the stem rnoving towards
light or as showrr by the roots rnoving away from light but towards gravity. The
stem moves upwzrrds towards light but au,ay frorn gravity.
Q. 33" Giuert belau.; is a lcr,belled, d,iagram of a, n earon,. Laak at the diagram and, a,n,swer th,e
followin g:
{i) Wh,ere i,s in,formation acquired?
{ii) How d,aes inforntation truuel as an el,eetric intpulse?
(iii) I{aw th,e im.pu,l,se. posses from ane rleuran, to the next neuron?

Nerve endings

CBSE Science

82.16

Self'Tutot-X

Ans. (i) The information is acquired at the ends of the dendritic tips of the neuron(ii)

The informatiou, &om the cyton (cellbody), travels through axon as an electric

rmpulse.
(iii) The nerve endings of the axon pass the impulse to the dendritic tips of the nexl
ne\rron through sYnaPSe.
Q. 34. What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Ans" It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and for maintaining the postrur
and balance ofthe bodY"
tr
Bd. How d,oes the thinhing part of the brairu receiue information and. send its ntessa,ge

& e.

effector cells?

Ans. Thinking part of the brain is connected by sensory nerves all over the body.

Th'

information picked up by receptors is transmitted through sensory nerves to th

thinking prri of the brain, where it is changed into a message and is sent back t
the effectors, through motor nerves.
which the neruou
Q. 36. wat is the second. pathway, other than the reflex arc, through
rnuscles?
the
systern cornmunicates with
Ans. Brain facilitated by the peripheral nervoua system, consisting of cranial nerve
from the brain and spinal nerves from spinal cord, forms the second pathway t
communicate with muscles{b e. 87. How d.o the aisociation areas present in cerebrum af the forebrain function?
Ans. Association areas interpret the sensory information by putting all the informatior
received from various receptors and the information already stored in it. Aftt
rnterpretation, information is eent to the motor areas to make the muscles ar

accordingly"
e. 88. Wh,e.re are the areas for thinhing processes and motor resporuses located in the brair
Ans. The sensory regions or the thinking processes like sight, smell and hearing ar
present separatlly in the forebrain, i.e., inthe cerebrum. Separate areas, for motr
activities are also located in the cerebrum of the brain'
Q.gg. Which iruuoluntary actiuities are associated with the medulla oblongata of tl

f;,-*q:l"i1r.* r.ur"rueat, hreathing process, salivation, vomiting

and blood pressu

. ^r". are associated with the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain'

$ e. 4O. In what form d.oes th,e thinking tiss.ue in our bocly occur? Where is it situated.

in

t)

brain?

Ans. Thinking tissue in our body consists of a dense network of intricately arrangr
neurons- This tissue is present in front part of the brain. It receives information
signals from all or"" th" body, through receptors. This region consists of tl

sensory areas, associated areas and motor areas.

parts
Q. 4tr; I{ow d,oes the sensory tissue (thinking tissue) recognise the signals from all
the body?
Ans. To receive the signals, the sensory tissue consisting of the sensory areas and t
associated areas, connect to various parts of the body by nerves which bri

information to it.

Control and Coordination

q.42"

B.2.r7

How does the sensory tissue or thinking tissue send, its message to m,uscles or
ta elicit a, response, which

it interprets

gla,rLd,s

accord,ing to the sigials receiued.?

Ans. The sensory tissue or thinking tissue sends its message through nerves to
the
muscles or glands, so that a proper response is given uy ttre organs. For example,
when we take food in the mouth, the salivary glands
mo""e
"ui"r."
"alirra ";;;rld
raises his hands to catch a ball in the air.
Do
animal
hormones cause d,irectional growth?
Q;43.
Ans. Hormones in animals do not cause directional growth. But hormones bring about
controlled growth of different parts of the body. Even in children, durin-g their
growth, the design of the body is carefully maintained.
Q' 44. Wy is endocrine system considered.the second. controlling and, coord,inating system
in our body?
Ans. The responses generated by the nerves produce electrical impulses which are
limited. A chemical signal in the form of hormones brings about widespread.
changes all cells ofthe body receive the hormones. Therefor", th" endocrine system
is considered the second controlling and coordinating system in our body.
-

Q.L.

