1.

MODUL IMPERATIV (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD)

Exprim un sfat, un ndemn, un ordin, o sugestie, o recomandare, o rugminte, o dorin, o urare etc.
Come here ! = Vino/Venii aici !
Wait a moment ! = Ateapt/Ateptai o clip !
Speak louder ! = Vorbete/Vorbii mai tare !
Rugmini, ordine, recomandri, urri sau comenzi pot fi adresate i persoanelor I i III. n acest caz se apeleaz la
auxiliarul let care este urmat de un pronume sau substantiv n acuzativ i apoi de un verb la infinitiv scurt prezent.
A ||
let me go! = s merg/plec eu! = s m duc eu!
go! = mergi/pleac! = du-te!
let him go! = s mearg/plece el! = s se duc el!
let her go! = s mearg/plece ea! = s se duc ea!
let it go! = s mearg/plece el/ea! = s se duc el/ea!
let us go! = let's go! = s mergem/plecm noi! = s ne ducem noi!
go! = mergei/plecai! = ducei-v!
let them go! = s mearg/plece ei/ele! = s se duc ei/ele!
N ||
do not (don't) let me go! = let me not go! = s nu merg/plec eu!
do not (don't) go! = nu te duce! = nu pleca!
do not (don't) let him go! = let him not go! = s nu mearg/plece el! = el s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let her go! = let her not go! = s nu mearg/plece ea!= ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let it go! = let it not go! = s nu mearg/plece el/ea! = el/ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let us go! = s nu plecm/mergem! = s nu ne ducem!
do not (don't) go! = nu plecai/mergei! = (s) nu v ducei!
do not (don't) let them go! = let them not go! = s nu plece/mearg ei/ele! = s nu se duc!
Modul imperativ are doar timpul prezent.
Do come to see us! = Insist s vii pe la noi! este o form accentuat de imperativ.
Do be careful what you are doing! = Fii foarte atent ce faci!
Trust in God and He will watch over you! = Crede n Dumnezeu, iar El va veghea asupra ta!
1.6.3. MODURILE IMPERSONALE ALE VERBULUI (THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB = THE VERBALS)
Modurile impersonale ale verbului sunt: infinitiv, gerund i participiu.
1.6.3.1. MODUL INFINITIV (THE INFINITIVE MOOD)
Se traduce prin infinitiv, conjunctiv, gerunziu, supin, iar n limba englez substituie subjonctivul.
They asked me to do it (Mi-au cerut s-o fac), n loc de They asked me that I (should) do it.
Infinitivul exprim scopul i se traduce prin conjunctivul romnesc.
He has come to give me a book. = El a venit s-mi dea mie o carte.
We have come to school to learn. = Am venit la coal s nvm.
We go to church to pray. = Mergem la biseric s ne rugm.
They have a lot of books to read.= Ei/Ele au o mulime de cri de citit (n acest exemplu se traduce prin supin).
To be or not to be, this is the question (Shakespeare : Hamlet). = A fi sau a nu fi, aceasta-i ntrebarea.
n aceste ultime dou exemple infinitivul din limba englez s-a tradus n limba romn tot prin infinitiv.
Exist posibilitatea de a intercala ntre particula infinitival to i verb un adverb.
to greatly influence = a influena mult
to humbly thank = a mulumi umil
to again express = a exprima din nou
to rightly intervene = a interveni corect.
Aceast form se numete n limba englez The Split Infinitive.
Unele verbe la infinitiv pot fi ntlnite, ca i n limba romn, la nceputul unor proverbe.
To go through fire and water. = A trece prin foc i ap.
To be in the ninth heaven. = A fi n al noulea cer.
To kill two birds with one stone. = A nimeri doi iepuri dintr-o lovitur.
To go to the dogs. = A se duce de rp, a se ruina.
To hang by a hair. = A atrna de un fir de pr.

A. CONSTRUCIA/STRUCTURA "FOR" + PRONUME / SUBSTANTIV N ACUZATIV + INFINITIV

It is easy for him to understand. = Pentru el este uor de neles. = Lui i este uor s neleag.
Este de fapt tot acuzativ cu infinitiv, dar este precedat de prepoziia for.

