Presented by

Mallika
Priyadarshini
Shivam
PHY14002
M.Sc 3rd sem

THE STANDARD MODEL

Basic
Ingredient
are quarks
and the
electron-like
objects
(leptons

Fundamental forces
are mediated by
photon, gluons, Ws
and Zs (bosons)

THE STANDARD MODEL

It provides a unified
framework for 3 of 4
(known) forces of
nature.

SU(3) (2) U(1)

THE STANDARD MODEL

SU(3) (2) U(1)

Strong (QCD)

THE STANDARD MODEL

SU(3) (2) U(1)

Electroweak
(=weak +QED)

Neutrinos...
Within Standard
Model

Beyond Standard Model

Neutrino Oscillations

Massless

.
.

Left handed
( ) =

Three Flavours

sin2 2 sin2 [ 4 ]

2 = 22 12
must be non-zero if neutrino oscillation exists.

, ,

BSM phenomena (seesaw) explains its tiny mass.

Whats meant by a gauge theory?

1.A theory described by a
Lagrangian having local
symmetry properties (Invariant
under local transformations)

2.Associated with each gauge

symmetry is a conserved
quantity and a gauge field
[The symmetry is an internal
symmetry in most gauge
theories]
Example: Electromagnetism

ABELIAN CASE

The Lagrangian for a free electron field () is

= ()

Considering local symmetry

() / =

= ()[ ]()
covariant
derivative

Not gauge invariant

= ( + )

= + ()
Maxwells electromagnetic field
appears due to the gauge invariance
principle

Therefore the invariant lagrangian can be written as

/ = +

We add one kinetic energy term for the photon field

Therefore the final lagrangian is

/ = +

The following features of the equation are-

The photon is massless as the term is not Gauge
invariant.
The Lagrangian does not have a gauge field self
coupling.

Non Abelian gauge field

Under SU(2)
.
]()

() = [

= ()

()

The gauge field here transforms as

( )

= +

The complete
gauge invariant
lagrangian is

But we again got massless bosons

because there is no mass term.

THEN HOW DO PARTICLES

GET MASS???

Higgs Field and Symmetry Breaking

The presence of particle masses in the Standard model Lagrangian is
prohibited by the SU(2)L U(1)Y gauge symmetry of the electroweak
interaction.
The Higgs mechanism has been suggested which leads to spontaneous
breakdown of the electroweak symmetry by condensation of a scalar
Higgs field.
Particles acquire momentum (mass) by interacting with this field.

Particles that interact strongly with the Higgs field are heavy, while
those that interact weakly are light.

We consider the simple case of abelian U(1) Gauge theory

( )

There will be two cases > < .

But since we want to generate the mass we are interested
in <
Shifting the origin to () = ,
() = ,
And expanding the lagrangian in terms of and

Then the Lagrangian will be

+ + )

= ( ) + ( )

To remove this Goldstone boson we need to make the

following Gauge corrections.
=

+ ]/

And,

So the final Lagrangian after these transformations

becomes

= ( )

Thus we see
Massless vector boson + Goldstone boson = Massive
Vector Boson

This is called the Higgs mechanism

HIGGS
MECHANISM
IN THE
STANDARD
MODEL

The symmetry we use here is the

SU(2)U(1) Gauge symmetry.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
makes SU(2)U(1)

()

From SU(2), we get 3 gauge bosons

and from U(1) we get one Gauge Boson,

Higgs mechanism gives mass to 3 of the
4 Gauge bosons.

Under SU(2)U(1) local Gauge transformation

Now the Lagrangian of Higgs field can be written as

( ) (+ )

Where, we define
= (

/
)

To generate masses we need to give a fluctuation to a

=
+
We do in steps, first we don't take the fluctuation and
generate the gauge boson masses as follows

= (-ig - Y)

=
= -i
+ ,

A simple and useful form of the Higgs field is =

( +

+ ) = +
+

Where we define,

+/
+/

and

= +
+

+
.

We generated the masses of 3 bosons which are , Z.

( + )

field is orthogonal to Z
=

/ +
+/

where , sin =

/
2 +

/2

andcos =

2 +/

 Fermion masses
For Fermion masses we consider the interaction Lagrangian
= - ( + + )

= + ()

= +
Similarly

()

()

()

+ = +

= - ( + )-

+ )

Thus electron acquires a mass m =

Thus STANDARD MODEL is a powerful synthesis that

successfully explains all the masses of gauge bosons and
fermions, but failed in the problem of neutrino mass

!!!!

Beyond Standard Model

But Why??

RIGHT HANDED NEUTRINOS

ARE INSERTED BY HAND..
We get three neutrino mass
terms

2.

= ( +
) +h.c

= + .

3.

1.

+ .

=
+ +

The above mass matrix is

=0 .

After diagonalizing the matrix the following mass eigen

states are obtained--

.INVERSE SEESAW MODEL

Here small neutrino masses arise as a result of new Physics at

TeV scale .
May be probed at LHC , unlike TYPE I.
3 right handed neutrinos + the three extra SM gauge
singlet neutral fermions S + the three active neutrinos

1
2

A diagonalisation of the 9 matrix leads to the

effective light neutrino mass matrix ie.
=
Or,

Thus we see that Standard neutrinos with mass at sub ev

scale are obtained for at electroweak scale and
at Tev scale .
ISS is also called DOUBLE SEESAW .

Dark matter-connection

24

References
[1]R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 912,
1980.
[2] Halzen, Francis, and Alan D Martin, Quarks and

Leptons,John Wiley & Sons(1984

[3] Moriyasu,K., An Elementary Primer for Gauge Theories,
World Scientific, (1983)
[4] S. F. King, arXiv:hep-ph/0208266.
[5] Carlo Giunti, arXiv:hep-ph/020572
[6] G. Altarelli and F. Feruglio, arXiv:hep-ph/0206077
[7]Y Fukuda et al. 1998 Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric
neutrinos Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 15621567