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34 ,/
CBSE Science Self-hrtor-X
/
Q./ Wnirh chemical reactions cffe necessary to prod,uce energy rich compound,s?
Ifis. Oxidising-reducing reactions are the most common reactions which cause
breakdown of food to produce energy rich compounds. Oxygen obtained from
oyaiside the body is used for sueh reactions.
,/
Q./Wn, do unicellular organisms not require specific organs for taking in food,
/ exchange of gases, transport of substances and, remoual of wastes?
Ans. Since, the entire surface of unicellular organisms remains in contact with the
environiaent, specifrc organs for these functions are not required. Their general body
,surface helps in procurement of food, exchange of gases and removal of waste.
-Q75. Wich process helps in producing carbon-based food? Which source of energy is
utilised to produce food.? Name the organisms which are inuolued in the process.
Ans. The process is known as photosynthesis" Solar energy is utilised in converting
CO2 and water into the form of carbon-based food like carbohydrates by green
plants, r..e., autotrophs.
Q. 6. Do all organisms fulfil requirement of food in the same way?
Ans. Plants use inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water to produce food
and other substances. Other organisms like animals take complex food molecules
from plants or animal sources and break them into simpler substances so that
they are absorbed easily.
Q. 7. Giue examples of parasitic organisms.
Ans. Cuscula, orchids, ticks, mosquitoes, leeches, tapeworm and lice.
Q. 8. flou.r d.oes Paramecium obtain food?
Ans. Poromecium is a unicellular organism with a definite slipper-shaped body. The
fiodis taken from a specific point called the oral groove. Cilia are present all over
/ t}l,e surface of the body which direct food towards the oral groove.
{5. Carbon d.ioxid.e is consid.ered, essential for photosynthesis. How d,o the aquatic
green plants obtain it?
An7 Carbon dioxide remains dissolved in water, which is directly absorbed by the
aquatic green plants.
/
,Q..tO. Tlace the path of food in human alimentary canal.
Ans. Buccal cavity -+ oesophagus -t stomach -+ small intestine -+ large intestine
-) anus.
what is the mode of nutrition in fungi like bread, mould,s, yeast and mushroom,s?
- Ans. The mode of nutrition in these organisms is that they obtain nutrients from the
dead and decaying organic matter by breaking them into simpler substances and
then absorbing the digested food. This mode of nutrition is called saprophytic
Lif'
$q
$(
g/'
nutrition-
4. rr. What would be the effect if all the green plants u)ere to disappear front. the earth?
Ans. Green plants are the only producers of food and oxygen. No living organism wouid
survive as food is needed to be oxidised by oxygen to obtain energy.
What are the sources of energy aua,ilable for organisnts?
Food is the main source of energy available to living organisms. Plants use solar
energy to produce food. This food is eaten by animals to obtain energT.
((
Lr,fe
Processes ,a
uJar*
{A.
'"-*J
81'35
,/
{intur*ed,iate
Ans' Desert plants absorb CO2 during night and fix it in an intermediate compound
known as malic acid. During d.ay, the solar energ:y absorbed by chlorophylr
*$>{urcs he}ps in changing the intermediate compound into food.
Q. 15. ffh,y d.o heterotrophic organisms d,epend. for food, on autotrophs?
Ans' Heterotrophic organisms cannot prepare their own food and thus depend on
autotrophs, which are also known as producers. The only food
to
herbivores are plants and plant parts. The carnivores, in turn, feed. on"rr"il"bl.
herbivores
-Jproduced,? ,/
Ans" Water splits during photosynthesis into hydrogen and oxygen. Whi1e hydrogen is
needed for reducing carbon dioxide, oxygen escapes into the atmosphere
to be
utilised by the living organisms to produce energv.
Q' 17' Wy are uariegated legtvs chosen to proue that chlorophyu is necessary
for
photosynthesis? -/
Ans. Variegated leaves show two regions, one green region containing chlorophyll, and
the other nor,-gry)n region that does not contain chlorophyll.
Q. 18. why do plants'fequire minerars rike nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and, m,agnesium?
Ans'
Q' 19' Hout ma,ny types of substances are released. by the gastricSland.s of stomach of a
human being? What do they form collectiuely?
Ans'
_/
),
O la. zd) wnat is the function of pclnrreas?
\ *#" Pancreas secretes digestive
enzymes: ,_-'
(i) Trypsin digests proteins into small molecules mad.e up of a few amino acids.
(il) Amylase digests starch into sugars.
(iii) Lipase digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
wich d'igestiue glands help in d,igestion though food, neuer enters tbem?
_/-
Ltfe
81.36
'/
CBSE Science
Self-futor-X
t
/
tA.rr.
Nonte the enzymes for protein digesti,on present in the gastri.c; pancreo,ti.c
intestinal juices, the substra,te they digest, and the products of their action.
(i)
Juice
Enzym,e
Gastric juice
Pepsin
Substrate
Protein
a.
a.
A
organic
compounds:
Ans.
/'
a.
A
a,nd,
Produ.ct
(ri) Pancreatii
(iii) Intestinal
jrr
Peptides
juice Erepsin Contain very few
Amino acids
amino acids (peptides
and peptones)
Ans. Massive exchange of gases occurs through stomata present on leaves during the
proces$- of photosynthesis. Exchange of gases also occurs through the surface of
stems and roots"
Q.2e. Define parasitic nutrition. What are these organisms known as?
Ans. The mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains food synthesised by the other
organism, called host, is termed, parasitic nutrition and the organisms exhibiting
this mode of nutrition are called parasites.
Hout does the food moue in a regulated me,rLner along the d,igestiue tract?
Small regulated amounts of food should move, so that food is properly p*oc"""ed
in the various parts of the digestive tract. The muscular sphincter present at the
junction of the stomach and the small intestine allows only small amount of food
a.
i-jubstances are broken down into simpler substances here. The digested food
dffuses lnto the cytoplasm and is assimilated. The undigested food is thrown out
thrr-,ugh the cell surface"
Processes ,a.
