Torsional moment:Torsion, also known as torque, describes a moment that is acting

upon an object around the same axis in which the object lies. A moment is a
measurement of the propensity of a force to create motion around either a point or an
axis, and is calculated as the force upon the object multiplied by the distance of the
force from the chosen origin (
). There are two types of moment:
bending moment, expressed as M, which acts perpendicular to the axis in which the
object lies; and torsion or torque, expressed as T. Torsion testing is one application
engineers use to determine the strength of a material

.
Shear force:Shearing forces push in one direction at the top, and the opposite
direction at the bottom, causing shearing deformation. A crack or tear may develop in
a body from parallel shearing forces pushing in opposite directions at different points
of the body.

Creep in concrete: Concrete creep is defined as: deformation of structure under

sustained load. Basically, long term pressure or stress on concrete can make it change
shape. This deformation usually occurs in the direction the force is being applied. Like a
concrete column getting more compressed, or a beam bending. Creep does not
necessarily cause concrete to fail or break apart. Creep is factored in when concrete
structures are designed
eccentric load:A load or force upon a portion of a column or pile not symmetric with its
central axis, thus producing bending.

The modulus of elasticity: of concrete is a function of the modulus of elasticity of the

aggregates and the cement matrix and their relative proportions. The modulus of
elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at
higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops.
From the Hook's law the modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of the stress to
the strain

Modulus of Rupture, frequently abbreviated as MOR, (sometimes referred to as bending

strength), is a measure of a specimen's strength before rupture. It can be used to
determine a wood species' overall strength; unlike the modulus of elasticity, which
measures the wood's deflection, but not its ultimate strength.

design strength: The assumed value for the strength of concrete and yield stress of
steel, used to develop the ultimate strength of a section. 2. The load-bearing capacity
of a structural member, determined by the allowable stresses assumed in the design.

bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. The
bearing capacity of soil is the maximum average contact pressure between the
foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil. Ultimate
bearing capacity is the theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without
failure; allowable bearing capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor
of safety. Sometimes, on soft soil sites, large settlements may occur under loaded
foundations without actual shear failure occurring; in such cases, the allowable bearing
capacity is based on the maximum allowable settlement.

gross section Definition The total area of the cross section of a structural member as
calculated without subtracting for any voids in that cross section.
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object the extent to which it resists deformation in
response to an applied force. The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the
more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.

Lateral restraint

Standard deviation of concrete is the root mean square deviation of all

results. Standard deviation is generally denoted by s OR .
Mathematical formula to calculate standard deviation is as per
following

Modular Ratio is defined as the Ratio between Modulus of Elasticity of Steel and
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete. This is because, a Reinforced Concrete is made up of
Both Steel and Concrete. In this case, Steel is a Tension member and Concrete is a
Compression Member. When Load is applied, a Rcc member seem to carry same load
but strain produced in it is different. As per IS456:200

The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a beam (a member resisting bending) or shaft
along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains.

bond stress
Definitions
1. The force of adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces.
2. Shear stress at the surface of a reinforcing bar, preventing relative movement between
the bar and the surrounding concrete.