Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
P ([A B] [B A])
P (A B) + P (B A)
P (A) P (A B) + P (B) P (A B)
P (A) + P (B) 2P (A B).
Alternative,
P (A 4 B) =
=
=
=
P (A B) + P (B A)
P (A B 0 ) + P (B A0 )
P (A) P (A B) + P (B) P (A B)
P (A) + P (B) 2P (A B).
Q3. From a pack of 52 cards, we draw five cards at random. What is the
probability that an Ace will appear at the fifth draw?
Solution: Denoted by A the event {an ace will appear at fifth draw}.
Then
P4 P1
P (A) = 515 4 = 0.0769231.
P52
Q4. Two dice are thrown, let E be the event that the sum of the dice is
odd, let F be the event that the first die lands on 1. And let G be the
event that the sum is 5. Describe the events E F, E F, F G, E
F 0 , E F G.
Answer: Because
Then,
EF =
=
EF =
EG =
E F0 =
EF G =
=
P (A) P (A B)
P (A) P (A)P (B)
P (A)(1 P (B))
P (A)P (B 0 ).
P (B 0 ) P (AB 0 )
P (B 0 ) P (A)P (B 0 )
P (B 0 )(1 P (A))
P (A0 )P (B 0 ).
P (Bn )
n=1
X
4
36
=
[( )n1 ( )]
52
52
n=1
4 X 36 n1
( )
52 n=1 52
= 1/4.
4
Q3. A die is thrown as long as necessary for an ace or a 6 to turn up. Given
that no ace turned up at the first two throwns, what is the probability
that at least three throws will be necessary?
Solution: Denoted by A the event {no ace turned up at the first two
throwns}, by B the event {at least three throws will be necessary} and
by C the event {both the result of first throw and second throw are 6}.
P (B A)
P (A)
P (C)
=
P (A)
(1/6)2
=
(5/6)2
= 1/25.
P (B/A) =
(m 1)p + 1
Q5. In an urn are 5 fair coins, two 2-headed coins, and four 2-tailed coins.
A coin is to be randomly selected and flipped. Compute the probability
that the coin is fair if the result was
(a). The flip was head;
(b). 2 flips were both heads. Use prior and posterior probabilities.
Answer: Let A = {The coin is fair},
B = {The coin is 2-headed},
C = {The coin is 2-tailed}.
Then prior probability is:
P (A) = 5/11, P (B) = 2/11, P (C) = 4/11.
(a). Denoted by x the number of heads appear at first flip. Then
obviously, x is 0 or 1. Now we know x = 1 by conditions offered by
question. So
f (1/A) = 1/2, f (1/B) = 1, f (1/C) = 0.
The marginal distribution of x = 1 can be calculated as:
g(1) = f (1/A)P (A) + f (1/B)P (B) + f (1/C)P (C)
= 9/22.
Hence the posterior probability of A, given x = 1, is
(A/1) =
f (1/A)P (A)
= 5/9.
g(1)
f (2/A)P (A)
= 5/13.
g(2)
Q6. A grocery store sells X Hundred kilograms of rice every day, where the
distribution of the random variable X is of the following form:
F (x) =
=
=
=
0
kx2
k(x2 + 12x 3)
1
if
if
if
if
x < 0;
0 x < 3;
3 x < 6;
x 6.
Suppose that this grocery stores total sales of rice do not reach 600
kilograms on any given day.
(a). Find the value of k.
(b). What is the probability that the store sells between 200 and 400
kilograms of rice next Thursday?
(c). What is the probability that the store sells over 300 kilograms of
rice next Thursday?
(d). We are given that the store sold at least 300 kilograms of rice
last Friday. What is the probability that is did not sell more than 400
kilograms on that day?
Answer: (a). Because suppose that total sales of rice do not reach 600
kilograms on any given day, in other words P (X = 6) = 0, so
P (X 6) = P (X < 6) = k(62 + 12 6 3) = 1,
This imply k =
(b).
=
=
=
=
1
.
33
P (2 X 4)
P (2 X < 3) + P (X = 3) + (3 < X 4)
k(32 22 ) + 5/11 + k((42 + 12 4 3) (32 + 12 3 3))
25/33
0.757576.
(c). P (X > 3) =
=
=
=
1 P (X 3)
1 k(32 + 12 3 3)
3/11
0.272727.