DescrftetherW

-{ns. A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Each neuron

is made up of three parts: (i) Cell body, (ir) Dend.rites, and (zzriAxon. It consists of
a cell body with small branches knows as dendrites and a long fibre the axon.
The axon takes the nerve impulse away from the cell body and paJses it to the next

neuron through the synapse.

9.2. Wy is there a need for chentical communication?
Ans. Electrical impulses generated in the nervous tissue are very fast, but their effect is
seen only in those cells which are connected to the nerves which are stimulated.
So,
response is in limited area. I\{oreover, second impulse cannot be generated as it
takes time for the nerve fibre to recover from the first impul.". C"ll* cannot
generate electric impulse continuously. For widespread, Iong-tasting response,
chemical communication is needed.
* t. l\'hy is it necessary that the hormones should be prod.uced, and. secreted, in precise
quantity and only when required?
'frc. Energy is needed for the production of hormones, and for their secretion and their
activity. They cannot be stored as they require space and energy. To avoid wastage of
energy and to save space, the hormones should be produced in precise quantity
and
only when needed by the body.
| * How does the brain resporud to the stimuli?
'L' Brain responds to involuntary actions, reflex actions and voluntary actions. The
strmulus brings information, received through the peripheral nervous system by,
the cranial nerves arising from the brain, and spinai r"ru" arising from
ihe spinal
;ord. The process of thinking, i.e., analysing starts after the information reaches
'$.e respective centres of the brain. The difierent inputs and. outputs from these
centres ofthe brain are integrated and a response is given accordingly.

CBSE Science Self'Tutor-X

q. S.)run"tion

the d.ifferent types

of

receptors fou,nd

in human body and the

sensatiorus

they perceiue.

irs. The different types ofreceptors are:

(i) Photoreceptors: Perceive light, e.g.,

eyes.

(ii) Phonoreceptors: Perceive sound waves. e.g.' eats'

(iii) Olfactory receptors Perceive sense of smeIl, e.gl', nose'
of taste, e.g', tongue'
(u) Skin: Sense ofhotness, coldness, pressure and touch'
Wich functions
Q. 6. Which are the two types of neruous systems operating in our body?
do they control and, coordinate?
Ans. Two types of nervous systems operating in our body are:
(i) Central neruous system: Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal
cord.. Brain controls and coordinates information from the receptors and
sends impulse to the effectors for action. Reflex actions are governed by the
spinal cord and the information is perceived by the brain'
(ii) Peripheral neruous system: Peripheral nervous system consists of cranial
nerves arising from tle brain, and the spinatr nerves arising from the spinal
cord" Cra.nial nerves bring impulses to sensory centres in the brain and carry
the response from motor centre to the organ or eff"ectors concerned" Spinal
nerves conduct nerve inopulses to hring about reflex action'
ifferentiate behteen geottopisnt, an'd, ph,ototropism in' plants'

(iu) Gustatory

receptor"s.' Perceive sense

ototropi,sm
(,)

lt is a phenomenon brought

about

as a response to gravitY.

(,,) The stimulus is perceived bY the

root tips"
(iii) It makes the root to Penetrate the
soil"

It

is a phenomenon brought about in

the direction oflight.

The stimulus is perceived bY the
hormone auxins, present at shoot trps'
It causes the shoot to come uP above
the soil and bends the plant torn'ards
1i

parts of the hindbrain. Mention the functirsns perfornted by them,.

