The Level of Empowerment of Overseas Filipino Women Workers

THE LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OF OVERSEAS
FILIPINO WOMEN WORKERS

____________________________
A Bachelors Thesis
Presented to the Department of Arts and Sciences
Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku
Davao City
____________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in International Studies
Major in Japanese Language and Studies
____________________________
by
Elizaer Christian E. Cabilan

Wisley S. Alcuirez
Angelyc M. Bonifacio
Charade A. Laguna
Neizzy Abegail C. Mainit
Maria Chessa G. Paica
March 2011
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis proposal entitled: THE LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OF

OVERSEAS FILIPINO WOMEN WORKERS prepared and submitted by Elizaer
Christian E. Cabilan, Wisley S. Alcuirez, Angelyc M. Bonifacio, Charade A.
Laguna, Neizyy Abegail C. Mainit, and Maria Chessa G. Paica, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
International Studies major in Japanese Language and Studies, has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.
ESTRELLA RADAM-TURINGAN, M.A.I.R
Adviser
March 12, 2011
Date
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PANEL OF EXAMINERS
APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination with the descriptive

grade of Very Satisfactory on March 12, 2011.
NOEL G. CABALLES, D.M.
Chairman
LANIE PLAZA- VERGARA, R.N., M.Ed.
Member
ALBERT B. JUBILO, Ed.D.

Member
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACCEPTED AND APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the Degree of Bachelor of Science in International Studies major in Japanese
Language and Studies.
NIETO LATTORE VITTO, Ed.D.
Dean of College
________________
Date
ABSTRACT
THE LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OF OVERSEAS
FILIPINO WOMEN WORKERS
by
ELIZAER CHRISTIAN E. CABILAN, WISLEY S. ALCUIREZ, ANGELYC M.
BONIFACIO, CHARADE LAGUNA, NEIZZY ABEGAIL C. MAINIT, and MARIA
CHESSA PAICA
The study deals on determining the level of empowerment of overseas
Filipino women workers who have residence and who reside in Davao City,
Philippines. The research design used in this study is descriptive research
design.
This study used non-random sampling specifically purposive sampling
technique in which overseas Filipino women workers, who work in human care
field, were only surveyed.
Survey questionnaire was used to determine the respondents Age,
Educational Attainment and Range of Wage or Salary. The researchers used
internet by using Facebook (www. Facebook.com) and e-mailed the respondents
by using yahoomail (www.yahoomail.com) who are still in abroad but originally
live in Davao City to disseminate the survey questionnaire. Percentage, mean
and t-test were the statistical treatment used in this study.
Statement of the Problem
The main objective of this study is to know the level of gender

empowerment of women OFWs. Specifically, the study attempt to answer the
following questions:
1. What is the profile of the following respondents in terms of
1.1
Age
1.2
Educational background
1.3
Range of wage or salary; and
1.4
Occupation?
2. What is the level of women empowerment with regards to

2.1
Economic and Social Participation
2.2
Access and control over economic resources and their use?
3. Is there a significant difference in the level of women empowerment

with regards to:
3.1 Age
3.2 Educational attainment
3.3 Range of wage or salary; and
3.4 Occupation?
Null Hypotheses
H01: There is no significant difference between level of women
empowerment and age.
H02: There is no significant difference between level of empowerment and
educational attainment.

range of wage or salary.
occupation.
Findings
The data gathered revealed the following findings:
1. Respondents belonged to ages 30 years old and above (210 or
63.64%) were greater than those who were 15-29 years old ( 114 or
34.54%) and those who had no information (6 or 1.82%). A greater
number of respondents belonged to College graduate and above in

terms of educational attainment (231 or 70%) than those who belonged
to college graduate and below (91 or 27.58%), 2.42% or 8 respondents
were not able to fill up their profile regarding this matter. In addition,
185 respondents or 56.06% said that they were receiving Php
27,001.00 and above for their monthly salary and there were 143
respondents (43.33%) who said that they were receiving Php 5,100.0027,001.00 as their salary, there were also 2 respondents (.61%) were
not able to say their monthly salary. Moreover, 51.51% or 170
respondents said that their occupation are in line with human care field
and 46.67% or 154 respondents said that their work are in non human
care field, only 1.82 % or 6 respondents were not able to say what kind
of occupation they belonged to.
2. The mean of Age under 15-29 years old is 3.11(Sometimes) with

regards to the economic and social participation. And in terms of
access and control over economic income the mean is 3.42
(Sometimes) and when the two domains were combined to get the
mean score of the empowerment it was 3.27 (Sometimes). Compared
to the first classification the mean of Age under 30 years old and above
were higher, with regards to the economic and social participation, it
had a mean score of 3.80 (Often), and in terms of access and control
over economic resources it had a mean score of 4.03 (Often). 3.92
were the mean scores when the means of two domains were
combined to get the empowerment mean. Moreover, high school
graduate and below had a mean score of 3.52(Often) in terms of
economic and social participation. On the other hand it had a mean
score of 3.38(Sometimes) with regards to the access and control over
economic resources resulting to a mean score of 3.45 (Sometimes)
with regards to the empowerment mean. Meanwhile, the college
graduate and above classification had a mean score of 3.63 (Often)
when analyzed to the empowerment domain of economic and social
participation and in terms of to the access and control over economic
resources it had a mean of 4.05 (Often). 3.84(Often) were the
empowerment mean score resulting from the combined mean of the
two indicators. Furthermore, the mean of Range of wage under the
classification of minimum wage (Php 15,000-27,000) was 3.45
(Sometimes) with respect to the first indicator of the empowerment and

with regards to the second indicator or domain it had a mean score of
3.45 (Sometimes), resulting to a mean score of 3.45(Sometimes) in
terms of empowerment. Moreover, the mean of range of wage under
Php 27,001.00 and above when analyzed to the first domain of
empowerment was 3.67(Often) and with regards to the second domain
it had a mean of 4.14(Often) that resulted to the empowerment mean
of 3.91(Often). Lastly, non-Human care occupation got a mean score
of 3.56 (Often) while the human care occupation got the mean score of
3.61 (Often) making it the highest with regards to the first domain of
empowerment. On the other hand it had the opposite result when they
were analyze to access and control over economic resources having a
mean score of 4.02 (Often) who belonged to the Non-human care
group and 3.68 (Often) for the human care group making the nonhuman care group the greatest when it comes to the second domain of
empowerment. In addition, the empowerment mean of the non-human
care group was 3.79 (Often) compared to the human care group
having a mean score of 3.64 (Often).
3. Null hypothesis H1 is rejected. There is a significant difference between
the Level of Empowerment and Age. On the other side, null hypothesis
H2 was divided into two decisions. There is a significant difference
between Level of Empowerment and Educational Attainment with
regards to the access and control over economic resources that is why
it is rejected. However, there is no significant difference between Level

of Empowerment and Educational Attainment with regards to economic
and social participation that is why it is accepted. The null hypothesis
H3 is rejected. There is a significant difference between the Level of
Empowerment and Range of Wage or Salary. Finally, decision of null
hypothesis H4 was also divided into two decisions. As measured by the
access and control over economic resources, the decision was
accepted. Therefore, there is a significant difference between Level of
Empowerment and Occupation. On the other hand, with regards to
economic and social participation, the decision was accepted.
Therefore, there is no significant difference between the Level of
Empowerment and Occupation.
Conclusions
Based from the given findings, the researchers concluded that
1. Most of the respondents were ages 30 years old and above, who were
college graduate and above, who received an amount ranging from
Php 27,001.00 and above as their monthly salary and are working in
line with human care field.
2. Overseas Filipino women workers ages 30 years old and above; were
college graduate and/or proceeded to Masters or Doctoral; received
Php 27,001.00 and above as their monthly salary; and were working in
non-human care field are empowered with regards to economic and
social participation and access to and control over economic

resources.
3. Overall there is a significant difference on the Level of Women
Empowerment to the respondents age, educational attainment, range
of wage or salary and occupation with regards to the economic and
social participation and access to and control over economic resource
and their uses.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions and findings of this study, the researchers
recommend the following:
1. Future researchers are encouraged to conduct studies about the level
of empowerment of Filipino women who are working in the Philippines
to make a comparison of who is more empowered with regards to the
respondents profile and domains of this study.
2. The researchers highly recommend that future researchers may further
enhance this study using another type of domains or indicators to
determine the level of empowerment.
3. For the convenience of the respondents from far places, future
researchers may survey the respondents using social network
websites.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers want to extend their gratitude and appreciation to the
following people who in one way or another contributed and extended their
valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study.
To the researchers adviser Estrella Radam-Turingan who exerted her
time and effort amidst of being busy. The researcher would also like to recognize
her great efforts of helping throughout the researchers thesis-writing period. The
researchers
also
appreciated
her
for
providing
good
teachings
and
encouragement to the researchers and for sharing her great ideas to them. The
researchers would have been lost without her guidance. And for having the
outcome of this study interpreted and analyzed on time;
To Dr. Nieto Latorre Vitto for giving the researchers a challenge and
chance to make this study beyond possible;
To Dr. Albert B. Jubilo for his supervision, advice, and guidance from the
very early stage of this research as well as giving the researchers extraordinary
experiences throughout the work;
To Dr. Noel Caballes, without his knowledge and assistance this study
would not have been successful. For his advice, supervision, and crucial
contribution;
To Lanie P. Vergara for exerting time to read and check the grammar of
this study to make it a reliable one and for being one of the panelists;
To the validators who checked and validated this studys survey
questionnaire;
To the POEA staffs who allowed the researchers conduct their survey on
the OFWs;
To all the respondents who were in POEA and in other places here and in
abroad especially those who willingly and patiently answered the survey
questionnaire made by the researchers;
To the researchers ever-supportive parents who always understand at
times when the researchers have to sleep at different houses. Above all and the
most needed, by providing the researchers encouragement and support in
various ways;
To Alcuirez family and Manalo family who were abundantly helpful by
offering invaluable assistance, allowing the researchers to stay at their homes
overnight and for the support and guidance;
And most especially to Almighty God the Father for giving the researchers
different talents, skills, intellect, extra strength which has lead to the making of
this study possible and reliable.
E.C.E Cabilan
W.S Alquirez
A.M Bonifacio
C.A Laguna
N.A.C Mainit
M.C.G Paica
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE ...............................................................................................................
APPROVAL SHEET .........................................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .....................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... xii

