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Instructor Information
Name: Ia Iashvili
Office: 339a Fronczak
Telephone: 645-6611
e-mail: iashvili@buffalo.edu
Office Hours: Monday 2:00-3:00 pm
Required Textbook
!Mary Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences ,
3rd edition, John Wiley.
!You need to purchase the book as soon as possible if you havent
already done so.
! You will be able to refer back to the book when taking courses in
mechanics, ED, optics, QM, or when doing research. So it should be a
valuable and lasting acquisition.
Other resources
! See Supplemental resources in Course Information folder at
UBLearns. It lists online books, sites, etc.
3
Homework
!Homeworks are typically assigned once per week and must
10:00 am
4
Exams
! There will be two midterm and a final exam.
! Dates of the exams will be announced close to the due
dates.
! Makeup exam can be requested in case of a valid
documented excuse.
25%
Midterm II score:
25%
25%
Homework score:
25%
Topics
Chapter 3: Linear Algebra
Chapter 5: Multiple Integrals
Chapter 7: Fourier Series and Transforms
Chapter 8: Ordinary Differential Equations
Chapter 9: Calculus of Variations
Chapter 11: Special Functions
Chapter 12: Legendre, Bessel, Hermite , and Laguerre Functions
7
Linear Algebra
" Linear algebra is extensively used to solve physics problems
" Matrices are extensively used in linear algebra, in particular to solve
systems of linear equations.
Matrices
" A matrix is a rectangular array of quantities:
#1 2 3 &
((
A = %%
4
5
6
$
'
! An element or member
of a matrix A is indicated by Aij, where i is the row
number and j is the column number.
" Let s exchange rows and columns in the matrix A. We will get a new
matrix:
# 1
4&
%
(
A = % 2 5 (
%
(
$ 3 6 '
T
10
Matrix Determinant
" A determinant of a square matrix B is denoted by detB.
" In case of 2nd order (that is 2 2) matrix:
" a b%
B =$
'
c
d
#
&
a b
det B =
= ad bc
c d
11
Matrix Determinant
" Let s now discuss how to evaluate determinant of higher order matrix.
" In general nth order determinant can be written as:
a11 a12
a21 a22
aij = a31 a32
an1 an 2
a13 a1n
a23 a2n
a33 a3n
an 3 ann
" Let s now remove the row and column containing element aij. We ll get a
order of (n-1)th with a new determinant M .
new matrix of the
ij
This determinant Mij is called the minor of aij.
" The signed minor (-1)i+jMij is called cofactor of aij: Cij=(-1)i+jMij
12
Matrix Determinant
" Now that we have introduced a cofactor, we can give a recipe for finding
determinant of high order matrix:
Multiply each element of one row (or one column) by its cofactor and add the
results.
Finding a matrix determinant using the above recipe is called Laplace
development.
13
Determinant Properties
" If each element of one row (or one column) of a matrix is multiplied by a
number k, the value of the determinant is multiplied by k.
" The value of a determinant is zero if
! all elements of one row (or column) are zero; or
! two rows (or two columns) are identical; or
! two rows (or two columns) are proportional.
" If two rows (or two columns) of a matrix are interchanged,
the determinant changes sign.
" The value of a matrix is unchanged if
! rows are written as columns and columns are written as rows; or
! we add to each element of one row (or one column), k times the
corresponding element of another row (column), where k is any number.
14
This set of linear equations can also be written in more compact form:
ij
x j = k i , i = 1,2,n
j =1
15
There are four matrices of interest associated to the above set of equations:
nn matrix
of the coefficients
" M11
$
$ M 21
$
$
# M n1
M12
M 22
Mn 2
n1 matrix
of the variables
M1n %
'
M 2n '
'
'
M nn &
n1 matrix
of the right-side coefficients
" x1 %
$ '
$ x2 '
$ '
$ '
# xn &
" M11
$
$ M 21
$
$
# M n1
M12
M 22
Mn 2
" k1 %
$ '
$ k2 '
$'
$ '
# kn &
M1n k1 %
'
M 2n k 2 '
'
'
M nn k n &
16
Rank of a matrix
" The number of nonzero rows remaining when a matrix has been row
reduced is called the rank of the matrix.
" Another way to find the rank of the matrix is to calculate determinants of
all square submatrices inside the matrix. The order of the largest nonzero
determinant is the rank of the matrix.
" Let s say we have set of m equations with n unknowns with M being the
coefficient matrix and A being the augmented matrix. Then:
! If (rank M) = (rank A) = n, there is one solution.
! If (rank M) < (rank A), the equations are inconsistent and there is no solutions.
! If (rank M) = (rank A) = R < n, then R unknowns can be found in terms of the
remaining n - R unknowns. Infinite number of solutions.
18
Cramer s Rule
" Cramers rule is a method to solve set of n linear equations with n
unknowns. It may be used when determinant D of the coefficient matrix M
" M11 x1 + M12 x 2 + M1n x n = k1
is non-zero, D0.
$
$ M 21 x1 + M 22 x 2 + M 2n x n = k 2
#
$
$% M n1 x1 + M n 2 x 2 + M nn x n = kn
Di
, i = 1, 2, ... n
D
M n1
M12
M 22
Mn 2
M1n
M 2n
M nn
M11 k1 M1n
M 21 k 2 M 2n
D2 =
M n1 k n M nn
x2 =
D2
D
19