RVCC

ENGR 133-51 - Engineering Mechanics II: Dynamics

Kinetics of Particles:
Newtons Second Law
Chapter

12
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
F. Beer & Al

Contents
Newtons Second Law of
Motion
Linear Momentum of a
Particle
System of Units
Equations of Motion
Dynamic Equilibrium
Angular Momentum of a Particle
Equation of Motion in Radial & Transverse
Components
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Newtons Law of Gravitation
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Introduction
Recalling Newtons Laws:
Newtons First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the
particle will remain at rest or continue to move in a straight line
(Statics Ch. 2)

Newtons Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a particle is

not zero, then the particle will have an acceleration such that

F ma

(Dynamics)

Newtons Third Law: The forces of action and reaction between two
particles have the same magnitude and line of action with opposite
sense
(Statics Ch. 6)

m
F

-F
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Newtons Second Law of Motion

Newtons Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a
particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of resultant and in the
direction of the resultant.
Consider a particle subjected to constant forces,
F1 F2 F3

constant mass, m
a1 a2 a3

When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force F ,

the acceleration of the particle must satisfy

F ma

Acceleration must be evaluated with respect to a

Newtonian frame of reference, i.e., one that is not
accelerating or rotating.
If force acting on particle is zero, particle will not
accelerate (a=0), i.e., it will remain stationary or continue
on a straight line at constant velocity.
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Problem 1

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Systems of Units
Of the units for the four primary dimensions (force,
mass, length, and time), three may be chosen arbitrarily.
The fourth must be compatible with Newtons 2nd Law.
International System of Units (SI Units): base units are
the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time (second).
The unit of force is derived,
kg m
m
1 N 1 kg 1 2 1 2
s
s
U.S. Customary Units: base units are the units of force
(lb), length (m), and time (second). The unit of mass is
derived,
1lb
1lb
lb s 2
1lbm
1slug
1
2
2
ft
32.2 ft s
1ft s
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Systems of Units
US CS SI
Length
Force

1 ft 0.3048 m
1 lb 4.448 N

M ass

1 lb s 2
1 slug
14.59 kg
ft
1 pound - mass 0.4536 kg

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Equations of Motion
Newtons second law provides

m
a

FBD
(Forces)

Kinetic Diagram
(motion)
Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g.,
for rectangular components,

Fx i Fy j Fz k ma x i a y j a z k

Fx ma x Fy ma y Fz ma z
Fx mx Fy my Fz mz
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Sample Problem 12.1

A 200-lb block rests on a horizontal

plane. Find the magnitude of the force
P required to give the block an acceleration or 10 ft/s2 to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
block and plane is mk 0.25.

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Problem 3.a
A 180-lb person stands in an elevator.
1) What is the apparent weight of the person while the elevator accelerate
upward with a constant value of 8 ft/s2? (FBD is the person)
2) What is the apparent weight if the elevator is accelerating downward with the
same value?
3) What is the tension in the rope of the elevator when it is moving downward?
(FBD is the person and the elevator)
4) For what value of acceleration of the elevator the person would appear
weightless? (FBD is the person)

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Problem 3.b

Hints:
1) Deceleration is not constant!

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Problem 4
The two crates are released from rest. Their masses are mA = 40 kg and mB 30 kg, and the
coefficient of friction between crate A and the inclined surface are s = 0.2 and k = 0.15.
Are the two crates in static equilibrium? If not, what is the acceleration of the crates?

Hints:
1) determine if A slips studying
static equilibrium on A (is the
force of friction necessary for
equilibrium exceeding the
maximum frictional force?).
Only then you can consider if
Newtons second law applies.
2) FBD for A with its own
coordinate system
3) If finding that A slips, draw FBD
for B with its own coordinates
and apply also to B the dynamic
equilibrium equation

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Sample Problem 12.4

The 12-lb block B starts from rest and

slides on the 30-lb wedge A, which is
supported by a horizontal surface.
Neglecting friction, determine (a) the
acceleration of the wedge, and (b) the
acceleration of the block relative to the
wedge.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
Alternate expression of Newtons second law,

m
a
0

ma inertial vector
With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system
of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
Methods developed for particles in static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
may be represented with a closed vector polygon.
Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as
they measure the resistance that particles offer to
changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or
direction.
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Acceleration

@Hibbeler
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Deceleration

@Hibbeler
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Equations of Motion
Newtons second law provides

m
a

For tangential and normal components,

F t mat
dv
F

m
t
dt

F n ma n
Fn m

v2

Recalling that tangential component of

acceleration reflects change of speed and
normal component reflects change of direction.
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Sample Problem 12.5

The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes

an arc of a circle in a vertical plane. If
the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the
weight of the bob for the position
shown, find the velocity and acceleration of the bob in that position.

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Problem 7

A single wire ACB of 2 m passes through a ring at C that is attached to

a sphere. The sphere revolves at a constant speed v in the horizontal
circle shown. Knowing that 1=60o and 2=30o and that the tension is
the same in both portions of the wire, determine the speed v.
Hints:
- What is the equation you are going to use to find v?
- To get there you will need to find as a function of L
and angles (L = total length of rope), then
- Draw the FBDs. To optimize your equations, is
convenient to choose x, y with x coinciding with n
- Apply Newtons Law

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Problem 8

A civil engineers preliminary design for a freeway off-ramp is

circular with radius R= 60m. If she assumes that the coefficient of
static friction between tires and road is at least s=0.4, what is the
maximum speed at which vehicles can enter the ramp without loosing
traction?

Hints:

The reason why we can turn following a curved path, is because of friction force
between the road and the tires (we cannot turn on a sheet of ice).

This necessary force of friction is related to the normal acceleration of a circular motion

Evaluating the maximum frictional force related to the static coefficient allows to
calculate the maximum velocity without slipping.

Draw FBDs considering front view of the car

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Sample Problem 12.6

Determine the rated speed of a

highway curve of radius = 400 ft
banked through an angle q = 18o.
[The rated speed of a banked highway
curve is the speed at which a car
should travel if no lateral friction force
is to be exerted at its wheels]
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Problem 9

FBDF

FBDK

Hints:
1. The rated speed of a banked highway
curve is the speed at which a car should
travel if no lateral friction force is to be
exerted at its wheels.
2. Consider that in a banked curve, the
normal acceleration is always horizontal.
3. Draw the FBD and analyze dynamic
equilibrium in a general case
(considering a frictional force that in (a)
is zero) with x // to the road.
4. Specify each of the cases.

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Homework:

Solving Problems on Your Own

page ~704

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