Chapter
I
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................
Background of the Study ....................................................................
Statement of the Problems .................................................................
Null Hypotheses .................................................................................
Significance of the Study ....................................................................
Scope and Delimitation of the Study...................................................
Definition of Terms...........................................................................
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ........................
Related Literature and Studies ..........................................................
Gender Empowerment ............................................................
Women Empowerment ...........................................................
Empowerment ........................................................................ 10
Synthesis ............................................................................................ 12
Theoretical Framework ...................................................................... 13
Empowerment Theory ............................................................. 13
Structurist Theory .................................................................... 13
Household Strategy Theory .................................................... 13
Conceptual Framework ...................................................................... 13
III METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 16
Research Design ................................................................................ 16
Research Locale ................................................................................ 16
Research Respondents ...................................................................... 17
Research Instruments ........................................................................ 17
Research Procedure .......................................................................... 17
Statistical Treatments ......................................................................... 18
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents.................................................................. 19
Age........................................................................................... 19
Educational Attainment............................................................ 20
Range of Wage or Salary......................................................... 21
Occupation............................................................................... 22
Respondents Profile According to Empowerment Indicators............. 23

Age Classification..................................................................... 23
Occupation............................................................................... 25
Significant Difference of Level of Empowerment and
Age........................................................................................... 26
Occupation............................................................................... 29
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS
Findings............................................................................................... 32
Conclusions......................................................................................... 35
Recommendations.............................................................................. 37
REFERENCES
.......................................................................................... 38
APPENDICES
A.
Letter to the Validators ......................................................................
40
B.
List of Validators ................................................................................
41
C.
Validation Result of Survey Questionnaire.......................................... 42
D.
Survey Score Sheet .......................................................................... 43
E.
T-Test Table for Empowerment and Age..................................... 44
F.
T-Test Table for Empowerment and Level of Education............. 45
G.
T-Test Table for Empowerment and Range of Salary................. 46
H.
T-Test Table for Empowerment and Occupation......................... 47
CURRICULUM VITAE........................................................................................ 48
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1
2
Description
Conceptual Model of the Study
Map of Davao City, Philippines
Page
14
16
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Description
Page
Profile of Respondents by Age
19
Profile of the Respondents by Educational Attainment
20
Profile of Respondents by Range of Wage or Salary
21
Profile of Respondents by Occupation
22
Economic and Social Participation, Access to and Control over

Economic Resources and Empowerment with regards to
Respondents Age Classification
23

Respondents Educational Attainment
26

Respondents Range of wage or Salary
27

Respondents Occupation
28
T- Test on the Significant Difference between Level of

Empowerment and Age
29
10

Empowerment and Educational Attainment
30
11

Empowerment and Range of Wage or Salary
31
12

Empowerment and Occupation
32
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Globalization has contributed to an increasing flow of migrant workers
from countries with limited economic opportunities to fill gaps in nations with a
dwindling labour supply. While globalization may foster the acceleration of trade
and investment, it does not create an environment that protects migrant workers
economic, social and physical security. This is even more so when it comes to
women migrant workers, whose numbers have been increasing, now constituting
50% or more of the migrant workforce in Asia and Latin America.
Yet, while migration can bring new employment and opportunities, it also
bears great risks for women ,Migrant women workers, routinely lack access to
social services and legal protection and are subjected to abuses such as harsh
working and living conditions, low wages, illegal withholding of wages and
premature termination of employment. The worst abuses force women into
sexual slavery.
The role of women in the Philippines is explained based on the context

of culture, standards, and mindsets. Filipino women live in a culture that is
focused on the community, with the family as the main unit of society. It is in
the Philippine hierarchical structure, class differences, religious justifications, and
living in a globally developing nation wherein Filipino women struggle for respect.
Moreover, they make crucial decisions that involve her family, her home, and her
children. Due to poverty present in the country, Filipinos, mostly women, migrate
and work outside the country to look for greener pasture. It is a fact that with
regards to human care profession, women outnumbered men. Philippine export
of workers has been a great demand today and by the time our fellow nationals
will return into their homeland, changes will happen and would be visible to
others. Hence, these changes may affect the relationship of their family and
empowerment of their gender and role in the society and at home. Filipino
women play an important role in the society and being OFWs they have the
capacity and authority in every decision making a family will do.
Davao City is known to be the most liveable city in the Philippines and
50.03% of Davaos population are women (Actual NSO Survey, 2000). Many
women decided to go outside the country to achieve the lives that they wanted
for their families but these things are still in question because it will conflict after
the time they came from working outside the country. Despite of this fact, does
women empowerment really exist in terms of economic and social participation
and access to and control over economic resources and their uses?
In line with these facts, the researchers came up to make a study that
would help the country particularly Davao region to determine the level of women
empowerment in the field of human care profession who is working outside the
Archipelago. The level of women empowerment in the study depends on the
factors being mentioned.

The main objective of this study is to know the level of empowerment of
women OFWs. Specifically, the study attempts to answer the following questions:
1.5
Age
1.6
1.7
1.8
Occupation?

2.1 Economic and Social Participation and
2.2 Access to and control over economic resources and its uses?
with regards to:
3.1 Age
3.2 Educational background

3.4 Occupation?
Null Hypotheses
occupation.
Significance of the Study
The researchers strongly believe that this study will benefit the following:
OFWs (working in the field of Human Care). This study can give
information to OFWs working in the aspects of human care if women are
empowered with regards to the dimension of economic and social participation
and access to and control over economic resources and their uses.
OFWs (working in the other fields). OFWs from other profession can
also benefit from this study through knowing if women empowerment does really
exist and will the dimensions could affect the said empowerment.
NGOs. This is also intended to the NGOs, for them to know about women
empowerment and its effects to their families. The NGOs can also give help to
women OFWs to handle problems regarding to their family when they are outside
the country.
Community. Lastly, this study is for the community for them to have
knowledge about their fellow Filipinos who are working outside the country and
the level of empowerment of women OFWs.
Scope and Delimitation

The researchers only focused their study on the level of empowerment of
women OFWs. As for the respondents, there were 330 women OFWs from
different parts of Davao City. This study used a survey questionnaire as its
instrument for data gathering. The scope of this study is limited to the women
OFWs perspectives in the level of their empowerment. The study was conducted
in the late quarter of 2010 and first quarter of 2011.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were conceptually and operationally defined.
Empowerment - A persons ability to have access and control over a
certain thing.
OFW Filipinos who work abroad.
Economic and Social Participation - The ability of women OFWs to
participate in household matters and in the society.
Economic Resources - Income gained from the salary of OFWs.
OFWs Working in the Field of Human Care Filipinos who work outside
the country as nurses, care givers, teachers, domestic helpers and other jobs in
line with human care profession.
OFWs Working in the Field of Non- Human care Filipinos who work
abroad as engineers, computer technicians, drafts men, and other jobs that does
not belong to the field of human care.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter will present significant literatures that will help support the
research hypotheses of the study. In this chapter, related literatures and studies
of past researchers will be mentioned. Theoretical framework, conceptual
framework and definition of terms will be also included.
Empowerment. Personal empowerment views empowerment as focused
on individual strength and self-esteem to gain control over available resources
and to exercise their right to obtain quality of life for themselves and their family
(Moyle, Dollard, & Biswas, 2006). Further, Kishor (2000) has pointed out to
education and employment as the measurement of empowerment. On the other
hand, employment is argued to improve individuals empowerment for similar
reasons, i.e., because it gives access to their own earnings or contributions to
family income that in turn increase their understanding of money, right to