B1.B?
81.37
*/
{, {ir" $* ao ii" orgrn, of alimerutary canal help in thte forwarcl mouement of food?
#n"walls of the organs of the alimentary canal like small andlarge intestine are
muscular in nature which contract rhythmically to push fbod forward by
Life
z-"F*q
pylstaltic
istaltic movements.
a. ss""fih.y is photosynthesis regarded, as the
clo,se stomata?
Ans. when the plants do not use carbon dioxide the stomata is closed, i.e..
at night
when photosynthesis does not occur. In d.esert plants, the carbon dioxide
rs taken
at nieht. thus in such plants stcmata is open at night"
(Q"
ar'
in
them? Expktirt.
Guard cells
Stomatal pore
Chloroplast
(a)
(b)
Ans' Fig.
Fig. 1-5 (b) depicts closed stomata which shows that exchange of gascs and
photosynthesis do not occur. Since, glucose is not present waier
co,ce,t'ation
decreases and the stomata close.
Q. 36. Wat are
gill
Ans. Gill slits are openings of gilrs to the outside and are meant for the process
of
respiratior in fishes.
in
yeast and,
in
Life
muscles-
Prol,
e.4G.
Ans.
q.47.
muscles causes cram
between erternal and
Ans.
internal respiration,
rnal
Cellular respiration is the oxidation
ofstored food to release energy in
the presence or absence ofoxygen
inside the cell.
(@:::";:::':";;r'tr#;:;;:T;::;:::;n::::;:es+a've.'i
,Q.',rii.
Ans.
Q. 51.
Ans.
Ti;;";;;;;;;;;;;iffuse
into
dioxide concentration than
alveoli- Therefore, carbon dioxide from the capillaries
"."bo, diffuses
into the alveoli.
43'
Is concentration of carbon d.ioxid,e in the enuironment
Q'
more d,uring night or d,o,y?
Ans' During the night, plants respire and produce carbon
dioxide which is not utiiised
by them, as photosynthesis does not occur
due to the absence oflight, thus oxygen
is not produced' Therefore,
" as compared to the day. carbon dioxide concentration is more during the night
q. 44. How is the energy released, d.uring respiration?
(t
Ans.
\-AEil6'
Q.4e.
"tJffiffi"
body.
Q.48.
Ans.
Q.52.
Ans.
Q.53.
Ans.
Ans'
of the body.
Q. 54.
Ans.
Life
Processes
81.39
Q' 46' Why does aerobic respiration prod,uce ntore energy than anaerobic respiration?
Ans' During aerobic respiration, there is complete oxidation of glucose .molecules"
Therefore, large amount of energy is released whereas in ana-erobic respiration.
glucose is only partially oxidised, releasing little amount c(
energy.
q. 47. How does the breathing process help us?
Ans' ' It provides oxygen for aerobic respiraiion in the cells to produce energy.
' It excretes out toxic carbon dioxide along with excess of water vapour from
the body.
Q. 48. Name the respiratory orgarus of (i) fish and, (ii) dog.
Ans. (i) Fish : Gilts
(ii) Dog : Lungs
Q' ag' Wat are the characteristics of root cells which remain in close conto,ct with soil
for
absorption of water and for exchange of gases?
Ans. The root cells are very thin and extend to become elongated, thus increasing
their
surface area. The root cells remain in contact with oxygen and water, *rri.t
makes them more suitable for exchange of gases ana for a'bsorption of water.
Q.50. Describe the diaphragm.
Ans" A diaphragm is a muscular partition separating thoracic cavity
from the
abdominal cavity. It helps in the process of inhalation and exhalation. When
muscles of diaphragm, along with rib muscles contract, the volume of the
thoracic
cavity increases. As a result, air rushes in. When their muscles relax. the volume
decreases and air moves out.
Q. 51. what are the respiratory structures and, their role in flowering plant?
Ans' The main respiratory structures in a flowering plant are stomata present on the
leaves. Stomata are small openings, present o" Uott the surfaces of the
leave*q.
Oxygen
Tovef into stomata by diffusion. This oxygen is absorbed by the leaf cells.
Carbon dioxide has more concentration in tissue-spaces than the surroundings.
When no photosynthesis occurs, carbon dioxide diffuses out through the
stomata.
Q' 52. Differentiate between aerobes and, aruaerobes. Giue examples of the two types of
Ans'
organisms.
Aerobes are the organisms which utilise oxygen and undergo aerohic
respiration"
bacteri.a.
'
B1.40
(,
Life Proce
Q. 55. What will happen to aquatic animals if there is oil spilt in tlrc ocean?
Ans. OiI spill spreads on the surface of water in the ocean, which d.oes not allow oxygen
to enter and get dissolved in water. Aquatic animals will die in such cond.itrons as
no oxygen will be available to them.
56.
Food. and. oxcygeru, both are necessary for life. Will man be able to suruiue without
Q.
Q.65.
Ans.
Q" 66. v
Ans"
67. s
Ans. B
Q.
Q.68.
Ans.
'C
In
Q.6e. Il
The companion cells are present along with sieve tubes. The cells contain cytoplasm
and nucletis and therefore they are living cells and help in the conduction of food.
Q. 60. How do water and, minerals from the roots enter the leaues?
Ans. Xylem vessels are placed one above the other, forming long channels from the
roots to the leaves. Xylem of the roots remains in direct contact with that of the
stem, branches, petioles ofthe leaves and other parts ofthe plant. So, through the
xylem, the water from the roots enter the leaves.
Q. 61. Wa,t is blood,? What are its components?
Ans. Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Its matrix, also known as plasrna, contains the
foliowing cell components-red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles
and platelets. Plasma transports dissolved organic and inorganic substances like
food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
Q" 62. Wat is haemoglobin and what function d,oes it perform?
Ans. Haemoglobin is a red-coloured respiratory pigment, present in the RBCs of the
blood. It carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and brings carbon dioxide from
the tissues to lungs.