The hindbrain consists of the following parts:
(i) Cerebetl,unt: It,is situated on the posterior si.de of the forebrain. It controls the
voluntary actions with precisron iike maintaining the posture and baiance of
the body.
(ii) Pons: It is present below the cerebellum and above the medulla ohlongata. [t
is the centre of controlling respiratory activities.
(iii) Med.utla oblongato.; It is present below the pons" It controls involuntar-r
activities }i}.e vomiting, blood pressure and salivabion"
af li
Q. e. Nam.e the phenomenon, occut'ring irt, plants which are under the control
u) d,ter an d ch,ent iculs.
Ans. Ph.ototropisrru; Bending of plants towards light.
Hyd,rotropisrn.' Movement of plant parts towards rvater as seen in aquatic planrs'
Chernotrapi.srn." Movement of plant parts in response to a chernical as seen
germinating pollen tube moving towards egg in the ovule of a flower"
Na.nte the

Control

an

d Coordination

82.19

Q. 10. How does cltendco,l contmunication occur in ntu,lticellular organisms?

Ans. . On stimulation, the cells of the endocrine glands release the chemrcal substance,

Le.. hcirmone"

Specific cells recognise a particular hormone. The hormone then diffuse rnto
these cells and into the rest of the body.
These chemical substances or horrnones, show- great diversity in their actions.

q. rr. IIou: do attxins

Ans.

.
,
.

cause bendin.g of plunts toutards light?

Shoot apex produce, hormones known as auxins which help in the enlargement
of cells" Auxins rnove downwards in the shoot.

When the plant is exposed to unilateral light, auxins diffuse from the lighted
side to the side of the stern which is not exposed to light.
On the darkened side of the shoot, cells elongate, whereas on the lighted side
elongation of cells does not occur, as no auxins are present" This makes the
shoot bend towards light.

Mentiaru the functions of the folloui,n,g pl,ant horm.orues:

Ans.

(i) Gibberellins, (ii) Cytokinins ond (iii) Abscisic acid,.

(i) Gibberel.lins : Promote grou,th of the stem.
(ii) Cytokinins
Promote cell divisron and are found in concentrated

(iii)

Abscisic

acid

amounts

where active cell division is occurring, such as in young

fruits and seeds.
Since plants need to stop certain activities ofgrowth, abscisic
acid is the hormone which inhibits growth. It also causes

e. ,r. How is the retease

"r;::Xr,:r,)ir),lriro,
-{ns. The timing and the amount of hormone released are regulated by the feedback
mechanism. If more hormone is released, the information is picked up by
respective orBan which controls the release of hormone. Same mechanism occurs
when hormone is being released in less quantity.
Excess of glucose * more insulin
Maintains glucose level in blood

->

f
Pancreas
Less glucose

J
less insulin

Q 14. IIow do muscles act?

ff

--+

Maintains glucose level in blood

-{.ns. The order or message given by the brain is finally executed by the muscles. Muscles
are made up of muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre is made up of specific proteins
(myosin and actin) which are arranged in a definite pattern. When the impulse
the muscles, the proteins change their shape and also their arrangement,
"eaches
causing change in shape of the muscle fibre.
(& 15. Are all mouements, in organisms, connected to growth? Wy do mouements, oth,er
than,

growth, occur?

1)

CBSE Science Self-Tutnr-)

B2.20

Ans. AII movements are not

connected to growth, like a cat running, a child cycling

buffaloes chewing cud. Such movements occur due to the following reasons:

al

. Movements occur in response to a change in environment.

. Movements in living organisms occur as they want to get benefit from th

in the environment. For example, a plant grows towards th

sun to get enough sunlight and buffaloes chew cud to break food into smallc
particles for better digestion.
changes occurring

Organisms move away from dangerous situations to protect themselves.

only the reflex actions? What other function, inuoluing rt

brain, is carried out by the spinal cord,?
Ans. The spinal cord, besides performing reflex actions, also sends information to ti
sensory or the thinking area of the brain to bring a response. Thinking involrt
complex mechanisms and neural connections which are present in the brain. Thu
the brain and spinal cord together help in the thinking process and form the cenEr
nervous system.
Q. 17. What is a reflex arc? How does i.t. fwnction?