participate in financial decisions, or financial independence (Mason
and Smith, 2003).
According to Sen and Batliwala (2000), Empowerment is the process by
which the powerless gain greater control over the circumstances of their lives. In
addition, Stromquist (2002) said that empowerment consists of four dimensions,
each equally important but none sufficient by itself to enable women to act on
their own behalf. These are the cognitive (critical understanding of ones reality),
the psychological (feeling of self-esteem), the political (awareness of power
inequalities and the ability to organize and mobilize) and the economic (capacity
to generate independent income).
Based on a review of literature on the definition and measurement of
empowerment,
Malhotra,
Schuler
and
Boender
(2002)
conclude
that
empowerment is a process that marks change over a period of time and requires
that the individual being empowered is involved as a significant agent in that
change process.
Bennett (2002) has developed a framework in which empowerment and
social inclusion are closely related but separate concepts. Drawing on Narayan
(2002), Bennett describes empowerment as the enhancement of assets and
capabilities of diverse individuals and groups to engage, influence and hold
accountable the institutions which affect them. Social inclusion is defined as the
removal of institutional barriers and the enhancement of incentives to increase
the access of diverse individuals and groups to assets and development
opportunities. Bennett notes that both of these definitions are intended to be

operational, and describe processes rather than end points. The empowerment
process, as she characterizes it, operates from below and involves agency, as
exercised by individuals and groups. Social inclusion, in contrast, requires
systemic change which may be initiated from above. As Narayan (2002) and
Ravallion and Chen (2001, in their discussion of pro-poor growth) also argue,
systemic change is necessary to sustain empowerment over time. It is through
the process of social inclusion that the rules of the game are modified and
institutions transformed so that economic growth is widely shared. Bennett
argues that the distinction between empowerment and social inclusion is
important because the World Banks comparative advantage is at the system or
policy level.
Pradhan, B. (2003) argues that while these quantitative socio-economic
measures of empowerment are useful indicators as a first approximation, they
are not sensitive enough to capture the nuances of gender power relations. This
is because quantitative methods alone are unable to capture the interactive
processes through which those in a weaker position strategise ways of gaining
from the unequal relationship. Therefore in order to understand the socio-cultural
context within which womens behaviour in social interaction and gender
relationships takes place, an in-depth anthropological method is essential.
Gender Empowerment. According to Alsop, R. and Heinsohn, N. (2005),
empowerment is defined as a persons capacity to make effective choices and to
transform choices into desired actions and outcomes. The extent to which a
person is empowered is influenced by personal agency (the capacity to make a

purposive choice) and opportunity structure (the institutional context in which
choice is made). This is the definition of empowerment used in this paper. To
determine degrees of empowerment various indicators are suggested: for
agency, asset endowments - psychological, informational, organizational,
material, social, financial or human; for opportunity structure, the presence and
operation of formal and informal institutions, including the laws, regulatory
frameworks, and norms governing behavior.
Mason and Smith (2005) stated that, empowerment is about the extent to
which some categories of people are able to control their own destinies, even
when the people with whom they interact oppose their interests. Thus, according
to her, people are not empowered or disempowered in a vacuum. Rather, they
are empowered or disempowered relative to other people of groups whose lives
intersect with theirs and whose interests differ from theirs, at least in part.
Moreover, as cited from Basu and Koolwal study (2005), Empowerment is
also often seen only partially, through the outcomes of increased autonomy and
freedom. Nevertheless, empowerment also implies additional responsibility;
responsibility which may not necessarily be welfare-enhancing. For example,
womens greater mobility and visibility often leads to increased exposure to
violence; womens increased role in decision-making may cause men to take less
responsibility and even withdraw support for critical decisions like health care
seeking. Thus, empowerment brings with it both rights and responsibilities, and
may lead to some freedoms being curtailed.
Women Empowerment. Human Development in South Asia (2000),

stressed out that women empowerment is a change in the context of a womens
life, which enables her increased capacity for leading a fulfilling human life.
Women empowerment is one of the essential factors that promote human
development.
While empowerment is relevant to both sexes, womens empowerment
necessarily is more complicated by the fact that they face additional
disadvantages because of their sex, and the fact that household and intra-familial
relationships are a major source of womens disempowerment. (Malhotra and
Schuler, 2005). On the article written by Kishore, Lalit (2004), he said that the
experts on gender issues hold that women's advancement involves the process
of empowerment and define it as a process, by which women achieve increased
control over public decision making. The male domination of society and
government are often seen for the purpose of serving male interests and in the
continued subordination of women. The experts also inform that there are five
levels of the women's empowerment framework, namely- welfare, access,
conscientisation, mobilization and control. But one needs to understand that
these five levels of womens empowerment are not really a linear progression but
helical and circular along with being interconnected. The empowerment occurs
when women achieve increased control and participation in decision making that
leads to their better access to resources, and therefore, improved socioeconomic status.
Vijayanthi (2002) emphasized in his study that education is one of the

most important means of empowering women and of giving knowledge, skills and
the self-confidence necessary to be full partners in the developmental process.
Gustav Ranis and Francis Stewart (2005) mentioned in their article that a study
in Cote de Ivoire reveals that increased female share in household income leads
to increased spending on human development enhancing items. They also
viewed female literacy as an important input of the production function (i.e.
human development improvement function). While Blumberg, Rae Lesser (2005)
viewed that economic empowerment of women was the key to achieve gender
equality as well as wealth and well being of nation. The author opined that
financial autonomy would enhance womens capacity of decision making in
various arenas of life. Moreover, it would lead to less corruption, less armed
conflict and less violence against female in the long run.
According to Deshmukh-Ranadive, J. (2003), Womens empowerment
does not necessarily take place when incomes are generated, when livelihoods
are enhanced or when groups are formed. This is because within families and
households, hierarchies and structures do not alter. In fact, public interventions
which result in new social activity or new avenues of income generation can
actually accentuate tensions within households. Moghadam, V.M. and Senftova,
L. (2005) stressed out that there have been many attempts to measure womens
empowerment in the development field, but these have had various
shortcomings. There is confusion over concepts, a lack of disaggregated data,
and limited information on household dynamics. Measurements and indicators to
date have focused more on civil and political rights, what are known as first
generation human rights, than on second generation economic, social and
cultural rights. In his/her paper, empowerment is defined as a multi-dimensional
process of civil, political, social, economic, and cultural participation and rights.
To analyse these, a framework using six key domains is presented. These are
used to assess womens participation (referring to an active social condition),
rights (referring to a formal, legal condition) and capabilities (preconditions for the
enjoyment of rights and enhancement of participation). The domains are: sociodemographic indicators, bodily integrity and health, literacy and educational
attainment, economic participation and rights, political participation and rights,
cultural participation and rights. Indicators include: life expectancy at birth, sexual
and physical abuse against women, literacy rates, amount of maternity leave,
and number of feminist resources in the print and electronic media.
In the paper of Kabeer, N. (2005), he discusses the third Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) on gender equality and womens empowerment and
highlights ways in which the indicators associated with this goal womens
access to education, share of non-agricultural wage employment, and political
participation can contribute to womens empowerment. Each of these indicators
has the potential to bring about immediate changes in womens lives, along with
long-term transformations in patriarchal power structures. But unless provision is
made to ensure that policy changes are implemented in ways that allow women
themselves to participate, monitor, and hold policy makers and corporations
accountable for their actions, the potential for womens empowerment will be
limited. For example, while womens access to education may improve their
chances of a good marriage, unless it also provides them with the courage to
question unjust practices, its potential for change will be limited. Similarly, while
womens access to paid work may give them a greater sense of self-reliance and
greater purchasing power, if it is undertaken in conditions that damage womens
health its costs may outweigh its benefits. The question, therefore, is to what
extent the international community is prepared to provide support for women at
the grassroots support which will ensure that they have the collective capacities
necessary to participate in the policy process.
Synthesis
Based
on
the
related
literature
and
studies
presented, gender
empowerment is not only own by male but by female as well. And as every
individual possesses empowerment, they must also have the capability to control
and be responsible in every action that they will do.
Furthermore, people are empowered with regards to their individual
strength and self- esteem that may correspond with regards to their age,
educational attainment, income and occupation. These will signify that people
can participate and can control their income as these are some of the indicators
of empowerment.
Theoretical Frameworks
Power Control Theory. The theory has been extended into adult social
roles as well. Stratified behaviors typically associated with males, particularly
those in authoritative positions, are now being seen more frequently in females
attaining powerful roles. And like their male counterparts, their power is used to
control those persons in subordinate roles.
Structurist Theory. This theory views international migration as a form of
exploitation of the peripheral nations by the core nations in the international
system.
Workers in developing countries are structurally pulled into the
secondary labor markets in industrialized countries which are characterized by

low wages, less preferable working conditions and lack of job security.
Household Strategy Theory. Household strategy theorists contend that
migration decisions are not made by individuals but by households. According to
the proponents of this approach, people act collectively not only to maximize
expected income but also to minimize risks for the members of the kinship unit.
Households control risks to their economic well-being by diversifying the
allocation of household resources such as family labor.
Conceptual Framework
The Women OFWs, who were also the respondents, was considered
independent variable in this study. While the Respondents profile which includes
the Age that was divided into two categories: 15 to 29 years old and those who
were 30 years old and above; Educational Background which was also divided in
two levels those respondents who were High school graduate and below and
college graduate and above; and Range of wage or salary of the respondent
which was also categorized into two: those who received Php 5,100 up to Php.
27, 000.00 and those who received 27,001.00 and above; and Occupation that
was also divided into two types: the human care and the non-human care were
utilized as the intervening variable of this study. The manipulative variable in this
study were the Level of Women Empowerment and its two domains that became
factors that measured the level of empowerment namely the Economic and
social participation; and Access to and control over economic resources and its
uses.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the dependent variable was administered to the
independent variable with its two categorized domains. Furthermore, the
intervening variables were correlated if there were significance to the said
variable with regards to the independent variable which then resulted to the level
of empowerment of the respondents and if they were empowered or not.
Level of Empowerment
Overseas Filipino
Women Workers
-Economic and Social participation