Q. 63. How does blood come back to the heart from different parts of the bod,y?
Ans. Oxygenated blood from the lungs comes to the left atrium through the pulmonary
veins and deoxygenated blood from different parts ofthe body comes Lack to the
right atrium throu5;h the superior and inferior venae cavae"
64.
which euents occur in the capillaries present in the tissues?
Q"
Ans. Capillaries are the ultimate branches of the arteries. These are one cell thick. The
exchange ofgases occurs between the cells ofthe tissues and the capillaries by the
tr
Q"57. How are minerals and water absorbed by the roots in the plants?
Ans. The cells of the roots remain in contact with soil and take ions actively" A difference
is created in the concentration of ions between the root cells and the soil. So water
from the soil moves into the root cells and reaches the xylem vessels.
Q.58. Does food, enter the uarious plant parts accord,ing to their need,s? Giue one example
to proue it.
Ans. Food enters the various parts of the plant according to their requirements. For
example, the food is transferred to the buds in the spring season. Buds need food
to get energ'y to grciw.
Q. 59. Name the cells which are present along with the sieue tubes in the phloem tissue.
Are they liuing cells?
Ans.
.r
tr
Ans.
di
q.70"
tu1
th
Ans.
\4
le
le
(,
e. 21.
I+
Ans. Tl
pr
q.72.
Ans.
TI
co
in
czt
Q. 73. I7
Ans.
H:
wI
tn
Life Pracesses
8i.41
Ans'
Carhon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes are produced. These are transported
in a
dissolved form irr the plasrna.
Q' 70. Mett"tian the etsents accurring in the lelt sid,e of the heart when
the left atrium by th,e pulmonary uein,s.
6
6
81.42
Life
q. 7 4. Wat
Processes
happens in the right sid.e of the heart when d,eoxygenated blood, is brought to
the right atriurn by the two uenae cauae?
Q.83. How is
Ans. A braac
Ans. When the two venae cavae bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, it
remains relaxed and the blood pours into it. The ventricle also remains in a
relaxed condition. Once the right atrium contracts, the right ventricle expand.s to
receive deoxygenated blood. When the right ventricle contracts, blood is pushed
into the pulmonary arteries to carry it to the lungs for oxygenation.
Q. 75. Why are energy need,s low in, plants?
Ans. Energy needs in plants are low because
very fi-n
Q. 84. How h
high or
Ans. Kidneys
tissues i
kidneys
Q. AA. Wat is
Ans. The Bor
Produce,
(zr.) plants contain large proportion of dead cells, which reduce the use of energy.
The uri:
Bowmar
nephron
Q. 86.
Ans. Human.
to maint
gZ.
How doe
Q.
Ans. Several
(,
salts fror
Q. Ag.
Ans. urea and uric acid are the major nitrogenous waste products in human beings.
These are removed by the nephrons as urine by the process of filtration of blood.
The urine is collected in the kidneys, is carried by the ureters, and collected in the
urinary bladder to be released outside the body.
Urethra
Wat slx
Ans. In
case o
device w
process it
90.
Write a s,
Q.
Ans. Urinary
beings? How are these
failure. I
88.
wy is tt
e.
Ans.-Kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, one on either side of the vertebral
column. They are protected by the ribs.
Q. 80. What are the major parts of the human excretory system?
Wy is u
{f
through t
materials
falling lee
Short Answe
Q.l.
Why are
possible
t)
tlore coml
Ans. Multicellu
cells. Cor
Life
It
)O
Processes
Bl.4B
Q-
l.
why are processes like intake of food,, exchange of gases, remoual of wastes not
possible through the general surface when the bod,y size increases and, beconres
rnore complex?
Ans. Multicellular bodies are more complex as they are mad.e up of a large number of
cells. Complexity increases with the increase in the size of the body. Cells are
81"44
organised in groups called tissues. All the cells can not be in direct
contact with
the outside environment, and through diffusion, it will take a torrg li*"
fo" *
Life Processc
Ans.
(0
(o)
Q-
are
are
suitabie for specific functions. Intake offood and oxygen from outside is
also the
function of specialised tissues. Intake of food ant digestion occurs in
the
alimentary canal while the intake of oxygen occurs through the rungs.
(6)
(c)
the
living organisms. These are (i) nutrition, (ri) respiration, (ilr) transportation
and
(lu) excretion. For this, organisms need energy, *t l"f, is mad.e
avaiLble from the
food obtained through the process of nutrition. Oxygen is taken
in and the food is
oxidised to provide energy. Oxidation-reduction p"o.u*."" help in producing
essentral molecules needed for the- growth and development of the
body. Tru.rspo"l
of the molecules fuifils the needs of the actively growing cells of the
body" Un*untud
substances are excreted outside the body.
4.
What is the importance of photosynthesis?
Q.
Ans' '
'
ffilf,
C6Hr2o6 +
6o2t
'
'
It
life"
(iD
(o) l
(b) l
O e.z" W
abso,
Ans.
. Vil
. vil
dig
. Blt
pal
Q. a. Mafu
Ans.
vb
Life Processes
Ans"
81"45
(r)
rasitic Nutrition
(o) Parasitic mode of nutrition involves
obtaining food synthesised by other
organisms. known as host. The
organism obtaining food is called a
is internal.
mode of nutrition.
ic Nutrition
Saprophytic nutrition is the mode of
nutrition in which the organism
obtains food from dead ancl decaying
organic matter"
(ii)
res
Carniuores
Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Chloroplasts
Air spaces
Lower epidermis
Guard cell
Fig. 1.6
81.46
Life Proce
Q.9. lWy is the leaf considered the most suitable plant organ for photosynthesis?
Ans. . Leaves are the site of photosynthesis. The palisade tissue present below the
Q. 14. li
Ans.
Q. 15. Ii
Ans. a
food.
6CO,
Carbon
dioxide
12H2O
Water
Tffir
C6H12O6
+ 6O2t +
Glucose Oxygen
6H2O
Water
8m t
c.