Se folosete dup structurile impersonale there is (este, se afl/gsete), there are (sunt, se afl/gsesc), here is (iat),
here are (iat), it is early (este devreme), it is easy (este uor), it is difficult (este greu), it is important (este important), it is
late (este trziu), it is necessary (este necesar), it is right (este drept/just), it is wrong (este nedrept/nejust/greit) etc.
Here are some books for me to read. = Iat nite cri pentru mine s citesc.
It is too early for us to go to the station. = Este prea devreme pentru noi s mergem la gar.
Was it too late for you to learn that language ? = Era prea trziu ca tu s nvei limba aceea ?
There was nothing for me to do there. = Nu era nimic pentru mine de fcut acolo.
It is better for you to leave now. = Este mai bine ca tu s pleci acum. = Este mai bine pentru tine s pleci acum.
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII IT IS EASY FOR ME TO LEARN
A ||
It is easy for me to learn. = Mie mi este uor s nv.
It is easy for you to learn. = ie i este uor s nvei.
It is easy for him to learn. = Lui i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for her to learn. = Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for it to learn. = Lui/Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for us to learn. = Nou ne este uor s nvm.
It is easy for you to learn. = Vou v este uor s nvai.
It is easy for them to learn. = Lor le este uor s nvee.
N ||
It is not (isn't) easy for me to learn. = Mie nu-mi este uor s nv. etc.
I ||
Is it easy for me to learn ? = mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
I - N ||
Is it not (isn't it) easy for me to learn ? = Nu-mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
It was easy for me to learn. = Mie mi-a fost uor s nv.. It had been easy for me to learn. = Mie mi fusese uor s nv.
It would be easy for me to learn. = Mie mi-ar fi uor s nv.

B. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano. = Vreau ca el s cnte la pian. - este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n
nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me. = Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ i devine subiectul
propoziiei.
by me = de (ctre) mine
by us = de (ctre) noi
by you = de (ctre) tine
by you = de (ctre) voi/dv.
by him/her/it = de (ctre) el/ea
by them = de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? = de (ctre) cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano ? = Who(m) was he wanted to play the piano by ? = De (ctre) cine s-a dorit s
cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier. = Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi), to turn out (a se dovedi), to happen (a se ntmpla) i to seem (a se
prea) nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
She proves to be a good tennis player. = Ea se dovedete a fi o bun juctoare de tenis.
They do not seem to be too friendly. = Ei nu par a fi prea prietenoi.
We happened to be watching the match when he came. = S-a ntmplat ca noi s privim meciul cnd a venit el.
He turned out to be a reliable man. = El s-a dovedit un om de ndejde.
If she were considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she can be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea poate fi considerat a fi bun juctoare de tenis...
If she could be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar putea fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she should be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar trebui s fie considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...

1.6.3.2. MODUL PARTICIPIU (THE PARTICIPLE MOOD)

diateza activ
diateza pasiv
prezent seeing = vznd
beeing seen = fiind vzut
speaking = vorbind
Participiu
trecut seen = vzut
seen = vzut
spoken = vorbit
perfect having seen = vznd
having been seen = fiind vzut
having spoken = vorbind
Din schema i exemplificarea de mai sus se vede c participiul are trei timpuri, iar pentru unele verbe are forme pentru
diatezele activ i pasiv.
1. PARTICIPIUL PREZENT mpreun cu verbul to be, care se conjug, formeaz, aa cum s-a artat, aspectul continuu
al verbelor.
I am speaking. = Eu vorbesc (acum).
Participiul prezent se mai traduce n limba romn i prin modul gerunziu.
We watched them playing football. = I-am privit jucnd fotbal.
The boy running is John = The boy, who is running, is John. = Biatul, care alearg, este John.
We came to know each other playing tennis. = Am ajuns s ne cunoatem jucnd tenis.
Participiul prezent este un adjectiv verbal.
a singing bird = o pasre cnttoare
in the coming years = n anii care vin
the coming days = zilele care vin
running water = ap curgtoare
the rising generation = generaia care se ridic
the winning horse = calul ctigtor
the rising/setting sun = soarele care rsare/apune
to keep somebody waiting = a face pe cineva s atepte
I did not keep him waiting. = Nu l-am fcut s atepte.
to find somebody doing something = a gsi pe cineva fcnd ceva
I found her writing a letter. = Am gsit-o scriind o scrisoare.
to leave somebody doing something = a lsa pe cineva fcnd ceva
I left them playing in the garden. = I-am lsat jucndu-se n grdin.
I felt the earth shaking. = Am simit pmntul cltinndu-se.
to see somebody doing something = a vedea pe cineva fcnd ceva
She is watching her baby sleeping. = Ea i supravegheaz copilul care doarme.
Did you catch him stealing anything ? = L-ai prins furnd ceva ?
Keep on singing! = Cntai mai departe!
I can feel the wind blowing. = Pot simi vntul suflnd.

I like to listen to the birds singing. = mi place s ascult la psri cntnd.

We left her learning her lessons. = Am lsat-o nvndu-i leciile.
He wrote the exercise while singing a song. = A scris exerciiul cntnd un cntec.
I noticed him smiling happily at them. = L-am zrit/observat zmbind fericit ctre ei.
Did you see us swimming in the lake ? = Ne-ai/ne-ai vzut (pe noi) notnd n lac ?
Searching in the library I came across an interesting book. = Cutnd prin bibliotec, am dat peste o
carte interesant.
We were watching the setting sun and the waves receding from the shore. = Priveam soarele care
apunea i valurile ce se retrgeau de la rm.
A man learning to swim should be very cautious. = Un om care nva s noate ar trebui s fie foarte
precaut.
2. PARTICIPIUL TRECUT (The Past Participle) este a III-a form de baz a verbelor, form care
intr n alctuirea timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect.
3. PARTICIPIUL PERFECT (The Perfect Participle)
Having given him the book, I went home. = Dup ce i-am dat (lui) cartea, (eu) am plecat acas.
Structura aceasta const din participiul prezent al verbului to have urmat de un verb la participiul
trecut.
Having been read the book was returned to the library. = After the book had been read it was
returned to the library. = Dup ce a fost citit cartea a fost napoiat la bibliotec.