(d). P (X 4/X 3) =
P (X4,X3)
P (X3)
= 5/6.
Q7. A random variable X is called symmetric if for all real number x such
that
P (X x) = P (X x).
7
Prove that if X is symmetric, then for all t > 0, its distribution function
F satisfies the following relations:
(a). P (| X | t) = 2F (t) 1,
(b). P (| X |> t) = 2[1 F (t)],
(c). P (X = t) = F (t) + F (t) 1.
Proof : (a). Since t > 0, so
P (| X | t) =
=
=
=
=
P (t X t)
P (X t) P (X < t)
F (t) (1 P (X t))
F (t) 1 + P (X t)
2F (t) 1.
P (X = t) =
=
=
=
P (X > t) + P (X < t)
1 F (t) + 1 P (X t)
2 F (t) P (X t)
2[1 F (t)].
P (X t) P (X < t)
F (t) (1 P (X t))
F (t) 1 + P (X t)
F (t) + F (t) 1.
if 1 < x < 0;
(1 x2 )
= 0
elsewhere.
and
k
dx
1 x2
1
= k arcsinx |01 = 1
f (x)dx =
+
Hence k = 1/.
(b). Let F (x) is the probability distribution of X, then,
Z
f (y)dy
F (x) =
x
= 0,
Z x
1
1,
if x 1,
1
1
dx = (arcsinx + ), if x [1, 0],
2
1x
if x 0.
if x 0;
f (x) =
elsewhere.
What is the probability that, of eight such radios, at least four last
more than 15 years?
9
Q3. First a point Y is selected at random from the interval (0,1). Then
another point X is selected at random from the interval (Y ,1). Find
the probability density function of X.
Solution: Let f (x) is the density function of X, G(y) the density
function of Y and h(x, y) their joint density function. Clearly, g(y) = 1
when y (0, 1) and equals 0 otherwise. Now we have following result:
h(x, y) = f (x | y)g(y)
= f (x | y)
1
=
,
1y
= 0,
if 0 < x < 1
otherwise.
Q4. Let (X, Y ) be a random point from a unit disk centered at the origin.
Find P (0 X 4/11|Y = 4/5).
Solution: Obviously, f (x | y) = 1 2 , so
2
Z
P (0 X 4/11|Y = 4/5) =
0
1y
4
11
1
q
dx
2 1 ( 45 )2
= 10/33.
10
Q5. Stores A and B, which belong to the same owner, are located in two
different towns. If the probability density function of the weekly profit
of each store, in thousands of dollars, is given by
f (x) = x/4
= 0
if 1 < x < 3,
otherwise.
and the profit of one store is independent of the other, what is the
probability that next week one store makes at least $ 500 more than
the other store?
Solution: Let F (x)R is the probability distribution of the profit of each
x
store, then F (x) = 1 4t dt = 18 (x2 1). Hence,
Z 3Z 3
P (X Y > 0.5) =
f (x | y)f (y)dxdy
1
2.5
0.5+y
3
=
1
0.5+y
xy
dxdy
44
= 0.175781.
Q6. A random variable Y with distribution function F (y) = y/5 for 0 <
y 5. Determine the conditional expectation of Y , E[Y |Y > x] given
that Y > x and 0 < x 5.
Answer: Since given 0 < x 5, calculate it directly:
Z 5
yP (Y = y | Y > x)dy
E[Y | Y > x] =
0
Z 5
yP (Y = y, Y > x)
=
dy
P (Y > x)
0
Z 5
y/5
dy
=
x 1 x/5
= (5 + x)/2.
Q7. In a given lottery, players pick six different integers between 1 and
49, the order of selection being irrelevant. The lottery commission
then select six of these numbers at random as winning numbers. A
player wins the grand prize of $1,200,000 if all six numbers that he
has selected match the winning numbers. He wins the second and
third prizes of $800 and $35, respectively, if exactly five and four of his
selected numbers match the winning numbers. What is the expected
value of the amount a player wins in one game?
11
12
Frequency
128
208
194
297
240
Relative frequency
0.12
0.2
0.18
0.28
0.22
Cumulative frequence
0.12
0.32
0.5
0.78
1
Z + Z +
=
kx3 ey/3 dxdy
1
Z + 1
Z +
3
= k
x dx
ey/3 dy
1
3
= k( e1/3 ).