Q"17"
Ans.
Ans. In
mouth
^".ffirk*
Q. 18. .r
Ans.
Sl
Life Processes
Q.
81.41
Ans.
'
help of enzymes.
'
by the
' undigested toxic waste is released outside the body through anus.
Q. 15. wat happens to partly d.igested, food, in the smail intestine?
Ans' ' Small intestine has intestinal glands which prod.uce intestinal juice containing
'
'
6 /ft] Wat happens to absorbed. food in our bod,y? Wy should. food, be assintilated.?
'*-/ Utilisation of absorbed food by the cells of the body takes place to produce the
chemical substances which are need.ed by our body for gro*ih, development
and
various other activities. Assimilation is important to
Q" 17" Enumerate the euents which occur in the stomach when food reaches it"
Ans. ' when food enters the stomach it expands. stomach is a large
organ, which
receives food from the food pipe. The muscular walls of the stomach
crush and
'
mix, the food thoroughly with digestive juices released by gastric glands
present in the wall of the stomach.
when the food enters the stomach, the cells of gastric glands, present in the
wali of the stomach, secrete the gastric juice which contains hydrochloric
acid,
the enzyme pepsin and mucus.
'
Hydrochloric acid makes the medium of the food acidic and activates
the
enzyme pepsin which acts on proteins and breaks them.into smaller
molecules.
Bacteria and other microbes are destroyed by HCl. Mucus protects
the 1ining of
the stomach from the action of HCl.
Q. 18" Haw is the food digested by the intestinar juice in the small intestine?
Ans" The partially digested proteins, carbohydrates and emulsified
fats from the first
part of small intestine move further into small intestine. The
intestinal juice is
secreted from the glands present in the walls of the smali intestine
and it contains
enzymes. Here, intestinal juice completes the digestion of proteins
into amino
acids, carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
J1."{8
Life Proc,.
Food particle
Fig.
q.24. L
Ans.
Food particle
i.7
you
obserue to
*uoitl
d,ental
happen if praqui formation is *ot remoued.?
Ans' Bacteria.acting on sugars produce acids that
softens or demineralises the enamel.
Bacteual cells together wiih food particl""
r, the teeth to form i""rrr piaque.
saliva cannot reach the tooth .,rrfr"" t" "ri"r.
the acid as plaque covers the
teeth' As a result dental carle1 or tooth """irlile
a".uy o."rrrs. Brushing the teeth after
eating removes the plaque. If plaque ror^uiiorrl"
,rot remored, micr.orgarusms
mav invade the pulp causing inflammatior,
*oJ infection.
caries? rilhot
&
wil
(ii
Ans. Gil
an(
and
released dtrring oxidarion
in useful
forms such as ATp.
the form of word equation, refer to point
6 of Brief R6suur6 on Fage BJ.4
for
^^--:x
q.
^ 23.
Ila'ta is breathing d,ifferent
froru r.espi,t ation?
Ans.
Breathin
iratian
(i) It ls an extracelluiar phvsrcal
It
is an intracellular biochemical
process, performed by specific
process"
i
organs"
(ii) Iio energy is releasecl.
enzymes.
Ox:
dio:
out
the
Q. 26. Des
Ans. The
the
bro
alr.e
bl,b
[he i
Q.27. Dif;t
Ans. Dun
anci
of an
In
1.e
GIucr
(6- e;i,
molr,r:
Anae:
glucoi
Glucc
(6-ca:'i
nr o
lt.c:;.
Life Proce.sses
Q"24.
Ans"
81.49
Respiration
(l)
(ri)
It is a destructive
process
osynthesis
in which
It
Q' 25. Name the organ of respiration in fishes. How d,oes it help in the process of respiratiort?
Ans. Gills are the respiratory organs of fishes. The water enters through the mouth
and spreads over the gills, which are richly supplied with blood capillaries.
Oxygen dissolved in water diffuses into the blcod. The blood contains carbon
dioxide, brought from the various parts ofthe body. This carbon dioxide diffuses
out in water" Water containing carbon dioxide is expelled out of the gills through
-'"-'1the gilt siits.
structure of human lungs.
Ang' The lungs are situated in the thoracic cavity. Each lung receives a bronchus from
*. s'' the trachea. Elach bronchus branches into many smal.Ier and smaller tubes called
bronchioles. Each bronclr.iole terminates into a balloon-like structure called
alveolus or alveolar sac. The alveoli have ver], thin walls which are surrounded
by blood capillaries. The exchange of gases occurs between the alveolar walls
and
the walls of the capillaries.
q" 27 . Differentiate' between an aerobic respiration in yeast
cells an d, in ou7 bod,y mwtcles.
Q.
Ans' During anaerobic respiration in yeast cells, glucose is converted into pyruvate
and then into ethanol (ethyl alcohol) rvith the release of carbon dioxide. This
type
r:f anaerobic respiration is known as fermentation.
In yeast cells;
Glucose [n c-vtoplasnt
calhon
molt,cule)
(6-
pyruvate
ii]*carbon ------]
rnolecule)
Ethanol
+,
(2_ca r.br';n
molecule)
81.50
Life hocesses
Ans.
'
Very little oxygen is dissolved in water as compared to the oxygen present in the
atmosphere. Thus, the rate of breathing is much higher in aquatic organisms as
compared to in terrestrial organisms.
'
Gills, which are the organs for aquatic respiration, are exposed to the outside
but are covered with operculum. Lungs, which are the organs for terrestrial
respiration, are placed inside the organism and are protected by the chest
'
cavity.
i It should
Q.34. Wat
Yeast pr
fermen
first cor
dioxide.
Glucose
Q.35. Explain
Ans. Tissues
energy.
blood cz
leaving
'
'
concentr
ntr
,.g0.
An
easy
diffusion of gases.
'
(ii)
Enlarge a part of the lung showing the respiratory bronchioles, alueolar d,uct
and alueoli.