1.6.3.1.

MODUL GERUNZIU (THE GERUND MOOD)

Este un substantiv verbal, i seamn ca form cu participiul.

His coming was expected. = Venirea lui era ateptat.
Seeing is believing. = Faptul de a vedea (vzutul) nseamn a crede.
Gerund

prezent
perfect

diateza activ
seeing = vznd
having seen = dup ce a vzut

diateza pasiv
being seen = fiind vzut
having been seen = dup ce a fost vzut

Acest substantiv verbal apare de obicei dup verbe cu prepoziii ca :

to accuse of = a acuza de
He was accused of being late. = A fost acuzat de ntrziere.
We accuse him of having committed a crime. = l acuzm pentru comiterea unei crime.
to be afraid of = a se teme de
They were afraid of coming across a tiger. = Se temeau s nu dea peste un tigru.
to be astonished at = a fi uimit/uluit de
Were you astonished at seeing the shark ? = Erai uimii la vederea rechinului ?
to be aware of = a-i da seama de, a fi contient de
We were aware of John's being cleverer than Nick. = Eram contieni de faptul c John era mai detept
dect Nick.
to be fond of = a fi amator de
He is fond of swimming and fishing. = Este amator de not i pescuit.
to be good at = a fi bun/priceput la
Tom is good at driving cars. = Tom este bun/priceput la conducerea mainilor.
to be impressed by = a fi impresionat de
Everybody was impressed by his scoring the goal. = Toi erau impresionai de nscrierea golului de
ctre el.

to be interested in = a-l interesa

He is interested in learning English. = l intereseaz nvarea limbii engleze.
to be proud of = a fi mndru de
Are you proud of your son's winning the prize ? = Eti mndru de ctigarea premiului de ctre fiul tu ?
to be satisfied with = a fi mulumit de
We are satisfied with winning the prize. = Suntem mulumii de ctigarea premiului.
to appologize for = a-i cere iertarea pentru
You must appologize to him for not replying to his letter. = Trebuie s-i ceri iertarea de la el pentru a
nu-i fi rspuns la scrisoare.
to begin by = a ncepe prin a
I ought to begin by thanking you for... = Se cuvine s ncep prin a-i mulumi pentru...
to complain of = a se plnge de
We are complaining of having such bad weather. = Ne plngem (de faptul) c avem o vreme aa de
proast.
to contribute to = a contribui la
He contributed to our winning the prize. = El a contribuit la ctigarea premiului de ctre noi.
to be crazy about = a fi nebun/mort/topit dup
John is crazy about fishing. = John este nebun dup pescuit.
to count (up) on = to rely on = a se baza / bizui pe = a conta pe
You can count/rely on our helping you. = Poi s te bazezi/bizuieti pe faptul c noi te ajutm.
to depend on/upon = a depinde de
Does everything depend on his winning a scholarship ? = Depinde totul de ctigarea unei burse de ctre
el ?
to forgive for = a ierta pentru
We forgive you for your being late. =Te iertm pentru ntrzierea ta.
to insist on = a insista asupra
Need you insist on her writing her homework ? = Este nevoie s insiti asupra scrierii temei sale de ctre
ea ?
to long for = a tnji dup
We are longing for a short holiday. = Tnjim dup o scurt vacan.
to prevent from = a mpiedica / preveni s
You must prevent your son from making mistakes. = Trebuie s-l previi pe fiul tu s nu fac greeli.
to refer to = a se referi la
Did he refer to his coming to see us ? = S-a referit el la venirea lui pe la noi ?
to resort to = a recurge la
He mustn't resort to stealing however poor he were. = El nu trebuie s recurg la furat orict de srac ar
fi.
to be sated with = a fi stul / dezgustat de
We aren't sated with fishing and swimming, are we ? = Noi nu suntem plictisii / stui de pescuit i not,
nu-i aa ?
to see to = a avea grij de, a se ocupa de
See to making some tea, will you ? = Vezi / ocup-te s faci nite ceai, te rog.
to succeed in = a reui s
He succeeded in learning the poem by heart. = El a reuit s nvee poezia pe de rost.
to thank for = a mulumi pentru
Thank you for comming. = Mulumesc c ai venit.
to think of = a se gndi la
We are thinking of going on a trip. = Ne gndim s mergem ntr-o excursie.
1.6.3.3.1. GERUND PREZENT (THE PRESENT GERUND)
Gerund prezent (sau indefinit) este, cum s-a putut observa i n exemplele de mai sus, precedat :
a) fie de adjective posesive, ca n structurile :
my coming = venirea mea
my being late = ntrzierea mea etc.