2
So k = 23 e1/3 .
13
Z +
P (Y < x)f (x)dx
=
Z 1Z x
f (y)dyf (x)dx
=
0
0
Z 1Z x
2ydydx
=
0
1
=
.
3
Q5. According to the definition of conditional probability,
P (X > 1/2, Y > 1/2)
P (Y > 1/2)
R 1 R 2 2 xy
(x + 3 )dydx
1/2 1/2
= R2 R1
)dxdy
(x2 + xy
3
1/2 0
= 43/52.
14
EX
if 0 x 2
otherwise.
x (1 x)dx +
x2 (x 1)dx
Z0 1
Z 12
=
(x2 x3 )dx +
(x3 x2 )dx
15
= 1,
Z
yf (y)dy
E(Y ) =
0
Z
2ye2y dy
=
0
= 1/2,
Z
Z
2
2
2
y 2 f (y)dy
x f (x)dx +
E(X + Y ) =
0
Z0
Z
=
x2 ex dx +
2y 2 e2y dx
0
= 2 + 1/2
= 5/2.
Q3. Consider repeated sampling with replacement from the box containing
five red balls, three white balls, and two blue balls. Let the sampling
continue until blue balls have shown five times. Determine the probability that, by then, red balls will have shown exactly eight times and
white balls will have shown six times.
Soluction:The samling is repeated with replacement, because it will
continue until blue balls appear five time, this imply last sample must
be a blue ball, let p1 , p2 , p3 are the probabilities of a blue ball, a red
ball and white ball appears at a sampling, respectively. Then p1 =
1/5, p2 = 1/2, p3 = 3/10 and the probability which we want to know is:
P = P (X1 = 4, X2 = 8, X3 = 6)p1
18!
=
p1 4 p2 8 p3 6 p1
4!8!6!
= 0.008.
Q4. In a drawer are 4 black socks, 6 gray socks, and 10 white socks. One
16
= (p3 + q 3 )
1 (p3 + q 3 )n1
1 (p3 + q 3 )
= 1 (p3 + q 3 )n1 .
= (3pq 2 + 3qp2 )
17
)] [P (
<
] )
= C20
[P (
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.05
5
= C20
[P (Z 0.098)]5 [P (Z < 0.098)]15
5
= C20
0.465 0.5415
= 0.03.
Q8: According to electrical circuit theory, the voltage drop across a resistor
is related to the current flowing through the resistor by the equation
V=IR, where R is the resistance level measured in ohms, I is the current in amperes, and V is the voltage in volts. Suppose that the measured voltage in a certain electrical circuit has a normal distribution
18
with mean 120 and standard deviation 2 and five measurements of the
voltage are taken. Determine the probability that exactly two of the
measurements lie outside the range 118-122.
Solution: Let Z is the standard normal random variable, then
=
=
=
=
=
Q9. Suppose that of all the clouds that are seeded with silver iodide, 58%
show splendid growth. If 60 clouds are seeded with silver iodide,
(a). What is the probability that exactly 35 show splendid growth?
(b). What is the probability that at least 35 show splendid growth?
(c). What is the probability that the number of splendid growth in
[35,40]? (make the continuity correction of 0.5)
Solution: p = P (splendid growth) = 0.58, hence,
(a).
=
=
=
(b).
P (X 35)
60
X
k k
=
C60
p (1 p)60k
k=35
35 0.5 nq
P (Z p
)
np(1 p)
35 0.5 60 0.58
= P (Z
)
60 0.58 0.42
= 0.5313.
19
(c).
P (35 X 40)
40
X
k k
=
C60
p (1 p)60k
k=35
40 + 0.5 60 0.58
35 0.5 60 0.58
Z
)
P(
60 0.58 0.42
60 0.58 0.42
= 0.4633.
20
= 0.5642.
59 0.5 50
)
P (Z p
100 (1/2)2
= P (Z 1.7)
= 0.0445655.
Q3. A professor takes early retirement on July 1, exactly 3 months after his
60th birthday, and purchases a term life insurance policy for $25000.