Q. 16.

Ans.

Does spiructl cord, perfornt.

Reflex arc consists of a sensory nerve which carries information or input from O
receptors to the spinal cord. The speciai nerve cells interpret the information ar
send the message for output through nerves to the effectors such as muscles el

glands. The response isvery fastandwithoutevenrecognisingthe response we rar

to the rnformational input. Simultaneously, the informational input is also sent I

,
$ e.

the

brain.

18. What reactions occur in atl enlergency situation? How d,oes an organism cope u'i
this situation?
Ans. In an emergency situation, the organism prepares itself for either running or frghtiq
These processes require a large amount of energy, which is released in a controll
manner. Fighting or running will require functions of many different types of tissrr
in an integrated manner. To meet such energy requirements, the body releases
chemical signal which reaches to all the cells of the body, to get widespree
responses. The chemical signal thus released is the hormone adrenali.ne producr
by the adrenal glands.

Q.1.

Describe an experiment to d,emonstrate that shoot grous toward.s light a.nd

towards grauity.

lm. , (i) T,ake a conical

rd

flask containing water

over the flask and place 3 to 4 germinating seeds on

(ii) Put a wire mesh

tl

mesh.

(iii)

Place the flask in a cardboard box open on one side.

(iu) Keep the experimental setup in such a way that the open side
the light from the window, as shown in the figure.

of the box fad

Control and Coordination

B2"21

Shoot (negatively geotropic)

Roots (positively geotropic)

Shoot grows towards light

Rootrs grow towards gravity

Flg.2.,l

(u) Keep the experimental setup for 3 to 4 days in the same position till the
germinating seeds produce small shoots.
(ui) You will observe that the shoot has bent towards the light and roots have moved
downwards, ri.e., towards gravity.

ft

(uri) Now put the shoot horizontally in euch a way th.at the shoot is away from light
and the roots are faced towarde the light.
(urzi) Observe after B to 4 days.
(ir) You will observe that the shoot ie again moving towards light and roots are
moving towards gravity.
(r) This shows that the shoot is poeitiveiy phototropic and negatively geotropic,
whereas the roots are negatively phototropie and positively geotropic.
e. 2. Explain the fottowing:
(,) How does insulin lower the blood, glucose leuel?
(ii) Why do body changes ocatr in boys and girls at puberty?
(iii) How is the leuel of hormones maintained, in, the btood,?
(iu) l\hat is the best wajt of tahing iadine in the diet?
(u) IIow does pituitary gland, affect the growth of a chitd?
Ans" (r) Excess of glucose is controlled by insulin as it changes excess glucose into
glycogen.

(ii)

Testosterone released by testes in h.oys and estrogen released by ovaries in

girls bring about body changes at puberty.

(;ii) If the amount

of a hormone is more or less in the blood, the feedback mechanism

makes the gland secrete less or more hormone in the blood.
(iu) Best way of taking iodine in the diet is in form of iodised salt.
(u)

"
0 e

Pituitary gland produces the growth hormone which causes controlled

growth. If the hormone is produced in less quantity in childhood, then the

growth is retarded and the child grows into a dwarf and, if produced in large
quantity, a child grows into a giant.
3. Make a Labelled, d,iagram of the reflex arc. Mention the salient features of the reflex
action.

CBSE

B,2.22

Sci.ence

Self'Tutor-1

Spinal cord (CNS)

Ans.

Relay neuron

Fig.2.5

Salient features of reflex action:

r Reflexactionisanim.oluntary,suddenreqronsetoastimulusperceivedbythereceptms
o Sensory nerve carr:ies the message from the receptors to the spinal cord.
o The *"..*g* is changed into a response in the spinal cord, which is sent through
the motor nerve to the effectors.
o Effectors, i.e., muscles or glands show an involuntary response to the stimulus
o Spinal cord sends information to the brain also'

Q.4. Mention fioe churacteristics of horm.on'es.