b) fie de unele substantive cu prepoziii :

He is known for his art of writing. = El este cunoscut pentru arta lui de a scrie.
Let me tell you about their surprise at seeing us! = S-i povestesc despre surpriza lor la vederea
noastr.
I know his interest in learning. = i cunosc interesul pentru nvtur.
I like the idea of building a house here. = mi place ideea de a construi o cas aici.
Alte astfel de substantive cu prepoziii dup care se poate folosi gerund-ul sunt:
the art of (living) = arta de a (tri) astonishment at = uimire fa de
confidence in = ncredere n
dependence on = dependen fa de
disappointment at = dezamgire la
experience in = experien n
fear of = team de
idea of = idee de a
interest in = interes fa de
risk of = riscul de a
mode of (living) = modul de a (tri)
surprise at = surpriz la
Gerund-ul prezent se traduce fie prin gerunziu, fie printr-un substantiv, fie prin infinitiv sau
conjunctiv.
I prefer watching football matches. = Eu prefer vizionarea meciurilor de fotbal.
He went on smoking and drinking coffee. = El a continuat s fumeze i s bea cafea.
Please excuse my saying so. = Te rog s m scuzi c zic/spun aa.
Do you mind opening the window ? = Te/V deranjeaz dac deschid fereastra ?
Did you mind my opening the window ? = Te-a/V-a deranjat c am deschis fereastra ?
Do you enjoy dancing ? = i place mult s dansezi ?
Willing and wishing are two different things, aren't they ? = A vrea/voi i a dori sunt dou lucruri
diferite, nu-i aa ?
Any work needs correcting. = Oricare lucrare are nevoie s fie corectat.
I like swimming not mountain climbing. = mi place notul nu alpinismul.
Some women hate fishing. = Unele femei detest pescuitul.
1.6.3.3.2. GERUND PERFECT (THE PERFECT GERUND)
He does not remember having said such a thing. = El nu-i amintete s fi spus/zis aa ceva.
Do you remember having invited them there ? = i aminteti s-i fi invitat pe ei acolo ?
Iat n continuare o list de verbe dup care se folosete gerund-ul :
to admit = a admite, to allow/permit = a ngdui/permite, to anticipate = a anticipa, to attempt = a
ncerca, to advice = a sftui, to avoid = a evita, can't bear = a nu putea suferi, to consider = a considera,
to continue = a continua, to deny = a nega, to enjoy = a savura, to excuse = a scuza, to finish = a termina,
to forgive = a ierta, to hate = a ur, to imagine = a imagina, to intend = a inteniona, to like = a-i plcea,
to love = a iubi, a-i fi drag, to mean = a nsemna; a vrea s spun, to mind = a supra, to miss = a pierde;
a-i fi dor de, to postpone = a amna, to prefer = a prefera, to propose = a propune, to regret = a regreta,
to remember = a-i aminti, to risk =a risca, to start = a porni, to stop = a opri, to suggest = a sugera, to
try = a ncerca, used to = obinuia s.
Tot gerund se mai folosete dup expresii ca :
it's no use = it's no good = n-are rost/sens s
It's no use going now. = N-are rost s mergem acum.
can't stand = a nu suferi/nghii/suporta
I can't stand wasting time. = Nu pot suferi irosirea timpului.
can't help = a nu putea s nu, a nu avea ncotro
I can't help laughing when I see you making faces. = Nu pot s nu rd cnd te vd strmbndu-te.
1.6.3. CONJUGAREA EXPRESIILOR THERE IS, THERE ARE
there is = este, se afl, exist, se gsete.
there are = sunt, se afl, exist, se gsesc.
Timpul prezent (The Present Tense)
A || There is a book on the table. = Este (Se afl/gsete) o carte pe mas.