- Access to and control over
economic resources and its uses.
Age
-18-30 or 31 and above
Educational Background
-High School Graduate and below or
College Graduate and above
Range of Wage or Salary

-30,000 and below or 31,000 and
above
Occupation
-Human Care and Non-Human Care
Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods that the researchers used on how the
study has been conducted. It also gave the information about the research
design, research instruments, research locale, sampling technique, statistical
treatments and data analysis method.
Research Design
This study investigated the empowerment of women OFWs. The study
used a descriptive research design that determined the empowerment of women
OFW.
Research Locale
Davao City is part of Region XI and is located and the center of the region.
It is the largest city on the island of Mindanao and can be found in the
Archipelago of the Philippines. The city was also awarded by the department of
Tourism as the Most Livable City in the country.
Figure 2. Map of Davao City, Philippines
Research Respondents
This study used a non-random purposive sampling technique to the
respondents. It had a total of 330 women OFW respondents from Davao City.
Research Instruments
The researchers used a survey questionnaire that determined the profile
of the respondents specifically the age, occupation, the respondents educational
background and their respective monthly wage or salary.
Through this instrument the respondents level of empowerment had been
measured by the researchers.
The research instrument has been authenticated by the validators in order
to be reliable before the researchers conducted the survey.
Research Procedures
The steps that the researchers undergone on gathering the data were the
following:
Gathering of Information. The researchers gathered the information through

the survey questionnaire that the researchers gave to the women OFWs in Davao City.
Administering of Survey Score Sheets. The researchers-made survey
questionnaire was been disseminated directly to the women OFWs on the locations
based on the information that has been gathered.
Tabulating, Interpretating and Analyzing of the Data. The data that has been
gathered was presented in forms of table, graphs and/or figures. These were interpreted
and analyzed using the different applicable statistical tools.
Statistical Treatment
The following statistical treatment have been used in interpreting and
analyzing the data gathered:
Percentage. This statistical treatment was used in determining the profile
of the respondents in terms of Age, Occupation, and Educational Background
and in determining the level of empowerment of women.
Mean. This was used to get the mean scores of the respondents profile
when it was correlated to the dimensions.
T-test. This tool was used to determine if whether or not there is a
significant difference on empowerment of overseas Filipino women workers when
correlated to Age, Educational Attainment, Rage of wage or salary, and
Occupation.
Since the respondents of this study were female OFWs there was no need
to include Sex in this statistical treatment.
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains the interpretation and analyses of the results of the
survey questionnaire acquired from the overseas Filipino women workers from
Davao City from January 28, 2011 up to February 26, 2011. The results were
also discussed comprehensively by the researchers through explanations and
through supplementation of appropriate tables and/ or figures presented in this
chapter.
Profile of the Respondents
Age. The distribution of the respondents based on their age is shown in
Table 1. It shows the percentage and the equivalent number of each.
Table 1
Profile of Respondents by Age
Age
15- 29 years old
30 years old and below
No information
Total
Frequency
114
210
6
330
Percentage
34.54
63.64
1.82
100
With regards to the respondents age, most of the respondents were from
ages 30 years old and above with a total number of 210 or 63.64 percent
followed by 15-29 years of age with a total of 114 respondents which is
equivalent to 34.54 percent. The figure also shows that there were 6 respondents
having a percentage of 1.82 who chose not to check or share their information
regarding this matter. This outcome is unavoidable since the researchers also
respect their own privacy.
Therefore, Overseas Filipino women workers, ages 30 years old and
above had the most number of respondents.
Educational Attainment. Table 2 shows the percentage distribution of the
respondents Educational Attainment. The level is divided into two: those who
were High school graduate and below which means they were not able to finish
tertiary education but were able to graduate in secondary education and/or
elementary graduate and those who were College graduate and above, meaning
to say those who were able to graduate in tertiary education and/ or were able to
be enrolled to a graduate school.
Table 2
Profile of the Respondents by Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment
High School Graduate and Below
Frequency
91
Percentage
27.58
College Graduate and Above

No Information
Total
231
8
330
70
2.42
100
Ninety one respondents or 27.58 percent were able to graduate only in

High School but not in tertiary and/or finished the elementary level only and/or
not secondary level. And 70percent which is equal to 231 respondents were able
to finished tertiary level and/or were also able to enrolled and finished in a
graduate school. And there were 8 respondents which is equivalent to 2.42
percent who chose no to share their information with regards to the certain profile
asked. Since the researchers respect the respondents privacy, this result is
unavoidable.
Furthermore, according to this data, majority of the respondents who were
able to able graduate in college or people who graduated from Masters or PhD
are working abroad. Overseas Filipino women workers who were under high
school graduate and below had no choice than to be migrant workers for the
reason that they cannot find jobs in the Philippines.
Range of Wage or Salary. The percentage distribution of the Range of
Wag or Salary, in Philippine Currency, of respondents is presented in Table 3.
Table 3
Profile of Respondents by Range of Wage or Salary
Range of Wage or Salary
Php 5,100- 27,000
Php 27,001 and above
No information
Total
Frequency
143
185
2
330
Percentage
43.33
56.06
.61
100
It is shown that 143 respondents with a percentage of 43.33 percent

received a minimum wage of Php 5,100.00- 27,000.00 while 56.06 percent or
185 respondents have a salary of Php 27,001.00 and above. Two respondents
which is equivalent to .61 percent were not able to answer this certain domain
because they chose not to tell their respective salary.
Moreover, when analyzed according to whether respondents with regards
to what course they studied in college and/or they graduated in graduate schools
taking a Masters degree or Doctorate, respondents who received a wage of Php
5,100.00- 27,000.00 mostly work as a domestic helper while respondents
receiving 27,001.00 and above were working as a professional workers.
Occupation. The respondents were divided into two with regards to their
occupation or field, either they were in human care or in non-human care. The
percentage of the respondents with regards to their occupation is presented in
Table 4.
Table 4
Profile of Respondents by Occupation
Occupation
Frequency
Percentage
Human Care
Non-Human Care
No Information
Total
170
154
6
330
51.51
46.67
1.82
100
One hundred seventy or 51.51 percent of the respondents were working in

line with human care; people such as domestic helpers, caregivers, nurses,
teachers, doctors, tutors, teacher aids, and other allied medical professions
While, 46.67 percent or 154 respondents were working in non human care, or
those dealing other than the ones mentioned under the field of human care.
Unfortunately there were 6 respondents which is equivalent to 1.82 percent who
did not answer the certain profile.
Respondents Profile According to Empowerment Indicators
Presented in Table 5 are Economic and Social Participation and Access to
and Control over Economic Resources means and its verbal description (VD)
according to the Respondents age classification. The mean scores of two
empowerment indicators and its respective verbal description were also included
in this table.
Table 5
Economic and Social Participation, Access to and Control over Economic
Resources and Empowerment with regards to Respondents Age
Classification
Economic and
Social Participation
Age
Classification
15-29
30 and above
Access & Control

over Economic
Resources
Mean VD
Mean
VD
3.11
3.80
Sometimes 3.42
Often
4.03
Empowerment
Mean
Sometimes 3.27
Often
3.92
VD
Sometimes
Often
Age Classification. Economic and Social Participation. The 15-29 years