,s
Loss
ofr
water is
to contir
Q. 32. What is comrLon to the structures of gills and, lungs that mahes the efficient
Ans. '
i^s
Discuss.
pulls wz
,'^,
moveme
'\ Thi"
"^,
Q. 3?. ta wz
(ii) Ho
,\*-,' ,j
(ii) tla
Ans" (r) Pn
r(x
(li) Ior
en(
ceI
(lir)
Tt
Life
Processes
81.5r
Ans.
Fls. 1.8
Q' ga'
brewery?
Glucose ln citoplasm
-...,poncentration.
Q' s6.
-'
'
''
caned
root pressure.
(ii)
Ions are taken up by the roots from the soil actively with
the expendirure of
energy' A difference is created in the concentration ofthese
ions in the root
cells and soil. This causes water to enter the roots and
deverop root pressure.
Life
81.52
Q. 38. Mention three
uses of transpiration.
metabolic
q.42.
wy
d.o t
tentperotut
Ans. Amphibiar
atria anC c
atria comt
oxygenate(
amount of
These orgr
temperatu_
Q. 43. Desuibe b;
Ans. Fishes har-,
pumped rc
the giIls. It
_ water, carl
only once ri
Q" s+. How does ,
minerals?
r.
-.
Ans. . Stomata
4
y't \
{/
Processes
. This io,"r
Water vapour
vessels
Movement of water
c,i
. Leaves
d-
absorb ir':
a suction
Q. 45. Describe
on
(ll) Take r
(lii) in the
(iu) The su
so tha:
(u) Coverl
(ui) Place r
(url) After t
Fig. 1.9
are there two pathways in plants to cond.uct food, and' raw materials like
water and minerals? Describe them in brief.
Ans: Plants have two independent pathways for conducting enerry store, i.e., food and
raw materials like water and minerals. The conducting system needed to
transport raw materials like water and minerals consists of dead cells known as
xylem vessels and tracheids. Transport ofthese raw materials in trees occurs
due to root pressure, *'hich is an active process, and transpiration puil, which is
a passive pro.""r. Another conducting system consisting of live cells like the sieve
tube cells of the phloem tissue translocates the food s5rnthesised in leaves to
different parts of the plant. This process involves use of enerry'
Epidermal cell
6. +t. Define transpiration. Draut a diagram of the
Guard cell
pa,rt of the leaf front where transpiration takes
{bt e.
4O. Wk1
place.
Ans.
Stomatal opening
Chloroplasts
pot wh
the inr
Water drc
Life Processes
q'42. Wy
81.53
d.o animals lilze amphibians and. reptiles not haue
tentperature?
constant borly
Ans' Amphibians and many reptiles have a three-chambered heart, consisting of two
atria and one ventricle.The oxygenated blood and d.eoxygenated bloocl fio* tt
atria come into a single ventricre. This causes the mixed bloo4, ;"r., -purtrv"
oxygenated and partly deoxygenated blood, to be circulated. This leave-s*tess
amount of oxygen to be circulated, causing less arnount of energyi" U- pr."a.,*a"
These organisms do not have a constint body temperature as their hody
Water droplets
Piastic sheel
B1.54
tf e'
Li:e h.":r.;,,r;
an cl
carbon
Lung capillaries
Q.
rg
.[I.:; a
.{as- . -i _s
i--
-J
--!
. Ifutft
reabi
. Filtri
Aorta to body
(oxygenated blood)
(Deoxygenated blood)
Q. 50. tthat lt
{i) Bou
.{ns, (ii
Rr
(ri)
Rr
frf
(il')
Capillaries in body organs
apart from the lungs
. ,.- '..\i
a'2' 47
'
Yr!r:;
Fig. 1.12
bload circulation
Q. 51. Ilhat qr
Ans. . planft
con,.rci
43q-4'*o
Right kidney
ur
Aorta
Left ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
. Ox-r-ge
. Carbo:
. Escesi
.
Lcss
o:
Ans. Blood
fi_li
tryo kidnr
of
rena_l
filtrate
These su
urine.
Q. 53. How is th
Ans. Excretion
reactions
organs kr.:
hody thror
the bod_v.
Q. 54. W,at is tt
. It reguie
and salt,
" It help--
Life
Processes
B1.bb
Q' ag' How is it beneficial to h,aue large number of highly coiled. nephrons
in our lzid,neys?
Ans' ' A large number of nephrons in the kidneys helps in increasing
the su*face area
for proper filtration.
' Highly coiled nephrons further increase the surface area which heips in proper
reabsorption of, useful substances.
. Filtration becomes more effective and fast.
Q' 50' wo't fuructions are performed by the fortawing parts of nephrons?
(i) Bouman's capsure (ii) Tuburar part (iii)
coilecting d.u.ct
Ans. (i) Refer to e. gb on page 81.48.
(li)
(ili)
Q.
which are
Ans'
Q' 53' How is the process of excretion d.ifferent fram that of egestion?
Ans' Excretion is the removal of nitrogenous waste products produced
by biochemical
reactions occurring in the body. These waste products
are removed by excretory
organs known as kidneys. Egestion is the removal
of undigested fooa from the
trody through the anus. The faecal matter is
not produced by metabolic activity in
the body.
Q"
81'56
CBSE Scien'ce
Self'Tutor-X
Q. 55. Describe the uarious organs of excretory system of human beingsAns. The excretory system of huinan beings consists of two bean-shaped kidneys.
These are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone. Each kidney
contains a large number of closely placed tubular structures called nephrons"
Urine formed in the kid.neys enters the ureters. The two excretory tubes or
ureters, one from each kidney, open into a urinary bladder. A muscular tube,
called urethra, eilIows the urine to be thrown out through an opening.
Life Processes
Structures of
made up of ct
organ systefi
is such that
processes ov
their structu:
worn out pai
Even unicelh
themselves.
enance
these processt
Organisms a<
carried out. T
the body is L
when the size
on carbon-ba
of the body.