The maturity date of the policy coincides with his 65th birthday. According to a mortality table for similarly situated men, the probability that a male of exact age 60 dies before reaching his 61th birthday
21
22
Z +
1
=
1(x2 + y 2 1)dy
1 1
=
1( 1 x2 y 1 x2 )dy
1
Z 1x2
1
=
dy
1x2
2 1 x2
=
,
2 1y 2
Similarly, the density function of Y is g(y) =
. So,
Z yZ x
f (t, u)dtdu
P (X x, Y y) =
1 1
Z Z
1 y x
=
1( 1 u2 t 1 u2 )dtdu
1 1
Z Z 2
1 y x 1u
dtdu
=
1 1u2
=
/ P (X x)P (Y y).
This show that X and Y are not independent. And because
Cov(X, Y ) = E[XY ] E[X]E[Y ]
Z Z
p
p
1 1 1
=
xy1( 1 y 2 x + 1 y 2 )dxdy E[X]E[Y ]
1 1
Z Z 1y2
1 1
=
xydxdy E[X]E[Y ]
1 1y2
23
1 2 1y2
y( x | 2 )dy E[X]E[Y ]
2 1y
1
Z 1
2
x 1 x2 dx]2
= 0[
1
= 0.
1
=
if 2 < x < 4;
f (x) =
elsewhere.
Then, E[Y ] = E[ 81 X 2 ]
Z 4
x
=
81 x2 dx
6
2
= 8.42.
Q3. An urn consists of 40 red balls and 60 green balls. What is the probability of getting exactly k red balls in a sample size of 10 if the sampling
is done (a) with replacement. (b) without replacement.
Solution: Let X is the exactly numbers of red calls in a sample size
of 10.
(a). Because sampling is done with replacement, So
4
6
k
P (X = k) = C10
( )k ( )10k .
10 10
(b). If the sampling is done without replacement, then
P (X = k) =
10k
k
C40
C60
.
10
C100
25
(D).
C4x C66x
,
6
C10
x=
(E).81/25
f (x, y) = 1,
= 0,
(D). 11/18
= 1 x, 1 < x < 1.
So,
EX =
xf (x)dx
1
Z 0
x(1 x)dx
x(1 + x)dx +
0
1
1
1
1 2 0
x |1 + x3 |01 + x2 |10 + x3 |10
2
3
2
3
= 0,
=
26
(E). 2/3
EX
x (1 + x)dx +
=
1
x2 (1 x)dx
(B). 3/4
(C). 49/64
(D). 6/7
(E).7/8
3
3
3
( y 2 y + )dy
2
2
0 8
= 7/8.
So:
P (Y < 1) =
P (X < 1, Y < 1) =
0
3
(2 x y)1(x + y < 2)dxdy
4
= 6/8,
Hence,
P (X < 1, Y < 1)
P (Y < 1)
= 6/7.
P (X < 1 | Y < 1) =
27
Q5. Let X and Y be independent random variables with binomial distributions Bin(k; n, a) and Bin(k; n, b) respectively. Let Z = X + 2Y .
Then for all > 0, Tchebycheffs inequality guarantees that P (|Z
na 2nb| ) is always less than or equal to what?
(A). (na(1 a) + nb(1 b))/2 .
(B). (na(1 a) + 2nb(1 b))/2 .
(C). (na(1-a)+4nb(1-b))/2 .
(D). (na(1 a) + 2nb(1 b))/3 .
(E). (na(1 a) + 4nb(1 b))/3 .
Solution: Recalled that the Tchebycheffs inequality is:
P (|X EX| )
V ar(X)
.
2
PN
k=n
Ckn .
Solution: Because:
k!
n!(k n)!
k!(k + 1 k + n)
=
(n + 1)!(k n)!
(k + 1)!
k!
=
Ckn =
So,
N
X
Ckn
k=n
n
= Cnn + Cn+1
+ + CNn
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
= 1 + Cn+1+1
Cn+1
+ Cn+2+1
Cn+2
+ + CNn+1
1+1 CN 1 + CN +1 CN
= CNn+1
+1 .
Q7. A man invites his fiancee to a fine hotel for a Sunday brunch. They
decide to meet in the lobby of the hotel between 11 : 30 am. and 12 : 00
moon. If they arrive at random times during this period, what is the
probability that they will meet within 10 minutes?