of age classification had a mean of 3.11. On the other hand, 30 years old and
above classification had a mean of 3.80. Based on the results from Table 5,
respondents with ages 30 years old and above showed to be more participative
when it comes to economic and social participation. They are given enough or
full authority in their household and sometimes in work, they are old enough to
decide things and they are more knowledgeable when it comes to decision
making, and free from domestic violence or abuses such as verbal, sexual,
physical and emotional whether they are in household or in work. This could be
the reason why they are active when it comes to participation in our economy
and society.
Access to and Control over Economic Resources. The 15-29 years of age
classification had a mean of 3.42, while the 30 years old and above classification
had a mean of 4.03.
According to the results, those overseas Filipino women workers who
have ages from 30 years old and above can have the access and control over
economic resources or the income. Most of the women who became the
respondents were already married and have their own child/ children and since
the role of the mother is to keep the finances and have the sole authority to
control the income of the family despite of working abroad they still have the
authority of doing their role in their family. Since they are the ones who are
working abroad and gain high income to sustain the family they are given the full
authority of accessing and controlling the income and how the family use the said
income, thus they are entitled to it.
Empowerment. The mean score of the two economic indicators within
accordance to the classification of respondents age were 3.72 and 3.92.
The result argues to the study according to Deshmukh-Ranadive, J.
(2003), stressing that Womens empowerment does not necessarily take place
when incomes are generated, when livelihoods are enhanced or when groups
are formed. This is because within families and households, hierarchies and
structures do not alter. In fact, public interventions which result in new social
activity or new avenues of income generation can actually accentuate tensions
within households. However, it correlates to the study of Moyle, Dollard, &
Biswas (2006), stating that personal empowerment views empowerment as
focused on individual strength and self-esteem to gain control over available
resources and to exercise their right to obtain quality of life for themselves and
their family. It can also be correlated and implied to the theory of power control,
stratified behaviors typically associated with males, particularly those in
authoritative positions, are now being seen more frequently in females attaining
powerful roles. And like their male counterparts, their power is used to control
those persons in subordinate roles.
Table 6 presents the mean scores and their respective verbal description
with regards to Educational Attainment when analyzed with Economic and Social
Participation and Access and Control over Economic Resources.
Educational Attainment. Economic and Social Participation. The mean
score of High school graduate and below was 3.52 and the college graduate and
above had a mean of 3.63 with regards to the Economic and Social Participation.
People who graduated from college and/or continued to study in Masters
or Doctoral are highly participative with regards to the participation in economy
and in society than those who were only High school graduate and below.
People who belonged to the College graduate and above can show great
confidence in showing their skills and sharing their knowledge for the reason that
they graduated tertiary education, moreover since they are well educated they
cannot be easily controlled by the other and they have the authority to decide
whatever decisions are to be made.
Access and Control over Economic Resources. The High school graduate
and below and College graduate and above had a mean scores of 3.38 and 4.05
respectively.
The means for the empowerment levels for the respondents who were
college graduates and above are usually higher than those for the high school
graduates and below.
Table 6
Resources and Empowerment with regards to Respondents Educational
Attainment
.
Economic and
Access and Control
Social
over Economic
Empowerment
Participation
Resources
Educational
Mean VD
Mean
VD
Mean VD
Attainment
H. S. Graduate
3.52
Often
3.38
Sometimes 3.45
Sometimes
and below
College
3.63
Often
4.05
Often
3.84
Often
Graduate and
above
Empowerment. The mean scores of both empowerment domains were
combined with regards to their respective classification namely High school
graduate and below and College graduate and above and their means scores in
terms of empowerment were 3.45 and 3.84.
The result can be correlated to the study of Kishor (2000) that pointed out
to education and employment as the measurement of empowerment. In addition,
it can also be correlated to the study of Vijayanthi (2002) emphasizing that
education is one of the most important means of empowering women and of
giving knowledge, skills and the self-confidence necessary to be full partners in
the developmental process.
Presented in Table 7 are the mean scores and verbal description of the
Empowerment indicators with regards to the respondents range of wage or
salary.
Range of Wage or Salary. Economic and Social Participation. The mean
scores of 5,100-27,000 pesos as their salary and 27,001 pesos and above in
accordance to economic and social participation were 3.45 and 3.67.
Respondents who received 27,001 pesos and above as their monthly
salary get the highest mean score. People who received Php 27,001.00 and
above as their monthly salary can actively participate with regards to economical
and social compared to those who received 5,100 pesos up to 27,000 pesos.
They obviously have more participation because they have bigger amount of
wage.
Access and Control over Economic Resources. With regards to this
domain in terms of salary people who received 27,001 pesos and above had a
mean of 4.14, meanwhile, those who received minimum wage which is 5,100-
27,000 pesos had a mean score of 3.45. Those people who were above the
minimum wage can easily access and control the income of the family because
they were the ones who received the certain amount of money and they can use
the income whatever they want to do it.
combined with regards to their range of wage or salary. Respondents who
received Php 5, 100.00- 27,000.00 had a mean of 3.45 while respondents who
received Php 27,001.00 and above had a mean score of 3.91.
Table 7
Resources and Empowerment with regards to Respondents Range of
wage or Salary
Economic and
Social Participation
Access & Control

over Economic
Resources
Mean
VD
Range of Wage
Mean
VD
Php 5,10027,000
Php 27,001
and above
3.45
Sometimes 3.45
3.67
Often
4.14
Empowerment
Mean
VD
Sometimes
3.45
Sometimes
Often
3.91
Often
The results can be implied to the view of Rae Lesser Blumberg (2005),
that economic empowerment of women was the key to achieve gender equality
as well as wealth and well being of nation. The author opined that financial
autonomy would enhance womens capacity of decision making in various
arenas of life. Moreover, it would lead to less corruption, less armed conflict and
less violence against female in the long run.
Table 8 shows the mean scores and their respective verbal description of
Occupation when analyzed with Economic and Social Participation and Access
and Control over Economic Resources.
Occupation. Economic and Social Participation. Human Care had a mean
score of 3.61 while the Non-Human had a mean score of 3.56, making Human
care the greatest. Since most of Filipino women workers were working in line with
human care such as domestic helpers, teachers, teacher aids, nurses, doctors,
caregivers and other allied medical profession, one of their job is to interact with
different people everyday that is why, maybe, they get the highest mean score.
Table 8
Resources and Empowerment with regards to Respondents Occupation
Occupation
Human Care
Non-Human
Care
Economic and
Social
Participation
Mean VD
Access & Control

over Economic
Resources
Mean VD
3.61
3.56
3.68
4.02
Often
Often
Sometimes
Often
Empowerment
Mean
VD
3.64
3.79
Often
Often
Access and Control over Economic Resources. The Human care type
occupation and non human care type had the mean scores of 3.68 and 4.02.
This means those who were working in the non-human care field have the
highest level of empowerment in terms of access and control over economic
resources. It has opposite results with regards to the economic and social
participation. Women who were working in non-human care field mostly received
a high salary with regards to the human care type that is why they are more
empowered to access and control over their income.
combined in terms of their occupation. Respondents who work in Human care
had a mean score of 3.64. On the other hand those who work in Non-human care
had a mean score of 3.79.
The result can be implied to the view of Kishor (2000) who has pointed out
to education and employment as the measurement of empowerment. On the
other hand, it argues to the statement of Mason and Smith (2005), stating that
employment is argued to improve womens empowerment for similar reasons,
i.e., because it gives women access to their own earnings or contributions to
family income that in turn increase their understanding of money, right to
participate in financial decisions, or financial independence.
Significant Difference of the Level of Empowerment and
Age. Presented on Table 9 is the T-test on the significance between Level
of Empowerment and Age.
At .01 percent level of confidence, or a two tailed test of 0.005, the, t table
value is -2.576 on the left tail, and +2.576 on the right tail. While, t computed
values were -7.161, -6.316 and -7.372. Since the t-computed values are in the
rejection region, then, we reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant
difference between the level of women empowerment and age. The researchers,
then, accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference
between level of empowerment and age group of respondents.Furthermore, the
researchers are 99 percent confident that the older age group of OFWs, above
30 years old, are usually more empowered than the younger age group, 15-29
years old.
Table 9
T- Test on the Significant Difference between Level of Empowerment and Age
Empowerment Indicator
Economic & Access &
Social
Control
Participation over
Economic
Resources
Age
T value
-7.161
-6.316
Decision
Decision
on H0
Empowerment on H0
Reject
-7.372
Reject
Educational Attainment. Table 10 shows the T-test results on the

significance of Level of Empowerment and Educational Attainment.
At .01 level of confidence, or a two tailed test of 0.005, the, t table value is
-2.576 on the left tail, and +2.576 on the right tail. The T computed value is
-1.028. The t table value at .05 level of confidence or a two tailed test at 0.025 is
-1.960 and +1.960. The t computed value for economic and social participation
lies on the acceptance region of the t distribution. The researchers, then, accept
the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the level of
empowerment as measured by economic and social participation of the
respondents and her educational attainment. When it comes to economic and
social participation there is no significant impact of empowerment with regards to
educational attainment because regardless of being college graduate or high
school graduate and below, everyone has the right and are oblige to participate
both in economical participation and social participation. This means they have
their important roles as citizens and as migrant workers.
On the indicators access and control, the t-computed values which were 6.793 and -4.064 were in the rejection region of the t distribution at .01 percent
level of confidence. The researchers, then, reject the null hypothesis that there is
no significant difference between level of women empowerment and educational
attainment as measured by access and control of resources and empowerment
indicators. The researchers, then, accept the alternative hypothesis that there is
a significant difference between level of empowerment and educational
attainment of respondents.
Table 10
T- Test on the Significant Difference between Level of Empowerment and
Educ.
Att.
Economic &
Social
Participation
T
-1.028
value
Access
&
Decision Control
over E.
R.
Decision Empowerment Decision
Accept
Reject
-6.793
-4.064
Reject
The researchers are 99 percent confident that OFWs with higher the
educational attainment like college graduates are usually more empowered than
those with lower educational attainment such as those who are high school
graduates when we use access and control of resources as indicator.
Range of Wage or Salary. Table 11 presents the T-test results between

the Significance Level of Empowerment and Range of Wage or Salary.
At .01 percent level of confidence, or a two tailed test of 0.005, the, t table
value is -2.576 on the left tail, and +2.576 on the right tail. The values of t
computed values were -2.277, -7.856 and -5.296, as shown on the tables above
are in the rejection region of the t distribution. The researchers, then, reject the
null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between level of women
empowerment and wages of the respondents and accept the alternative
hypothesis that there is a significant difference between level of empowerment
and range of wage and salary.
Table 11
Range
of Wage
Empowerment Indicator
Economic & Access &
Social
Control
Participation over
Economic
Resources
Decision
Decision
on H0
Empowerment on H0
T value
-2.277
Reject
-7.856
-5.295
Reject
Occupation. Presented on Table 12 is the T-test result on the Significant

