PanTheism

Un antiteist este defnit de ctre Oxford English Dictionary ca individ ce se opune credinei
n existena unui zeu. Cea mai veche referire la acest neles dateaz din 1833. Un antiteist
se poate opune credinei n existena unuia sau mai multor zei, nu neaprat unuia n
particular.
In Grecia antic atheos era folosit ca termen peiorativ la adresa celor care respingeau
divinitile venerate.

Antiteismul a fost adoptat ca denumire pentru aceia care

sunt de prere c teismul este periculos i distructiv. Un
exemplu al acestei opinii este demonstrat n Letters to a
Young Contrarian (2001), n care Christopher Hitchens
scrie: Nu sunt nici mcar ateu pe ct sunt antiteist. Nu susin
doar c religiile sunt variante ale aceluiai neadevr, ci i c
influena bisericilor, precum i efectele credinei religioase, sunt
fr ndoial nocive.

Problema rului e probabil cel mai vechi i mai puternic

argument al ateismului i a fost formulat prima dat de filosoful grec antic Epicur,
cunoscut sub numele de Paradoxul lui Epicur:
Vrea Dumnezeu s opreasc rul,
dar nu poate? Atunci nu este
atotputernic. Poate Dumnezeu s
opreasc rul, dar nu vrea? Atunci el
nsui este ru. Poate i vrea
Dumnezeu s opreasc rul? Atunci
de ce mai exist ru n lume? Nu
poate i nu vrea Dumnezeu s
opreasc rul? Atunci de ce l numim
Dumnezeu?
Procentajul ateilor i agnosticilor n lume.

Argumentatie:
Istoria evreilor, aa cum ne este ea prezentat de istoriografia i arheologia modern, nu
corespunde acelei versiuni mitice redate de Biblie.
Istoria documentelor, anume a textului sacru nsui, ofer multiple motive de scepticism:
-

istoria micrii cretine de la nceputuri,

istoria canonului biblic, a sinoadelor i a scrierilor apocrife,
dovezile istorice care sprijin poziia hermeneuticii moderne asupra anumitor pasaje biblice
introduse sau modificate de-a lungul timpului.

In 2006 cele mai sczute rate ale ateismului au fost gsite n Statele Unite (4%), n timp ce
numrul ateilor n rile europene studiate a fost considerabil mai mare: Italia (7%), Spania
(11%), Marea Britanie (17%), Germania (20%) i Frana (32%). Aceste rezultate sunt
similare cu cele ale unui sondaj oficial al Uniunii Europene, care a raportat c 18% din
populaia UE nu cred ntr-o divinitate.
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PanTheism

Alte studii au plasat procentul estimat de atei, agnostici i necredincioi ntr-un Dumnezeu
personal la valori mici n Polonia, Romnia, Cipru i pn la 85% n Suedia, 80% n
Danemarca, 72% n Norvegia i 60% n Finlanda.
Potrivit Biroului Australian de Statistic, 22% dintre australieni nu au "nicio religie", o
categorie care include i ateii. 65% de japonezi i pn la 81% din vietnamezi sunt atei,
agnostici sau nu cred ntr-un
Dumnezeu.

Antitheism is the belief that theism

and religion are harmful to society
and people, and that if theistic
beliefs were true, they would be
undesirable. Antitheism, which is
often characterized as outspoken
opposition to theism and religion,
asserts that religious and theistic
beliefs are harmful and should be
discarded in favor of humanism,
rationalism, and other alternatives.
Antitheism (sometimes anti-theism)
is active opposition to theism. The
term has had a range of applications; in secular contexts, it typically refers to direct
opposition to organized religion or to the belief in any deity, while in a theistic context, it
sometimes refers to opposition to a specific god or gods.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines antitheist as "One opposed to belief in the existence
of a god". The earliest citation given for this meaning dates from 1833. An antitheist may
oppose belief in the existence of any god or gods, and not merely one in particular.
Antitheism has been adopted as a label by those who regard theism as dangerous or
destructive. Christopher Hitchens offers an example of this approach in Letters to a Young
Contrarian (2001), in which he writes: "I'm not even an atheist so much as I am an
antitheist; I not only maintain that all religions are versions of the same untruth, but I hold
that the influence of churches, and the effect of religious belief, is positively harmful."
The Chambers Dictionary defines antitheism in three different ways:
doctrine antagonistic to theism;
denial of the existence of a God;
opposition to God."

To be clear, "opposition to God" is not in most meanings a statement that an anti-theist

believes in a deity but opposes the being in the manner of maltheism, but for various
reasons the position that it would be bad/immoral for such a being to exist. All three match
Hitchens' usage, not only a generally anti-religious belief and disbelief in a deity, but also
opposition to a god's existence. The second is synonymous with strong atheism. The third
and first, on the other hand, need not be atheistic at all.
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PanTheism

In dealing with theories which have nothing in common except that they are antagonistic to
theism, it is necessary to have a general term to designate them. Anti-theism appears to be
the appropriate word. It is, of course, much more comprehensive in meaning than the term
atheism. It applies to all systems which are opposed to theism. It includes, therefore,
atheism... But short of atheism there are anti-theistic theories. Polytheism is not atheism, for
it does not deny that there is a Deity; but it is anti-theistic, since it denies that there is only
one. Pantheism is not atheism, for it admits that there is a God; but it is anti-theism, for it
denies that God is a being distinct from creation and possessed of such attributes as wisdom,
and holiness, and love. Every theory which refuses to ascribe to God an attribute which is
essential to a worthy conception of His character is anti-theistic. Only those theories which
refuse to acknowledge that there is evidence even for the existence of a God are atheistic.
However, Flint also acknowledges that antitheism is typically understood differently from
how he defines it. In particular, he notes that it has been used as a subdivision of atheism,
descriptive of the view that theism has been disproven, rather than as the more general term
that Flint prefers. He rejects non-theistic as an alternative, "not merely because of its hybrid
origin and character, but also because it is far too comprehensive. Theories of physical and
mental science are non-theistic, even when in no degree, directly or indirectly, antagonistic
to theism."
Opposition to God is frequently referred to as dystheism (which means "belief in a deity that
is not benevolent") or misotheism (strictly speaking, this means "hatred of God"). Examples
of belief systems founded on the principle of opposition to God include some forms
of Atheistic or Theistic Satanism, and maltheism.
Another use of the term antitheism was coined by Christopher New in a thought experiment
published in 1993. In his article, he imagines what arguments for the existence of an evil
God would look like: "Antitheists, like theists, would have believed in an omnipotent,
omniscient, eternal creator; but whereas theists in fact believe that the supreme being is also
perfectly good, antitheists would have believed that he was perfectly evil." New's usage has
reappeared in the work of Wallace A. Murphree.
Wikipedia: Etymology[edit]

The word "antitheism" (or the hyphenated "anti-theism") has been recorded in English since 1788.
The etymological roots of the word are the Greek anti and theos.
See also[edit]

Anti-clericalism
Antireligion
Atheism
Criticism of atheism
Criticism of religion
Evangelical atheism
Evil God Challenge
Humanism
Misotheism
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