Ans. The five characteristics

of hormones are:

(i) They are pioduced by endocrine or ductless glands'

(ii) They are organic compounds of various types'

(iii)

Being specific in nature, they act on specific target organs or tissues.

(ju) They are produced in very minute quantities and are pour:ed directly into the
venous blood.

(u) They bring about control and soordination

of the botty activities such as growth

and develtlprrrent.
position of endocrine glan'ds in itQ. 5. Draut an oatline of the hunran body and show the
Hypothalamus
Ans.
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Kidney
Pancreas

Ovarv (in female)

Testis (in male)

Control and Coordination

82.23

Q.6. What are plant hormones? Mention the functions regulated by them in the plants.
Ans. Plant hormones are the chemical messengers of diverse nature, produced naturally
by the parts of the plant and they regulate many functions in plants, such as:
. growth of roots, stem and leaves, and flowering in plants.

o phototropism exhibited by the shoots and geotropism exhibited by the roots.

Q. 7,

nastic movements and stomatal opening and closing.

Giuen below is a diagram of the brain of man. Labei the following parts in it:
(i) Cerebrum, (ii) Cerebellum, (iii) Medulla oblongata, (iu) Pons, (u) Craniurn
(Skull), (ui) Midbrain, (uii) Hypothalamus, (uiii) Pituitary gland, (ix) Hindbrain
and, (x) Forebrain.

Ans.

Cranium
(Skull)

Forebrain

Pituitary gland

Hind brain

Q.8. What are receptors and effectors? Name three receptors which you haue studied end
the type of stimulus they perceiue.
Ans. Receptors: Receptors respond to specific stimuli and pass the information to the
sensory nerves. They are cells present in the sensory organs like skin, eye, ear,
tongue and nose.

_
O

Effectors: These are either muscles or glands which receive the information
brought by motor neryes from the brain.
The three receptors are:
(i) Photoreceptors: These respond to light.
(ii) Gustatory receptors.'These respond to taste.
Qii) Olfactory receptors: These respond to smell.
g. 9. Mention the components of the central nen)ous system. List the general features of
the brain. Describe the parts of forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Ans. Components of the central neryous system are the brain and the spinal cord.
Brain:
The brain is lodged and protected by a bony box called cranium, which is present in
the skull. The brain is lodged in the fluid filled space which provides shock absorption.

1)

82.24

CBSE

Sci,ence

Self-Tutor-)

The fluid is known as cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is divided into three parts whicl
are:

(i) Forebraln; It includes cerebrum and hypothalamus. Separate areas such a

for hearing, smell, sight and many other activities, are present in th,

,
dbe.

forebrain, i.e., the cerebrum. Cerebrirm conslsts of sensory areas, associater

areas and motor areas. The separate areas,.i.e.,.association areas, wher
sensory information are brought to it, where it is analysis along with th
information already stored in the brain. Based on these information,
decision is made about the response which is the sent to the effective orga
like muscles of legs, organs, etc. Hypothalamus is a link between nervou
system and endocrine system.
(ii) Mid.brazn.' It consists of brainstem through which sensory and motor nerve
enter and leave the cerebral hemispheres to provide information
(iii) Hinclbrain: Itconsists of cerebrum which is the centre of maintaining postur
and balance of the body. Pons relays information from the spinal cord I
brain to spinal cord and from spinal cord to brain" It relays information to th
two lobes of concentration and medulla oblongata is the centre for regulatin
"blood pressure, salivation vomiting, respiration, coughing and speaking.
Spinat Cord,:
(i) It is responsible for reflex actions.
(ii) It sends sensory rnformation to the brain for analysis.
fO. How are inuoluntary actions a.nd, reflex actions different from each other?

Ans.

Inuoluntary Actions
(i) Nerves from medulla oblongata from
cause these actions.