Differences between Level of Empowerment and Occupation.
At .01 level of confidence, or a two tailed test of 0.005, the, t table value is
-2.576 on the left tail, and +2.576 on the right tail. The value of t computed values
which were .571 and -1.621 and as shown on the table above is at the rejection
region of the t distribution both for .01 and .05 confidence level. The researchers,
then, accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between
the level of empowerment based on economic and social participation and the
type of occupation of respondents
On the indicators access and control, the t-computed value which is -3.675
was in the rejection region of the t distribution. The researchers reject the null
hypothesis that there is no significant difference between level of women
empowerment as measured by access and control of resources and
empowerment indicators and the type of occupation of the OFWs. We, then,
accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference between
level of empowerment and type of occupation of respondents.
Table 12
Occupation
Occupation
Economic &
Social
Participation
Decision
T value
.571
Accept
Access
&
Control
over E.
R.
-3.675
Decision
Empowerment
Decision
Reject
-1.621
Accept
The researchers are 99 percent confident that OFWs who are engaged in non
human care profession such as computer engineers, consultants, office workers
are usually more empowered than those with human care related occupations
such as those who are nurses, caregiver, when we use access and control of
resources as indicator.
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The study deals on determining the level of empowerment of overseas
Filipino women workers who have residence and who reside in Davao City,
Philippines. The research design used in this study is descriptive research
design.
This study used non-random sampling specifically purposive sampling
technique in which overseas Filipino women workers, who work in human care
field, were only surveyed.
Survey questionnaire was used to determine the respondents Age,
Educational Attainment and Range of Wage or Salary. The researchers used
internet by using Facebook (www. Facebook.com) and e-mailed the respondents
by using yahoomail (www.yahoomail.com) who are still in abroad but originally
live in Davao City to disseminate the survey questionnaire. Percentage, mean
and t-test were the statistical treatment used in this study.
The main objective of this study is to know the level of gender
empowerment of women OFWs. Specifically, the study attempt to answer the
following questions:
1.9
Age
1.10
1.11
1.12
Occupation?

2.1
2.2
Access and control over economic resources and their use?

with regards to:
3.1 Age
3.2 Educational attainment
3.4 Occupation?
Null Hypotheses
occupation.
Findings
The data gathered revealed the following findings:
1. Respondents belonged to ages 30 years old and above (210 or
63.64%) were greater than those who were 15-29 years old (114 or
34.54%) and those who had no information (6 or 1.82%). A greater
number of respondents belonged to College graduate and above in
terms of educational attainment (231 or 70%) than those who belonged
to college graduate and below (91 or 27.58%), 2.42% or 8 respondents
were not able to fill up their profile regarding this matter. In addition,
185 respondents or 56.06% said that they were receiving Php
27,001.00 and above for their monthly salary and there were 143
respondents (43.33%) who said that they were receiving Php 5,100.0027,001.00 as their salary, there were also 2 respondents (.61%) were
not able to say their monthly salary. Moreover, 51.51% or 170
respondents said that their occupation are in line with human care field
and 46.67% or 154 respondents said that their work are in non human
care field, only 1.82 % or 6 respondents were not able to say what kind
of occupation they belonged to.
2. The mean of Age under 15-29 years old is 3.11(Sometimes) with
regards to the economic and social participation. And in terms of
access and control over economic income the mean is 3.42
(Sometimes) and when the two domains were combined to get the
mean score of the empowerment it was 3.27 (Sometimes). Compared

to the first classification the mean of Age under 30 years old and above
were higher, with regards to the economic and social participation, it
had a mean score of 3.80 (Often), and in terms of access and control
over economic resources it had a mean score of 4.03 (Often). 3.92
was the mean score when the means of two domains were combined
to get the empowerment mean. Moreover, high school graduate and
below had a mean score of 3.52(Often) in terms of economic and
social participation. On the other hand it had a mean score of
3.38(Sometimes) with regards to the access and control over
economic resources resulting to a mean score of 3.45 (Sometimes)
with regards to the empowerment mean. Meanwhile, the college
graduate and above classification had a mean score of 3.63 (Often)
when analyzed to the empowerment domain of economic and social
participation and in terms of to the access and control over economic
resources it had a mean of 4.05 (Sometimes). 3.84(Often) was the
empowerment mean score resulting from the combined mean of the
two indicators. Meanwhile, the mean of Range of wage under the
classification of minimum wage (Php 15,000-27,000) was 3.45
(Sometimes) with respect to the first indicator of the empowerment and
with regards to the second indicator or domain it had a mean score of
3.45 (Sometimes), resulting to a mean score of 3.45(Sometimes) in
terms of empowerment. Moreover, the mean of range of wage under
Php 27,001.00 and above when analyzed to the first domain of

empowerment was 3.67(Often) and with regards to the second domain
it had a mean of 4.14(Often) that resulted to the empowerment mean
of 3.91(Often). Lastly, Non-Human care occupation got a mean score
of 3.56 (Often) while the human care occupation got the mean score of
3.61 (Often) making it the highest with regards to the first domain of
empowerment. On the other hand it had the opposite result when they
were analyze to access and control over economic resources having a
mean score of 4.02 (Often) who belonged to the Non-human care
group and 3.68 (Often) for the human care group making the nonhuman care group the greatest when it comes to the second domain of
empowerment. In addition, the empowerment mean of the non-human
care group was 3.79 (Often) compared to the human care group
having a mean score of 3.64 (Often).
3.
Null hypothesis H1 is rejected. There is a significant difference

between the Level of Empowerment and Age. On the other side, null
hypothesis H2 was divided into two decisions. There is a significant
difference between Level of Empowerment and Educational Attainment
with regards to the access and control over economic resources that is
why it is rejected. However, there is no significant difference between
Level of Empowerment and Educational Attainment with regards to
economic and social participation that is why it is accepted. The null
hypothesis H3 is rejected. There is a significant difference between the
Level of Empowerment and Range of Wage or Salary. Finally, decision

of null hypothesis H4 was also divided into two decisions. As measured
by the access and control over economic resources, the decision was
accepted. Therefore, there is a significant difference between Level of
Empowerment and Occupation. On the other hand, with regards to
economic and social participation, the decision was accepted.
Therefore, there is no significant difference between the Level of
Empowerment and Occupation.
Conclusions
Based from the given findings, the researchers concluded that
1. Most of the respondents were ages 30 years old and above, who were
college graduate and above, who received an amount ranging from
Php 27,001.00 and above as their monthly salary and are working in
line with human care field.
2. Overseas Filipino women workers ages 30 years old and above; were
college graduate and/or proceeded to Masters or Doctoral; received
Php 27,001.00 and above as their monthly salary; and were working in
non-human care field are empowered with regards to economic and
social participation and access to and control over economic
resources.
3. Overall there is a significant difference on the Level of Women
Empowerment to the respondents age, educational attainment, range
of wage or salary and occupation with regards to the economic and

social participation and access to and control over economic resource
and their uses.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions and findings of this study, the researchers
recommend the following:
1. Future researchers are encouraged to conduct studies about the level
of empowerment of Filipino women who are working in the Philippines
to make a comparison of who is more empowered with regards to the
respondents profile and domains of this study.
2. The researchers highly recommend that future researchers may further
enhance this study using another type of domains or indicators to
determine the level of empowerment.
3. For the convenience of the respondents from far places, future
researchers may survey the respondents using social network

websites.
REFERENCES
Alsop, Ruth and Nina Heinsohn (2005). Measuring Empowerment in Practice:
Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators. World Bank Policy Research
Working Paper 3510, February 2005, Washington DC.
Basu, A. M., and G.B. Koolwal (2005) Two concepts of female empowerment:
Some leads from DHS data on women's status and reproductive health,
in S. Kishor (ed.) A focus on gender: Collected papers on gender using
DHS data, pp. 15-53. Calverton, MD: ORC Macro.
Bennett (2002) . Measuring Womens Empowerment as a Variable International
Development. Retrieved January 5, 2011 from
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Malhorta
SchulerBoender.pdf
Blumberg, Rae Lesser (2005). Women Empowerment in Assam A
Human Development Approach-By: Bidisha Mahanta, December 2008.
Retrieved January 5, 2011 from http:// www.col.org/SiteCollection
Documents/WELL-scan-Uttarakhand.pdf
Deshmukh-Ranadive, J. (2003) Placing Gender Equity in the Family Centre
Stege: Use of Kala Jatha, Economic and Political Weekly, 26 April 2003.
Retrieved January 5, 2011 from http://old.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/bb14.pdf
Gustav Ranis and Francis Stewart (2005). Women Empowerment in Assam A
Human Development in South Asia (2000). Women Empowerment in Assam A
Kabeer, N. (2005) Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment: A Critical
Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal, Gender and
Development, 13.1, March 2005. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://old.bridge.ids ac.uk/reports/bb14.pdf
Kishor (2000). The Effect of Womens Socio-demographic
Variables on their Empowerment 2010. Retrieved Janaury 5, 2011
from http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-
sci/am0611/50_3774am0611_426_434.pdf
Kishore, Lalit. 2009.What is women's empowerment all about? Retrieved
January 6, 2011 fromhttp://www.merinews.com/article/what-is-womens
empowerment-all-about/15751346.shtml
Malhotra, Schuler and Boender (2002). Promises to Keep: Achieving Gender
Equality and the Empowerment of Women, April 18, 2003. Retrieved
January 6, 2011 http://www.unmillenniumproject.org /documents
/tf03genapr18.pdf
Mason and Smith, 2003. The Effect of Womens Socio-demographic
from http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/amsci/am0611/50_3774am0611_426_434.pdf
Moghadam, V.M. and Senftova, L. (2005). Measuring Womens Empowerment:
Participation And Rights In Civil, Political, Social, Economic, And
Cultural Domains, International Social Science Journal, 5
pp. 389-412(24). Retrieved January 6, 2011 from
http://old.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/bb14.pdf
Moyle, Dollard, & Biswas. 2006. The Effect of Womens Socio-demographic
Nana Oishi, March 2002. Gender and Migration: An Integrative Approach ;
Household Strategy Theory and Structurist Theory, March 2002.
Retrieved Retrieved January 5, 2011 from
Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.
Pradhan, B. (2003). Measuring Empowerment: A Methodological Approach,
Society for International Development (www.sidint.org) 1011-6370 46:2;
51-57; 033500 Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved January 6,2011 from
http://old.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/bb14.pdf
Stromquist (2002). Women Empowerment in Assam A
Vijayanthi, 2002. The Effect of Womens Socio-demographic
Appendix A
Letter to the Validators