There are two books on the table. = Sunt (Se afl/gsesc) dou cri pe mas.
There is not (there isn't) a book on the table. = Nu este (Nu se afl) o carte pe mas.
There are not (there aren't) two books on the table. = Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Is there a book on the table ? = Este (se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Are there two books on the table ? = Sunt (se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Is there not (isn't there) a book on the table ? = Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Are there not (aren't there) two books on the table ? =Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus (The Present Perfect)
A || There has been a book on the table. = Este o carte pe mas.
There have been two books on the table. = Sunt dou cri pe mas.
N || There has not (hasn't) been a book on the table. = Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas.
There have not (haven't) been two books on the table. = Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Has there been a book on the table ? = Este (se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Have there been two books on the table ? = Sunt (se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Has there not (hasn't there) been a book on the table ? = Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Have there not (haven't there) been two books on the table ? = Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe
mas ?
Timpul imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus (The Past Tense)
A || There was a book on the table. = A fost (s-a aflat) o carte pe mas.
There were two books on the table. = Au fost (s-au aflat) dou cri pe mas. Erau dou cri pe
mas.
N || There was not (there wasn't) a book on the table. = Nu a fost (nu s-a aflat) o carte pe mas.
There were not (there weren't) two books on the table. = Nu au fost (nu s-au aflat) dou cri pe
mas.
I ||
Was there a book on the table ? = A fost (s-a aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Were there two books on the table ? = Au fost (s-au aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Was there not (wasn't there) a book on the table ? = Nu a (n-a) fost (nu s-a aflat) o carte pe
mas ?
Were there not (weren't there) two books on the table ? = Nu au (n-au) fost (nu s-au aflat) dou
cri pe mas ?
Timpul mai mult ca perfect (The Past Perfect)
A || There had been a book on the table. = Fusese (se aflase) o carte pe mas.
There had been two books on the table. = Fuseser (se aflaser) dou cri pe mas.
N || There had not (there hadn't) been a book on the table. = Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe mas.
There had not (there hadn't) been two books on the table. = Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou
cri pe mas.
I ||
Had there been a book on the table ? = Fusese (se aflase) o carte pe mas ?
Had there been two books on the table ? = Fuseser (se aflaser) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Had there not (hadn't there) been a book on the table ? = Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe
mas ?
Had there not (hadn't there) been two books on the table ? = Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou
cri pe mas ?
Timpul viitor simplu (The Simple Future)
A || There will (there'll) be a book on the table. = Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas = Se va afla o carte pe
mas.
There will (there'll) be two books on the table. = Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas = Se vor afla
dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not be (there won't be) a book on the table. = Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas. =
Nu se va afla (n-o s se
afle) o carte pe mas.
There will not be (there won't be) two books on the table. = Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe
mas. = Nu se vor afla
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Will there be a book on the table ? = Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas ? = Se va afla (o s se afle) o
carte pe mas ?
Will there be two books on the table ? = Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? = Se vor afla dou
cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu va fi o carte pe mas ? = Nu se va afla
N ||

o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe
mas ? = Nu se vor afla
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul viitor anterior (The Future Perfect)
A || There will (there'll) have been a book on the table. = Va fi fost o carte pe mas. = Se va fi aflat o
carte pe mas.
There will (there'll) have been two books on the table. = Vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not (there won't) have been a book on the table. = Nu va fi fost o carte pe mas. = Nu
se va fi aflat o carte
pe mas.
There will not (there won't) have been two books on the table. = Nu vor fi fost dou cri pe
mas.
I ||
Will there have been a book on the table ? = Va fi fost (se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there have been two books on the table ? =Vor fi fost (se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) have been a book on the table ? = Nu va fi fost (nu se va fi aflat) o
carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) have been two books on the table ? = Nu vor fi fost (nu se vor fi aflat)
dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul viitor n trecut (The Future in the Past)
A || There would be a book on the table. = Va fi (se va afla) o carte pe mas.
There would not (wouldn't) be a book on the table. = Nu va fi (nu se va afla) o carte pe mas.
There would not (wouldn't) be two books on the table. = Nu vor fi (nu se vor afla) dou cri pe
mas.
Timpul viitor apropiat/inteniei (The Near Future)
A || There is going to be a book on the table. = Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas.
There are going to be two books on the table. = Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There is not going to be a book on the table. = Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas.
There are not going to be two books on the table. = Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Is there going to be a book on the table ? = Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas ?
Are there going to be two books on the table ? = Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Is there not (isn't there) going to be a book on the table? = Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas?
Are there not (aren't there) going to be two books on the table ? = Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou
cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Present Tense
- cu verbul can-could = a putea/ti, a fi posibil
A || There can be a book on the table. = Poate fi (se poate afla) o carte pe mas.
There can be two books on the table. = Pot fi (se pot afla) dou cri pe mas.
N || There cannot (there can't) be a book on the table. = Nu poate fi (nu se poate afla) o carte pe mas.
There cannot (there can't) be two books on the table. = Nu pot fi (nu se pot afla) dou cri pe
mas.
I ||
Can there be a book on the table ? = Poate fi (se poate afla) o carte pe mas ?
Can there be two books on the table ? = Pot fi (se pot afla) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Can there not (can't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu poate fi (nu se poate afla) o carte pe
mas ?
Can there not (can't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu pot fi (nu se pot afla) dou cri pe
mas ?
- cu verbul may - might = a putea, a fi voie/permis
A || There may be a book on the table. = Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may be two books on the table. = Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There may not (there mayn't) be a book on the table. = Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe
mas.
There may not be two books on the table. = Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
May there be a book on the table ? = Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there be two books on the table ? = Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || May there not be a book on the table ? = Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?