Q.5, Wich
organisms:
Ans.
euents
of carbohydrc
The following
(l)
Absorpr
(fti) Convers
molecuii
(iil) Heductl
movements. Plants and animals are made up of tissues, and tissues are made
atmospl
Excess carbol
storage organ
Excess carboL
Q.2"
based.
Ans. Food and oxygen are taken in frorn specific points such as alimentary canal an:
respiratory system respectively. But nutrients and oxygen are needed by all th.
other parts of the body. The transportation system helps in carrying thes=
substances to ail the tissues and cells.
Whep chemical reactions use carbon source and oxygen molecules are brok::'
down during oxidation along with energy generation in the cells, certain b-''
products, which may prove toxic to the body, are also produced. To remove the=.
substances, a specialised excretory system is involved. Transportation systecarries these wastes to the excretory organs from where they are excreted cu:
During
that
d,ru el
chloroS,
phatosynthesi.
steps taken:
(il il/hy uc
uariegott
three do-
(iii) Wy uc;
sunlight
(iu)
Why u'er
boiled tn
(u) llhy uer,
iodine?
81.56
Q.
55.
Ans. The excretory system of human beings consists of two bean-shaped kidneys.
These are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone. Each kidney
Life Prot
Q.3.
Ans.
Q.5.
Ans.
'
e. Z,
6. )
Life Processes
81.57
Q"
Ans.
ta
excoss
wate,r:
taken?
with
i
d.QY5?
Leaf boiled
water
in
Leaf boiled
in alcohol
(iii) Wy
Wy
iodin
Blue black
:
Variegated
leaf
Fig. 1.14
' 81.58
CtsSE
Scieruce
Self-Tu,tor_-X
Life Processes
(x)
Q" 9. Explai
photos.
them.
(u) These leaves were treated with iodine to show the presence of si,arch rn
green areas r:f the leaves. Blue-black colour appears in the chlorophyll
Ans.
Potassium
hydroxide
Refer
Q. 10. Ansue
(,
ir
(,,) I
(,,,) u
/8. 7. Describe an, experiment to demonstrate that saliuary atmylase d,igests starch.
\{ry/ (i) Take two test tubes A and B and take 1 mL of starch soiution in each
test tuhe.
(ii) in test tube A, add 1 rnl, of saiiva. Keep the two test tubes undistr.rrbed at
roorn temperattrre fbr 20 to 30 minutes.
(rfl Adcf a few drops of iodine in each test tube.
(lu) Blue-black colour wiil appear only in test tube B. There wiil be no colour in
test tube A.
(u) This shows that salivary amylase from saliva in test tube A has acrr:d on
starch and changed ii to sugar. Hence, there is no colour.
',r-/-\-.-\
/ q.tA. )escribe an experiment to proue that carban d,iorid,e i,s essential for ph,otosynthesis.
( a"". ) O f"Uu two potted plants, nearly of the same size.
\---/
(li) Keep ttrrena in the dark for three days to destarch theru"
(lil) Take two separate glass plates and put one pi,:tted plant on each of tirem.
(lu) Put a petri dish or watch glass containiug potassium hydroxide on one of the
glass plates aiong with the potted plant, as seen in the experimental setup A.
(u) Cover both plants separately with bell jars.
(ul) Apply vaseline i:o seal the bottorn of the beii jar to avoiti leakage of the
carborr dioxide prnd uced.
(uri) 'i'he experimentatr setups should be kept for about twc hours in sunlight"
(c;il,i) Pluck one leaf each from the two piants and test for the presence of star:ch
b3'Lroiling first in water, then in alcohol nnd finally, treating it ivith rodine.
(ir) A leaf {rom experi.menlal setup B showed blue-blar:k colciur.
(iu) Il
(t'1
th
11
Ans. Refer t
q. t"!. obser-,
(i)
II
(ii.r tt
(iii;
-1:
(it.t
Gt
(rl -{'
r(
Ans.
(r)
P,:'
(ilt \-a
(izi) \r
(fuI C:
cal
(c) In
ber
,---\
L,.
ugl
Ct ql rz. rritot a,
-l
Lif'e Processes
81.59
for
phatosyrtthesis.
based.
.., Ans.
{t e' 1!'
fleterotrophic nutrition: Organisms which derive food from the other organisms
show heterotrophic nutrition. such organisms are called
heterotrophs. All
anirnals, inciuding man, are exannples of heterotrophs.
Heterotrophic nutrition is of the following types:
(i) Pctrasitic nwtrition: organisnas caltred parasites live on or
insiile the bocty of
other living organisms, calred the host and absorh food.
from them. This is
seen in plants like orchids, custuta and animals
rike ticks, tiou, tup"*orr*
(ii) Saprophytic n utrition : Tnsaprophytic nutrition, the iiving
organism s thrive
on dead and decaying organic matter of piant ,"a
o"i*i
orlgin. ,rhi. ;;p;
of nutrition is seen in fungi, suctr as bread *o.,tj.,
*,r.irroonas ancl yeast.
(iii) trIolozoic n'utrition ' some animars eat whole plants, whore
animars or their
parts arrd digest thern' The digested materiai is
subsequerrtly al:sorbed and
utilised" Holozoic nutrition is seen in most of the ani*uls
like Amaeba,
cc,ckroach, man, and. also some pl,ants.
81.60
nutrition by Amoeba:
'
,{\
{:^)
Life
It forms two
Processes
;--
16.
at
(,)
(ii) (
(iii) I
(iu) F
(u) L
Ans.
(,) B
fc
(ii)
(iii)
L1
AI
(iu) !\:
CO
fo:
(u)
NI
of
.j
t7
templ
(i)
wt
orl
(ii) w'l
(iii) w1
(iu) Ho
do:
In
(i) AIt
(u)
Ans.
pro
wh:
{iii)
(lii)
hlucus in the stomach protects the iining of the stomach from ihe action of
HCI and facilitates srnooth movement of food"
(iu) Small intestine is richly supplied with blood vessels to absorb all the digested
food products so that they can be distributed to all parts of the body.