Angliongto Ave., Lanang, Davao City
Date: ________________
Dear Sir/Madame:
We, the 3rd Year students of Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku taking the course of
Bachelor of Science in International Studies major in Japanese Language and
Studies, will be writing a Bachelors Thesis entitled The Level of Empowerment
of Overseas Filipino Women Workers.
This study aims to determine the level of empowerment of women OFW working
in the human care field.
With this regard, we would want to ask for your intellectual assistance in the
assessment and validation of our score sheet which will be used in gathering the
necessary data for the realization of our bachelors thesis.
If you wish to revise or change an item/s, feel free to write your corrections on the
separate evaluation sheet attached herewith. We would gladly appreciate your
comments and suggestions for the betterment of our study.
Thank you very much!
Sincerely yours,
Noted by:
ELIZAER CHRISTIAN E. CABILAN
WISLEY S. ALCUIREZ
ANGELYC M. BONIFACIO
CHARADE A. LAGUNA
NEIZZY ABEGAIL C. MAINIT
MARIA CHESSA G. PAICA
ESTRELLA RADAM-TURINGAN, M.A.I.R.

Adviser
Appendix B
List of Validators
1.
Sally C. Aro
Masters of Arts in Basic Education Major in English
Davao del Norte State College of Davao City, Inc., 2009
2.
Medilyn B. Utong
Masters in Technology Education
3.
Mirasol O. Fabuna
Masters of Science in Technology Major in Mathematics
4.
Eleanor A. Mallabo
Masters of Arts in Educational Management
Ateneo de Davao University of Davao City, Inc.
5.
Rosendo M. Aya-ay
Masterrs in Economics
University of South Eastern Philippines
Appendix C
VALIDATION RESULT OF THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Validator
1. Sally C. Aro
Rating
4.28
Equivalent
Excellent
2. Medilyn B. Utong
Excellent
3. Mirasol O. Fabuna
3.85
Very Good
4. Eleanor A. Mallabo
Excellent
5. Rosendo M. Ayaay
Very Good
Average
4.47
Excellent
Average Rating Scale:

4.20 5.00
3.40 4.19
2.60 3.39
1.80 2.59
1.00 1.79
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Poor (Unacceptable)
Very Poor (Unacceptable)
Appendix D
Survey Questionnaire
We, the 3rd Year students (BS International Studies major in Japanese Language and
Studies) will be having a research entitled The Level of Empowerment of
Overseas Filipino Women Workers. This study aims to determine the level of
empowerment of women OFW.
Fill in all applicable spaces. Mark all appropriate boxes with an .

BACKGROUN D
IN FORM ATION
1. Name (Optional)
2. Age
1529
30 and above
3
.
Occupation
4.
High School Graduate
and Below
5. Address
College Graduate and

Above
Range of Wage or Salary (In Philippine Currency)

Php 5,100.00 - 27,000.00
Php 27,001.00 and above
Following are several statements/situations about your perceptions

or preferences regarding the given conditions. These conditions
are divided into five (5) different dimensions. Choose the answer
that best describes you. Check "" your choice.
With this, we humbly ask for your time, patience and sincerity in answering this
questionnaire. We are hoping for your cooperation as this would greatly affect the
outcome of our study.
5 Always, 4 Very often, 3 Sometimes, 2 Rarely, 1 Never

5
1. I am the one who holds and controls the income of my family.

2. I have the authority to limit the wants of my family.
3. I decide on important matters such as selling and buying
properties such as house/s and land/s.
4. I am the one who decide where my child/children will be
studying.
5. I am the one who make and lead the household rules.
6. I have the power to give orders/command of what will my
family do with regards to household chores.
7. I have the right to decide whatever decisions should be

applied as long as it is for the good of my family.
8. I am the one who keep all the important documents of my
family.
9. I have the right to use the things that can be found in our
house and possessions belonging to my family without
permission.
1
I have the right to make a decision in my household on the
0.
aspect of family planning.
1
1.
1
2.
1
3.
1
4.
I have the right to choose and decide who and when will my
children be having a relationship to opposite sex.
I have the right to choose and decide who will be my
child/childrens spouse.
I have the right to choose what kind of religion I /my family will
be engaged in and will practice.
I am free from any domestic violence (sexual abuse, physical
abuse, and emotional abuse).
Access to and control over economic resources and their

use
5
1. I receive my salary on the day it is really given.
2. I am the one who decide when to pay our revenues or taxes.
3. I am the one who decides on my familys consumption
expenditure.
4. I can use the house, lot/s and other valuable possessions as
collateral/s for loans and other purposes.
5. My familys bank account is under my name and I have the
control of it.
6. I have the full control and access of my credit card/s.
7. I have the sole authority in deciding how much money I can
borrow from the bank.
8. The household properties such as land/s, house/s and other
assets are under my name.
9. I can monitor and have full knowledge about the financial
situation of the household.
1 I am the one who must first know where my familys expenses
0. went.
1 I have the full authority of my child/ childrens education.
1.
1 I have the authority of giving my child/childrens baon and
2. how much it will cost.
1 I have the full authority what kind of products will they buy
3. with regards to their basic needs.
I am the one who decide where and when my family spends a
1
vacation.
4.
Appendix E
T-Test Table for Empowerment and Age
Empowerment
Indicator
Age Indicator
Mean Std.
Deviation
T test
Economic &
Social
Participation
Group 1: 15-29
Group 2: above
30
114
210
3.11
3.80
.86
.81
-7.161
With degrees of
freedom = 322
Access & Control Group 1: 15-29

Over Resources Group 2: above
30
Empowerment
Group 1: 15-29
114
210
3.42
4.03
.92
.78
114
3.27
.83
-6.316
With degrees of
freedom = 322
-7.372
Group 2: above
30
210
3.92
.72With degrees of
freedom = 322
Appendix F
T-Test Table for Empowerment and Educational Attainment
Empowerme
nt Indicator
Education
Indicator
Economic &
Social
Participation
Group1: HS
Grad &
Below
Group 2:
College
Grad &
Above
Mean
Std.
Deviation
T test
91
3.52
.84 -1.028
231
3.63
.88
With
degrees of
freedom=
320
Access &
Control Over
Resources
Empowerment
Group1: HS
Grad &
Below
91
3.38
.84
Group 2::
College
Grad &
Above
Group1: HS
Grad &
Below
231
4.05
.78
91
3.45
.78
Group 2::
College
Grad &
Above
231
3.84
.77
-6.793
With
degrees of
freedom=
320
-4.064
With
degrees of
freedom=
320
Appendix G
T-Test Tables for Empowerment and Range of Salary
Empowerme
nt Indicator
Education
Indicator
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Economic &
Social
Participation
Group1:
Php 5,10027,000
143
3.45
.88
185
3.67
.88
Access &
Group 2:
PhP27,001
and above
Group1:
143
3.45
.87
T test
-2.277
With
degrees of
freedom=
326
-7.856
Control Over
Resources
Empowerment
Php 5,10027,000
With
degrees of
freedom=
326
Group 2:
PhP27,001
and above
Group1:
Php 5,10027,000
185
4.14
.73
143
3.45
.81
Group 2:
PhP27,001
and above
185
3.91
.75
-5.295
With
degrees of
freedom=
326
Appendix H
T- Test Tables for Empowerment and Type of Occupation
Empowerme
nt Indicator
Education
Indicator
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Economic &
Social
Participation
Group1:
Human
Care
170
3.61
.83
154
3.56
.95
Access &
Group 2:
Non Human
Care
Group1:
170
3.68
.81
T test
.571
With
degrees of
freedom=
322
-3.675
Control Over
Resources
Empowerment
Human
Care
With
degrees of
freedom=
322
Group 2:
Non Human
Care
Group1:
Human
Care
154
4.02
.90
170
3.64
.75
Group 2:
Non Human
Care
154
3.79
.87
-1.621
With
degrees of
freedom=
322
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name:
ELIZAER CHRISTIAN E. CABILAN
Date of Birth:
March 22, 1991
Civil Status:
Single
Gender:
Male
Religion:
Roman Catholic
City Address:
114 Concorde St. J.L.A. Subd., Lanang, Davao City
Parents
Father:
Yacob Uy (Stepfather)
Mother:
Jocelyn Cabilan
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Pre-school:
Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai, Inc.