May there not be two books on the table ? = Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul must = to have to = trebuie s = a trebui s
A || There must be a book on the table. = Trebuie s fie o carte pe mas.
There must be two books on the table. = Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There must not (there mustn't) be a book on the table. = Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o
carte pe mas.
There must not (there mustn't) be two books on the table. = Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Must there be a book on the table ? = Trebuie s fie (trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there be two books on the table ? = Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Must there not (musn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o
carte pe mas ?
Must there not (musn't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe
mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Past Tense
A || There could be a book on the table. = Putea fi o carte pe mas. = Putea s se gseasc o carte pe
mas.
There could be two books on the table. = Puteau fi dou cri pe mas. = Puteau s se afle dou
cri pe mas.
N || There could not (there couldn't) be a book on the table. = Nu putea fi o carte pe mas. = Nu putea
s se gseasc o
carte pe mas.
There could not (there couldn't) be two books on the table. = Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas. =
Nu puteau s se afle
dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Could there be a book on the table ? = Putea fi o carte pe mas ?= Putea s se gseasc o carte pe
mas ?
Could there be two books on the table ? = Puteau fi dou cri pe mas? = Puteau s se afle dou
cri pe mas ?
I - N || Could there not (couldn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu putea fi o carte pe mas? = Nu
putea s se gseasc o
carte pe mas ?
Could there not (couldn't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas ?
= Nu puteau s se
afle dou cri pe mas ?
A || There might be a book on the table. = Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table. = Puteau fi (era voie/permis s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mighn't) be a book on the table. = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte
pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table. = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie)
dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Might there be a book on the table ? = Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas?
Might there be two books on the table ? = Puteau fi (era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Might there not (mighn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte
pe mas ?
Might there not be two books on the table ? = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas
?
A || There had to be a book on the table. = Trebuia s fie (trebuia s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There had to be two books on the table. = Trebuia s fie dou cri pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future Tense
A || There will possibly be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will possibly be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not (there won't) possibly be a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will not (there won't) possibly be two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe
mas.
I ||
Will there possibly be a book on the table ? = Va putea fi o carte pe mas ?
Will there possibly be two books on the table ? = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) possibly be a book on the table ? = Nu va putea fi (s se afle) o carte
pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) possibly be two books on the table ? = Nu vor putea fi (s se afle)

dou cri pe mas ?

Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future in the Past
A || There could be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe
mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table. = El mi-a spus c va putea fi o
carte pe mas.
A || There might be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mightn't) be a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas. = Nu
va fi permis s fie o
carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe
mas. = Nu va fi permis s
fie dou cri pe mas.
A || There had to be a book on the table. = Va trebui s fie o carte pe mas.
There had to be two books on the table. = Va trebui s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There had not (there hadn't) to be a book on the table. = Nu va trebui s fie o carte pe mas.
There had not (there hadn't) to be two books on the table. = Nu va trebui s fie dou cri pe
mas.
I-N || I didn't find out whether there might be a book on the table. = N-am aflat dac va putea fi o carte
pe mas.
I didn't find out whether there would be a book on the table. = Nu am aflat dac va fi o carte pe
mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Condiionalul prezent
A || There would be a book on the table. = Ar fi (s-ar afla) o carte pe mas.
There would be two books on the table. = Ar fi (s-ar afla) dou cri pe mas.
N || There would not be a book on the table. = Nu ar fi o carte pe mas. = Nu s-ar afla o carte pe mas.
There would not be two books on the table. = Nu ar fi dou cri pe mas. = Nu s-ar afla dou
cri pe mas.
I ||
Would there be a book on the table ? = Ar fi o carte pe mas ?
Would there be two books on the table ? = Ar fi dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Would there not be a book on the table ? = Nu ar fi o carte pe mas ? = Nu s-ar afla o carte pe
mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Condiionalul perfect
A || There would have been a book on the table. = Ar fi fost o carte pe mas.
There would have been two books on the table. = Ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
N || There would not have been a book on the table. = Nu ar fi fost o carte pe mas. = Nu s-ar fi aflat o
carte pe mas.
There would not have been two books on the table. = Nu ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Would there have been a book on the table ? = Ar fi fost o carte pe mas ? = S-ar fi aflat o carte
pe mas ?
Would there have been two books on the table ? = Ar fi fost dou cri pe mas? = S-ar fi aflat
dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Would there not have been a book on the table ? = Nu ar fi fost o carte pe mas? = Nu s-ar fi aflat
o carte pe mas ?
Would there not have been two books on the table ? = Nu ar fi fost dou cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Subjunctive II
A || If there were a book on the table. = Dac ar fi o carte pe mas. = Dac s-ar afla o carte pe mas
If there were two books on the table. = Dac ar fi dou cri pe mas. = Dac s-ar afla dou cri
pe mas.
N || If there were not a book on the table. = Dac nu ar fi o carte pe mas. = Dac nu s-ar afla o carte
pe mas.
If there were not two books on the table. = Dac nu ar fi dou cri pe mas. = Dac nu s-ar afla
dou cri pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Subjunctive III