(li) Internal stimulus causes the

generation of nerve impulse.

(iii) An involuntary action is governed

by medulla oblongata, but we can
feel the response.
(lu) Speed of response is slow"
(u) Response is generated in the
smooth muscles of vrsceral organs
like diaphragm during breathing
and peristaltic movements in ihe
alimentary canal.

Reflex Acti.ons
These actions occur through nerves

the spinal cord.

Stimulus from environment causes
generation of nerve impulse rn the
sense organ.
It is an involuntary action that occur
without its acknowledgement.
Speed of the response is very fast.
Response is generated mostly by

striated muscles and glands

present in the senrJe organs"

&e.rr.

Wty reflex action does not depend on the thinlzing tr.ssue in the broin?
Ans. Any change in the environment is received by receptors present all over our bod
Receptors send the stimulus through nerves to the seat of that sensation, in tl
thinkrng tissue or the sensory area. After receiving the information or input, tl
thinking tissue interprets it and sends the message again through the nerves to tl
effectors like muscles or glands. This takes encugh time which may be harmful
rhe person. If reflex action, such as wrthdrawing hand on touching a hot objet
were to operate through the thinkrng tissue" our hand may get burnt. Retlex actit
occurs spontaneously through the reflex arcs"

Co

ntr o L and,

C o o r dina,tio

82"25

Q. 12. W,at are the effects of adrenaline on our body organs, so Gs to nrcet tl"te emergen.cv
situo.tion?
Ans. Adrenaline is directly secreted into the blood stream. and then carried to different
parts of the body and regulates the effects.
' it acts on the various target organs such as heart, which beats faster to give more
oxygen to the muscles.
. the blood supply to the skin and the digestive system is reduced due to the
contraction of muscles around the small arteries in these organs.
. More blood is made available, which is diverted to the skeletal muscles.
. Rib muscles and muscles of the diaphragm also contract, whrch cause the
breathing rate to increase.
All these responses are brought about together to meet the emergency situation.
Q.r3. Describe the hu.man forebrain.
-{ns. The anterior part of the brain forms the forebrain and consists of cerebrurn and
hypothalamus. Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is also the thinking
part of the brarn. Forebrain receives sensory information or impulses from the
different receptors such as photoreceptors, phonoreceptors, olfactory receptors and
gustatory receptors. There are separate sensory areas for these sensatrons.
Forebrain also contains association areas where the sensory information is analysed
by putting together the infbrmation received from clifferent receptors and
information already stored in the forebrain. After analysis, the decision is made
which is passed on to the motor areas for the response. These motor areas are also
present in thLe forebrain and control the movement of voluntary muscles" Forebrarn
also contarns sensory areas for sensations lihe hunger etc. Hypothalamus bnngs
about coordination between nervous system and end.ocrine system.

Previous Years' CBSE Examination Questions

4. 1. What

is

'plvototropism'? How does it occur in plants? Describe o,n actiui,ty t,t't

trate photo tr o pris m,
{2009}
-{rrs. Refer ro Q. X on Pages BZ.ZO andBL.Zl"
.f,
What is 'ltydratropisnt,'? Descri,be an, experintent to de ntonstro,te l't4t droiropisnt,
de mo n

"

(2009)
-d5.

Referto Q. 10 on Page 82.4.

Wh,at a.re horntones? State one functrcns of each of the

(i) Thyroxin (ii) In sulin.

{:s.

following horntones:
(2A09\

Hormones are chemrcal messenger produced. by endocrine glands to coordinate

fr-rnctions like growth, metabolism and reproduction rn animals.
{i) Th'ytoxin.: Thyroid gland produces thyroxine. It regulates the metabolism iif
carbohydrates, fats and proteins and provides best balance for growth.
(.ii') Insulin': Pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin maintarns giucose
level rn the
blood by changing excess glucose into glycogen. When rt is not secr.etecl in
sufficient amount, the person suffers frorn diatretes"