1996-1998
Elementary: Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai International School

Tambongon Road, Lasang, Davao City
1998 2004
Secondary: Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai International School

2004 2008
Tertiary:

Bachelor of Science in International Studies
2008 2012
ORGANIZATIONS
MKD Gakusei Jichikai
Rotaract Club of MKD
2nd Year Rep.
2009-2010
3rd Year Rep.
2010-2011
Member
2008-2010
Member
2010-2011
Secretary
2009-2010
Member
2010-2011
MKD MultiMedia Society
Member
2008-2009
MKD Koto Club
Member
2008
MKD College Y
Member
2009-2010
President
2010-2011
Member
2010-2011
MKD Nihongo Club
MKD Civitan
EXAMINATIONS PASSED
Title
Date
Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) Level 4
December 4, 2008
December 7, 2009
SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

Leadership Training/ Workshop (Davao City)
First World Phiippines Initiative (Davao City)
15th Annual Natonal PACS Convention for Student
January 24, 2010

July 24, 2009
November 26-29, 2010
Leaders (Baguio City)

Student Leadership Summit (Davao City)
January 14-15,2011
Name:
WISLEY S. ALCUIREZ
Date of Birth:
May 24, 1991
Civil Status:
Single
Gender:
Female
Religion:
Roman Catholic
City Address:
Block 2 Lot 3 House No. 4 St. Anthony Village Lanang

Davao City
Parents
Father:
Mac Arthur Alcuirez
Mother:
Susan Solon
Elementary: Davao Christian High School

V. Mapa Street Davao City
University of the Immaculate Concepcion
Bajada Davao City
Secondary:
Tertiary:
University of the Immaculate Concepcion

Bajada Davao City
Philippine Nikkei-Jin Kai
ORGANIZATIONS
19992002
20022004
2004 2005
2005 2007
2007 2011
Name:
Member
ANGELYC M. BONIFACIO
2008- Present
Date of Birth:
November 14, 1991
Civil Status:
Single
Gender:
Female
Religion:
Roman Catholic
City Address:
Blue Jay Street Belisario Hieghts Bajada Davao City
Parents
Father:
Jerry Bonifacio
Mother:
Maria Celia Manalo

Elementary: Philippine Nikkei-Jin Kai

Secondary:
Tertiary:
Philippine Nikkei-Jin Kai

1998-2003
2003 2007
2007 2011
ORGANIZATIONS
Member
2008- Present
Kaugmaon Volunteers Club
Member
2010-Present
EXAMINATIONS PASSED
Title
Name:
CHARADE A. LAGUNA
Date
December 6, 2009
Date of Birth:
October 31, 1992
Civil Status:
Single
Gender:
Female
Religion:
Southern Baptist Church (Protestant)
City Address:
Juan Luna Street, Bansalan, davao del Sur
Parents
Father:
Vismar D. Laguna
Mother:
Elsalyn Alvarez
Elementary: Barayong Central Elemntary School

Barayong, Magsaysay, Davao del Sur
Secondary:
Tertiary:
Barayong National High School

Barayong, Magsaysay, Davao del Sur
ORGANIZATIONS
1998-2004
2004 2008
2008 2012
Gakuse Jichikai
Vice President
2010-Present
Member
2008- Present
MKD College-Y Club
Member
2010-Present
MKD Civitan Club
Member
2010-Present
Nihongo Club
Member
2009 Present
MKD Debating Club
Member
2009 Present
EXAMINATIONS PASSED
Title
Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) N4
Date
December 6, 2009
December 5, 2010

15th Annual Natonal PACS Convention for
November 26-29, 2010
Student Leaders (Baguio City)

Student Leadership Summit (Davao City)
January 14-15, 2011
Name:
NEIZZY ABEGAIL C. MAINIT
Date of Birth:
February 26, 1992
Civil Status:
Single
Gender:
Female
Religion:
Roman Catholic
City Address:
Blk5 L2 Ph2 Roseville Subdivision, Lanang, Davao City
Parents
Father:
Ernesto D. Mainit
Mother:
Elenita Castrodes
Pre-school: Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai, Inc.

1996-1998
Elementary: Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai International School

1998 2004
Secondary: Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai International School

2004 2008
Tertiary:

2008 2012
ORGANIZATIONS
Member
2008-2010
President
2010-2011
Rotaract Mindanao Council
Secretary
2009-2010
MKD MultiMedia Society
Member
2008-2009
MKD Koto Club
Member
2008
American Field Service
Volunteer
2008-present
(AFS) Philippines
MKD College Y
Member
2010-present
EXAMINATIONS PASSED
Title
Date
December 4, 2008
December 7, 2009
December 5, 2010

Rotaract District Assembly August 1-2, 2008 (Tagum City)
Rotaract District Conference May 1-3, 2009 (Davao City)
Rotaract District Assembly August 4-5, 2009 (General Santos City)
AFS Liaison Training June 6-9, 2009 (Quezon City)
Rotaract 1st Council Seminar-September 26-27, 2009 (Tagum City)
Rotaract 2nd Council Seminar October 31-September 1, 2009 (Digos City)
Rotaract 3rd Council Seminar-December 21-22, 2009 (Davao City)
Rotaract District Conference April 30-May 3, 2010 (Dumaguete City)
Rotaract District Assembly July 31-August 1, 20010 (Tagum City)
Name:
MARIA CHESSA PAICA
Date of Birth:
November 18, 1991
Civil Status:
Single
Gender:
Female
Religion:
Roman Catholic
City Address:
Damosa, Lanang Davao City
Parents
Father:
Rogelio Paica
Mother:
Adelfa Gono
Elementary: Magugpo Pilot Central Elementary

School, Tagum City
1998-2003
Secondary:
University of Mindanao
Tagum City
2003 2007
Tertiary:

2007 2011
ORGANIZATIONS
Kaugmaon Volunteers Club
Member
2008 2010
Nihongo Club
Member
2008 2010
Member
2008-2010
EXAMINATIONS PASSED
Title
Date
December 7, 2009
December 5, 2010

The Level of Empowerment of Overseas Filipino Women Workers

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THE LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OF OVERSEAS

FILIPINO WOMEN WORKERS

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Elizaer Christian E. Cabilan

This thesis proposal entitled: THE LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OF

APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination with the descriptive

ALBERT B. JUBILO, Ed.D.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ACCEPTED AND APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

The main objective of this study is to know the level of gender

Range of wage or salary; and

2. What is the level of women empowerment with regards to

Economic and Social Participation

Access and control over economic resources and their use?

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of women empowerment

H03: There is no significant difference between level of empowerment and

number of respondents belonged to College graduate and above in

2. The mean of Age under 15-29 years old is 3.11(Sometimes) with

(Sometimes) with respect to the first indicator of the empowerment and

it is rejected. However, there is no significant difference between Level

social participation and access to and control over economic

APPROVAL SHEET .........................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... xii

Background of the Study ....................................................................

Statement of the Problems .................................................................

Null Hypotheses .................................................................................

Significance of the Study ....................................................................

Scope and Delimitation of the Study...................................................

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ........................

Related Literature and Studies ..........................................................

Gender Empowerment ............................................................

Women Empowerment ...........................................................

Respondents Profile According to Empowerment Indicators............. 23

Letter to the Validators ......................................................................

List of Validators ................................................................................

Validation Result of Survey Questionnaire.......................................... 42

Survey Score Sheet .......................................................................... 43

T-Test Table for Empowerment and Age..................................... 44

T-Test Table for Empowerment and Level of Education............. 45

T-Test Table for Empowerment and Range of Salary................. 46

T-Test Table for Empowerment and Occupation......................... 47

Profile of Respondents by Age

Profile of the Respondents by Educational Attainment

Profile of Respondents by Range of Wage or Salary

Profile of Respondents by Occupation

Economic and Social Participation, Access to and Control over

Economic and Social Participation, Access to and Control over

Economic and Social Participation, Access to and Control over

Economic and Social Participation, Access to and Control over

T- Test on the Significant Difference between Level of

T- Test on the Significant Difference between Level of

T- Test on the Significant Difference between Level of

T- Test on the Significant Difference between Level of

The role of women in the Philippines is explained based on the context

Statement of the Problem

Range of wage or salary; and

2. What is the level of women empowerment with regards to

3.3 Range of wage or salary; and

Scope and Delimitation

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

family income that in turn increase their understanding of money, right to

opportunities. Bennett notes that both of these definitions are intended to be

person is empowered is influenced by personal agency (the capacity to make a

Women Empowerment. Human Development in South Asia (2000),