(il)
Dru
pro
givt
(iil)
Ext
(iu)
Des
ani
enel
(u) Nitr
obta
atm,
Life Processes
81.61
(i) Emulsification
of fats.
Ans. (t) Bile salts break large fat globules in the small intestine into smaller molecules
for better action of the enzymes" This process is called emulsification of fats.
GaiI bladder is a sac-like structure present in the liver. It stores bile juice.
(li)
(iii) Large intestine
and making
it
(iu) Wails
of the organs of the alimentary canal are provided rvith muscles which
contract rhythmically causing peristaltic movements which push the food
forward-
(u) Muscular sphincter, located at the end of stomach, regulates the movement
of small amounts of food into the intestine -for its proper digestion.
ttempt the following:
(i) why is photosynthesis acnsirlered the most beneficial process for liuing
organisms?
(ii)
(iii)
Why is there a need for openirug of stornata in, leaues, d,uring d,ay?
What happens to ertra carbohydrates produced by leaues?
prod,uced, by desert
dav?
(u)
Ans.
taken up by plants?
AII the food needed by living organisms is produced by plants through the
process of photosynthesis. During this process, oxygen is also produced,
which is essentially needed by organisms to procluce energy.
(ii) During the day, carbon dioxide enters the leaves through stomata for the
process of photosynthesis and oxygen produced during photosynthesis is
given out into the atmosphere.
(iii) Extra carbohydrates produced by leaves are stored as starch in plant parts.
(,)
(iu) Desert plants take carbon dioxide through stomata during night to prepare
an intermediate compound, which is then changed into food by utilising the
energ'y absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments during the day.
(u)
81.62,].,1
,..
/I
L8.
\.
\_/
fExplain.
the
foltowing
aspects of photosynthesis
i,t
Describ
plants:
(b)
es
The ali
mouth
$)M
,:f
sa
(ii)
O(
frt
(,,il sa
sk
da
sp,
(lu) Sr
tat
Fo
(o)
In
wa
(ui) An
sPI
Ans.
f)i.gestiue
Secretian
Enzymes
Salivary giands
(in buccal cavity)
Saiiva or
salivary jui.ce
aurylase
Gastric glands
(in stomach)
Gastric juice
Pepsin
Salivary
Substro,te
Products
Sugar
Starch
,.'---l\Ffu figu
fi. zy6)",,ia"
\AEx/ G) Mo
car
inr
(li) Sto
gla
prr:tein
HC
dor
fror
molecules
Liver
Pancreas
Bile juice
Pancreatic
juice
Intestinal
glands
(in small
intestine)
Intestinal
juice
(succus
entericus)
No enzyrne Fat
(r) Amytrase
(ii) Trypsin
(iii) Lipase
(i) Enzyrae
for
peptidases
protein
digestion
(ii) Enzyrne
for sugar
Srnall molecules
of fat
Starch Sugar
Proteins Peptides
Fat
{atty acids and
giycerol
%
Snt
intr
wh:
Tht
ofr
coII
glu,
bvl
(iu) Lar
abs,
Sugar
Glucose
thrr
Q.32" \Mtat is
orgonism
e.g. r,naltose
digestion
(ili) Lipase
(iii)
batlt, the
Fat
Fatty acids
and glycerol
Ans. Respu.ati
There arr
(i) aerobir
81.63
Describe the path of food, in th.e alimentary canal
of man.
The alimentary canal of man is nearly nine metres
long, extending from the
mouth to the anus.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
81.64
Life Processe
t 'rtl
(.i,)
.T.
'Ti
Q,,25.
De-,
Ans.
Brer
It i:
,j
+ Enet.gy
(ii) Anaerobic
i::
oxidised into either ethyl aicohol or lactic acid. Bacteria and yeast undergo
fermentation, producing ethyl alcohol and carbon droxide, as shown in the
equation.
No
oxygen
ir
&
ln
r'eqrrirj'd
cr
l::
In cvtopl:rsrr
when
Ansz'P-'-r: a-
F'_.-.
:1-
Ans.
ii
No ('\ygerl
ca,uities?
absence of
--
-:
Ir-:
+ Carbon dioxide
(li) Accumulation
e.2;
^{ns'
;- _
!
Life Processes
'
rJ1.{15
[ry/
In mitochondria
n1
tTIUCOSe
0rvgen present
[n cl'torrlirsnt
Pyruvate
+ Energy
In yeast
No Oxlgen
In our musclc
i\() o\yBen
l+
r:cll-c
During anaerollic respiration, in the yeast cell, pyruvate prod.uces ethyl alcohol
and carbon dioxide and, in our muscles, pyrr"rvate is converted. into laciic acid. A
trittle arnount of energy is released during anaerobic respiration..
-+
q,. 27. Aruswer the following:
(i) wat happens to the air in nasal cauities before it reaches the trachea?
(ii) \Yhy rloes the exchange of gases occur continuousry in the lungs?
(iii) Why are lungs made up of rnillion s of alueoli?
(iu) What is the role of hair in the nasa,l cauity?
(u) During uigorous exercise, oxygerL is u"sed up faster than it is mad,e auailable
to the m,uscles. rlow do muscles obtain energy for contraction, and, expan,sion?
(,) Refer to Q. 41 on Page 81.38.
Ans.
( ii) some air is left in the lungs, which is known as residual volume"
It gi.ves
sufficient time for oxygen uptake by tire blood riue to which exchrrxge *f
gases occllr coni.rnucuslv.
81.66
L:ts Prlcesses
{t*
Q so" 'Respiratit
-{ns. The proce
(ll') Hair present in the nasal cavity catch dust particles and any other foreign
. It
.
provir
through
Oxygen
annount
Oxidatic
highly ti
. During t
extra de
. Vital org
respirati
Q.
3i.