28
Solution: Let X and Y is the time of the man and his fiancee arrive
at the hotel, start from 11 : 30, then X and Y are independent and
have identical density function:
1
,
30
= 0,
f (x) =
Then,
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
P (|X Y | 10)
P (10 X Y 10)
Z +
P (10 X Y 10 | Y = y)f (y)dy
Z 30
P (10 X Y 10 | Y = y)f (y)dy
0
Z 30
1
P (y 10 X 10 + y | Y = y)dy
30 0
Z 30 Z 30(y+10)
1
1
dy
30 0
30
0(y10)
Z 30 Z 30
Z 20 Z y+10
Z 10 Z y+10
1
dy]
dy +
dy +
[
900 0
20
y10
10
y10
0
Z 30
Z 20
Z 10
1
(40 y)dy]
20dy +
(y + 10)dy +
[
900 0
20
10
1
[100 + 50 + 600 250]
900
5
.
9
Q8. Two subcontractors have been hired to build different parts of an experimental aircraft. The expected completion times for the two subcontractors are 10 months and 12 months, respectively. Both parts are
necessary before final assembly of the aircraft can take place. How long
should the primary contractor expect to wait to complete final assembly if at least one of the subcontractors is expected to be finished in 6
months?
Solution: Because E[Min(X,Y)]=6, so E[Max(X,Y)]=E[X]+E[Y]-E[Min(X,Y)]=16.
Q9. Calculate the expected number of aces in a randomly selected five cards
from a pool of 52 card that is found to have exactly twol jacks.
29
Solution: Let X is the number of aces in five cards and the set A =
{It have exactly two jacks in these 5 cards}. Then
E[X | A]
= 0 P (X = 0 | A) + 1 P (X = 1 | A) + 2 P (X = 2 | A) + 3 P (X = 3 | A)
P (A, X = 1) 2P (A, X = 2) 3P (A, X = 3)
=
+
+
,
P (A)
P (A)
P (A)
We calculate the needed probability as following:
3
C42
C48
P (A) =
,
5
C52
2
C44
C42 C41
,
5
C52
C 1 C 2C 2
P (A, X = 2) = 44 54 4 ,
C52
3 2
C C
P (A, X = 3) = 4 5 4 ,
C52
P (A, X = 1) =
Therefore,
E[X | A]
1
1
=
[C 2 C 2 C 1 + 2C44
C42 C42 + 3C43 C42 ]
3
C48 C42 44 4 4
1
=
.
4
Q10. (a.) Given X is a normal variable with mean equals 2 and variance
equals 4, compute P (X 2 X < 6).
N (0, 1). Now we can compute
Solution: X N (2, 4) implies X2
2
2
the probability: P (X X < 6)
= P ((X + 2)(X 3) < 0)
= P (2 < X < 3)
2 2
X 2
32
= P(
<
<
)
2
2
2
= 0.6687.
(b.) Given X is a normal random variable with mean equals 1 and
variance equals 2; Y is a normal random variable with mean equals 3
and variance equals 4. Both X and Y are independent of each other.
Compute P (2X + 3Y > 9).
30
31
>
)
= P(
1600 + 0.09n
1600 + 0.09n
400 30n
),
= P (Z >
1600 + 0.09n
1 0.889
1.108 0.889
2 1.86
]
2.306 1.86
= 0.957848.
(c).
=
=
=
=
P (1 < T < 1)
P (T < 1) P (T < 1)
1 P (T 1) P (T 1)
1 2 0.174658
0.650684.
Q3. (a). Find a 95% confident interval for the mean of a normal distribution with unknown variance based fon the 20 samples data: (7, 9, 3, 2,
3, 8, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 3, 8, 3, 2, 7, 9, 5, 8, 8).
(b). Find the confidence coefficient (1-) of the tinterval (3.738,
6.962) about population mean ().
Solution: (a). Because the variance is unknown, we should use the
testimation:
q P
P20
1
1
2
I. Two tails: x = 20 i=1 xi = 5.35, s =
x2 ) =
( 20
i=1 xi 20
19
2.5188. So, in this case, the confident interval of mean() with confident coefficient 0.95 is [5.35 t0.05/2,19 s20 , 5.35 + t0.05/2,19 s20 ] = [5.35
2.9032.5188
, 5.35 + 2.9032.5188
] = [3.71497, 6.98503].