10

A || If there had been a book on the table. = Dac ar fi fost o carte pe mas. = Dac s-ar fi aflat o carte
pe mas.
If there had been two books on the table. = Dac ar fi fost dou cri pe mas = Dac s-ar fi aflat
dou cri pe mas.
N || If there had not been a book on the table. = Dac n-ar fi fost o carte pe mas. = Dac nu s-ar fi
aflat o carte pe mas.
If there had not been two books on the table. = Dac n-ar fi fost dou cri pe mas. = Dac nu sar fi aflat dou cri pe mas.
Alte exemple cu there is i there are:
We should not want there to be new wars. = Nu am vrea s fie noi rzboaie.
Do you want there to be another festival ? = Vrei s fie un alt festival ?
There can be no doubt about it. = Nu poate fi nici o ndoial n aceast privin.
He doesn't want there to be any misunderstanding. = El nu vrea s fie nici o nenelegere.

1.8.2. VERBE CU PREPOZIII OBLIGATORII

to accuse smb. of smth. = a acuza pe cineva de ceva
to agree on = a fi de acord asupra
to approve of smth. = a aproba ceva
to ask smb. for smth. = a cere cuiva ceva
to be acquainted with smth.=a fi obinuit cu ceva
to be angry with smb. = a fi suprat pe cineva
to be astonished at = a fi uimit/uluit de
to be characteristic of = a fi caracteristic pentru
to be concerned with = a fi preocupat de
to be crazy about = a fi nebun dup
to be dependent on/upon = a fi dependent de
to be different from = a fi diferit de
to be good at = a fi bun la, a se pricepe la
to be grateful to = a fi recunosctor fa de
to be of opinion that = a fi de prere c
to be on the move = a fi n micare
to be independent of = a fi independent de
to be intent on = a fi absorbit de
to be jealous of = a fi gelos pe
to be polite to = a fi politicos/civilizat cu
to be proud of = a fi mndru de
to be seized with = a fi prins de
to be sorry for = a-i prea ru pentru; a-i cere scuze
to be surprised at = a fi surprins de
to beg for = a ceri/implora
to belong to = a aparine
to boast of = a se luda/fli cu
to call for = a cere, a necesita
to call at a place = a trece printr-un loc
to compare to/with = a compara cu
to conceal from = a se ascunde de
to contribute to = a contribui la
to cure of = a vindeca de

to agree with smb./smth. = a fi de acord cu cineva/ceva

to apologize for = a-i cere iertare pentru
to arrive at/in = a ajunge la/n
to be accustomed to smth. = a fi obinuit/ familiar cu ceva
to be afraid of smb./smth. = a se teme de cineva/ ceva
to be anxious about smth. = a fi ngrijorat de ceva
to be aware of = a fi contient de, a-i da seama de
to be close to = a fi aproape/ alturi de
to be confident of = a fi ncreztor n
to be cruel to = a fi crud cu, a fi crud/ru fa de
to be deprived of = a fi lipsit/deposedat de
to be fond of = a fi amator de
to be good/kind to = a fi amabil cu
to be indignant at = a fi indignat de
to be bent on/upon = a fi hotrt s
to be impressed by = a fi impresionat de
to be indifferent to = a fi indiferent fa de
to be interested in = a fi interesat de
to be patient with = a fi rbdtor cu
to be preoccupied by = a fi preocupat de
to be satisfied with = a fi mulumit cu/de
to be similar to = a fi asemntor cu
to be superior to = a fi superior
to be typical of = a fi caracteristic pentru
to begin by = a ncepe prin
to beware of = a se feri/pzi de
to borrow from = a mprumuta de la
to call on smb. = a vizita pe cineva
to care for = a ine la, a-i plcea
to complain of = a se plnge/vita de
to congratulate on = a felicita pentru
to count/rely on/upon = a se bizui / baza pe/ conta pe
to deal with = a se ocupa cu/de

11

to defend from = a apra de

to die of = a muri de
to do without = a se lipsi de, a face fr
to embark on = a o porni ntr-o direcie;
to feed on = a hrni cu
to forgive for = a ierta pentru
to go to = a merge la, a se duce la
to hope for = a spera la
to insist on = a insista asupra
to introduce to = a prezenta (cuiva)
to knock at = a bate la
to laugh at = a rde de
to lend to smb. = a da mprumut cuiva
to long for = a tnji dup
to look after = a ngriji de, a avea grij de
to look into = a examina
to look on/upon = a considera
to meet with = a ntmpina
to move from ... to ... = a se muta din ... la/n ...
to part with = a se despri de
to pass for = a trece drept
to pine for = a tnji dup
to prevent from = a mpiedica/opri s
to protect from = a proteja/apra de
to pull at = a trage la
to recover from = a-i reveni dup, a se face bine dup
to refrain from = a se abine de la
to resort to smb. = a se adresa cuiva, a apela la cineva
to reproach smb. with smth. = a reproa cuiva ceva
to be sated with = a fi stul/dezgustat de
to send for = a trimite dup
to smell of = a mirosi a
to stare at = a privi fix/intens la
to subtract from = a scdea din
to supply with = a aproviziona cu
to think about/of = a se gndi la
to transform/change into = a transforma/schimba in
to wait for smb. = a atepta pe cineva