Differeruti.a
inhaled an
Ans. Refer to e
Muscles at
cavity caus
the lungs.
cavity to n
squeezirrg
Q. 32. Desuibe th
Ans. The transp
vesseis (fbr
(i) Aorta
differ,
(ii)
Pwlmt
right
(iii) Super
body
(iu) Inferir
body t
(tt) pul,mc
. Left atrrr"
.
.
ventricle.
From the
blood to C
From the
the right :
!
Life Processes
Q.
30.
Ans.
'
,t.
O
81.67
81.68
Life Processes
(iii) Hot
(iu) Wtt
tu) w,
less
(ii)
(b) After the air enters the lungs, the oxygen from alveoli diffuses into the
blood capillaries. It is then transported by the blood to every cell ofthe
body. Carbon dioxide, produced in the tissues due to metabolic
activities, is brought to the lungs so that it can be released outside.
(ii)
(rii)
the following:
Why d.oes an artery d,iuid,e into smaller and. smaller uessels on entering a
tissue?
(ii) How is bacleward flow of blood from th,e uentricles to the auricles preuented?
(iii) How is double circulation beneficial to us?
(iu) Why ,ioes our transport system require a heq,rt o,nd a network of blood
uessels?
.
(f;
(jjl)
root
Soil
(lu)
Due
mag
cells
frou
e.sb. Explain
(i)
diffi
Waste products like urea are produced in the various tissues of the body due
to metabolism. of proteins. These are brought to the kidneys by the blood so
that they can be expelied out.
wh,
conl
(u)
Wat.
.
6 e. g7. what are,
ox)'E
substance
Ans. . In plant
mineral
cells. T1
water. a
Sieve tu
help rn r
form.
. The cir
substanr
haemogl
suitable
flows thu
Q. 38. W\r.y d,o ptt
Ans. Plants ner
found in th
the soil. T
leaves. Th
small. In r
so process
organised r
a dead tisr
ffiat is
lj,t
the body?
Write a notc
Ans. Lymph
is ar
of blood cell
B1.69
Life Pracesses
(iii)
(iu)
(u)
Ans.
(r)
(,,)
(rrr)
Soil contains water and minerais iike nitrogen, phosphorrrs, irc;n and
magnesium"
{b
cells" They have great affinity for water molecules. Since, plants transpire
water" a suction force is created, which pulls the water up.
. Sleve tubes of the phloem trssue are living and, along with r:ompanion cells,
help in translocation of food in all directions. Food is translocated rn aquectls
form.
. The circulatory system in animals, including man, rapidly transports
substances to each part of the body aird removes the wasle efficiently. The
haemoglobin present in the RBCs has great affinity for O2 and is the most
suitatrle and efficrent molecule to carrlr oxygen. The blood pumped b5, the heart
flows through the vessels"
Q. 38. llrh,y do plants n,eed a well organised con,du,cting systern?
Ans. Plants need raw material like nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals are
found in the soil. These substances are taken up by roots which are in contact wrth
the soil. These substances must reach the photosynthesising organ, namely
leaves. This may be achieved by simple process of diffusion if the plant size is
small. In tall plants, i.e., trees the distance between roots and leaves is big
so process of diffusron cannot be possible. For this there is a need of a well
organised conducting system. This system is made up of xylern tissue which rs
a dead tissue
./:.,-,..''.
,&,:,,9C,"'rfuat is lymph? What functiorus d.oes it perform? IIow does l-v*Lplt. ci.rtttLute it
the bocly?
Or
Write a note on lymphatic system in htlmqti l:eings, statirug fun cti.or+s *{ t,h,e l),mph.
Ans. Lymph is another fluid connective tissue In ilur circulator;, systeffi. Scrme amount
of blood cells (lymphocytes), plasma, proteins, gases and nutrienLs escape from
"
81.70
very fine poresr present in the capillaries, into the interceliular spaces present
between the cells. This forms the tissue fluid or lymph. Red blood corpuscles are
not present in lymph. As it lies outside the cells, it is also called extracellular
(iu)
fluid"
X1,'lem
Function,s of lymph:
x1-lem
. Lymph drains excess fluid from the extracellular spaces irrto the blood.
. Lymph returns proteins and fluid to the tissues through circulation.
. Digested and absorbed fats are carried by the lymph.
Circulation of lym.ph: From intercellular spaces, the lymph is drained into
{l
Life Processes
lymphatic capillaries v,'hich join to form lymph vessels. Vessels open into the big
vein, superior vena cava, thus returning the fluid to the blood. It is purified by the
lungs along with bLood.
Q. 40. Draw a diagram of tke heart and show the flow of blood, with the help of arrou-ts,
in the uarious chq,rnbers of the heart. Label the parts through, wh,ich the blood
will flow.
Ans. R,efer to Fig. 1.3 on Page 81.7.
Q" 41. Differentiate between: (One difference only)
(i) Lymph and, blood
(i,i) RBCs and platelets
(.iii) Plasma and blood
(iu) Xylem arud, phloem
(u) Root pressure and transpiration pull
Ans.
(l)
for cor
from t
the plr
(u)
Root p
is effet
the rc,<
(l q.42. Exptain li
(l) IIlo
(ii) Hou'
(iiil
(iu,) Is:h
(i- ) II7: *
Ans. (l) AJl c
-.,L -.
*-cri
(li)
Lym.ph
BIood
Blood contains RBCs. It is red in
colour as RBCs contain
haemogiobin, which carries oxygen
to dif[t,rent parts of the body.
II no
O:*-;
entl
(lii) -{m:
(lu) In ra
bet*-
(u) On e
srte
RBCs
RBCs are spherical disc-shaped
celis, without nucleus, but contain
ha-emoglobin, which can transport
oxygen to different parts of the body.
Platelets
(i,ii)
Plasma
Plasma is a colourless fluid matrix
of blood containing proteins, salts,
hormones and vitamins.
Blood,
(i)
Puln;
(ii) Aortc
(iii) Puln
(iu) \:er'.a
Ans. Refer to Fi
(iii) llhat