20
20
II. One tail: the upper one-sided bound is:
1.729 2.5188
s
x + t0.05,19 = 5.35 +
= 6.32381,
20
20
and the lower one-sided bound is:
s
1.729 2.5188
x t0.05,19 = 5.35
= 4.37619.
20
20
(b). 5.35 + t/2,19 s20 = 6.962 = t/2,19 = 2.86211 = = 0.01.
Q4. Find a 95% confident interval for 1 2 with x1 = 10, x2 = 9, s21 =
9, s22 = 4, and n1 = n2 = 100 when sampling from two independent
normal distribution.
33
Solution: Caseq
I: Suppose that two normal distributions have same
(n1 1)s21 +(n2 1)s22
variances, sp =
= 2.55, then the 95% confident inn1 +n2 2
terval for 1 2 is:
r
r
1
1
1
1
[
x1 x2 t/2,n1 +n2 sp
+ , x1 x2 + t/2,n1 +n2 sp
+ ]
n1 n2
n1 n2
= [0.293178, 1.70682].
Case II. When two normal distributions have different variances, v =
s2
s2
( n1 + n2 )2
1
2
s2
s2
( n1 )2
( n2 )2
1
2
+
n1 1
n2 1
1 2 is:
[
x1 x2 t/2,v
s11
n1
= [0.293312, 1.70669].
s22
n2
s
, x1 x2 + t/2,v
s2
s11
+ 2]
n1 n2
34
1
n
Pn
i=1
2 , so
Xi2 X
1X 2
2]
E(S ) = E[
X ] E[X
n i=1 i
02
1X
1X
=
E[Xi2 ] E(
Xi )2
n i=1
n i=1
n
n
1 X
2 X
1X
2
E[Xi ] 2
E[Xi2 ] 2
E[Xi Xj ]
=
n i=1
n i=1
n i<j
n1
n1
E[X 2 ]
[EX]2
n
n
n1
(E[X 2 ] [EX]2 )
=
n
n1 2
=
.
n
n/2
np+ n/2
np + n/2
(c).
limn
n+ n
p
1
+ limn
= limn
n
2(1 + n)
1+ n
= p.
35
[
x z0.02 ( ), x + z0.02 ( )] = [765.029, 794.971].
30
30
(b). We can be 96% confident that this error will less than t/2 ( sn ),
i.e,
z0.02 40 2
n=(
) = 67.24
e
Therefore, a sample with size 68 is needed if we wish be 96% confident
that our sample mean will be within 10 hours of the true mean.
Q4. Many cardiac patients wear implanted pacemakers to control their hearbeat. A plastic connector module mounts on the top of the pacemaker.
Assuming a standard deviation of 0.0015 and an approximate normal
distribution,
(a). Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean of all connector modules made by a certain manufacturing company. A random sample of
75 modules has an average of 0.310 inch.
(b). How large a sample is needed if we wish to be 95% confident that
our sample mean will be within 0.0005 inch of true mean?
Solution: (a).From the problem, we know:
n = 75, x = 0.310, = 0.0015,
hence the 95% confidence interval for the mean of all modules is:
0.0015
0.0015
), 0.310 + z0.025 (
)] = [0.309661, 0.310339].
[0.310 z0.025 (
75
75
(b).
n=(
z0.025 0.0015 2
) = 35.8225.
0.0005
36
37
Q7. An efficiency expert wishes to determine the average time that it takes
to drill three holes in a certain metal clamp. How large a sample will
he need to be 95% confident that his sample mean will be within 15
seconds of the true mean? Assume that it is known from previous
studies that = 40 seconds.
Solution: The population standard deviation is = 40, Then by
Theorem 9.2 of textbook,
n=(
(1.96)(40) 2
) = 27.318,
15
38
n
1 X
S =
(xi
x)2 =
n 1 i=1
2
Pn
i=1
(n1)S 2
)
21/2
= 1, n = 5, = 0.05,
P
x2i ( ni=1 xi )2
(5)(48026) 225
=
= 0.815,
n(n 1)
20
v = 4, 20.025 = 11.143, 210.025 = 0.484, then the 95% confidence interval for 2 is:
[
(n 1)S 2 (n 1)S 2
,
] = [0.29256, 6.73554],
2/2
21/2
5.235.5
0.24/ 64
= 9.
33.135
4.3/ 20
= 1.97606.
40