to depend on/upon = a depinde de

to differ from = a diferi de
to doubt of = a se ndoi de
to escape from = a scpa de
to fill with = a umple cu
to glance at = a arunca o privire la
to go in for = a se prezenta la
to indulge in = a se deda la, a se complace n; a ndemna s
to interfere in = a interveni n, a se amesteca n
to intrude on = a deranja, a tulbura
to leave for = a pleca la
to laugh with joy = a rde de bucurie
to live on = a tri din/cu
to look at = a privi la
to look for = a cuta
to look like = a semna cu
to look to = a se ngriji de
to mistake for = a confunda cu, a lua drept
to object to = a obiecta asupra/ mpotriva
to participate in = a participa la
to peep at = a privi pe furi la
to play at = a se juca de-a
to profit by smth. = a profita de ceva
to provide with = a nzestra cu
to put in(to) practice = a pune n practic
to refer to = a se referi la
to remind smb. of smth. = a aminti cuiva de ceva
to retire from = a se retrage din
to rush at smth. = a se repezi la ceva
to see to = a se ngriji/ocupa de
to separate from = a separa de
to stand for = a reprezenta
to start for = a porni ctre/spre
to succeed in = a reui s
to take into account/consideration = a lua n seam/consideraie
to threaten with = a amenina cu
to translate from ... into ... = a traduce din ... n ...
to worry about = a-i face griji n privina

12

2.3. CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)

Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonat cu timpul verbului din
regenta sa. n limba englez timpul verbului din subordonat trebuie s se subordoneze timpului
verbului din regent. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaz folosirea anumitor
timpuri n subordonatele lor.
Exist n acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut i aplicat.
Regula I: Dac n regent verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense n subordonat se
poate folosi orice timp.
Regula II: Dac n regent verbul este la trecut n subordonat el trebuie s fie la unul din cele trei
timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past.
Regula III: Dac verbul din regent este la viitor n subordonatele condiionale i temporale, el
trebuie s fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar dac subordonata este completiv direct
verbul va fi la viitor.

REGENT
I. Verbul este la prezent

SUBORDONAT
verbul poate fi la orice timp

he had come = venise

he came = a venit
We all know that = Noi toi tim c
he will come = el va veni
he would come = el ar veni
he would have come = el ar fi venit
II. Verbul este la trecut
verbul trebuie s fie la trecut
she had come = ea venise - anterioritate
He did not know that = El nu a tiut she came = ea a venit - simultaneitate
c
she would come = va veni - posterioritate
III. Verbul este la viitor
A. verbul s fie la Present sau Present Perfect n subordonatele condiionale i
temporale
I shall tell you the truth if/when = i voi spune adevrul dac /cnd
you give (have given) me the book. = mi vei da cartea.
B. verbul va fi la orice timp n subordonata completiv direct.
I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce
I shall do. = voi face.
EXCEPII (deci cazuri cnd nu se aplic regulile de concordan a timpurilor)
1. Cnd n subordonat se exprim un adevr tiinific /general.
Everybody knew that gold is a metal. = Toat lumea tia c aurul este metal.
I told you that silver is gray. = i-am spus c argintul este gri.
2. Cnd subordonata este:
a) cauzal
He will not go to school because he didn't learn his lessons. = El nu va merge la coal pentru c nu i-a
nvat leciile.
We shall go on the trip because they gave us the money. = Vom merge n excursie pentru c ei ne-au dat
banii.
b) atributiv
You will see the man who wrote that book. = l vei vedea pe omul care a scris cartea aceea.
I saw the girl who will play the piano. = Am vzut fata care va cnta la pian.
c) comparativ modal
Tomorrow I shall work more than I worked yesterday. = Mine voi munci mai mult dect am muncit

13

ieri.
Alte exemple:
If you didn't give him the money he won't buy any books. = Dac nu i-ai dat banii el nu va cumpra
nici o carte.
If I had bought that house I would be a rich man now. = Dac a fi cumprat casa aceea a fi un om
bogat acum.
If you came in time you wouldn't have missed the train. = Dac veneai la timp n-ai fi pierdut trenul.
If you were with us you would have admired the scenery. = Dac erai cu noi ai fi admirat peisajul.

2.4.3. ntrebrile disjunctive (The Tag/Tail Questions)

Se traduc n limba romn prin ntrebrile: aa-i, nu-i aa sau nu?
Ele se formeaz cu ajutorul unuia dintre urmtoarele verbe: be, do, have, shall, will, can, may,
must, need, ought to, dare
You are at home, aren't you? = Eti acas, nu-i aa?
You are not at home, are you? = Nu eti acas, nu-i aa?
He was at home, wasn't he? = Era acas, nu-i aa?
He was not at home, was he? = El nu era acas, nu-i aa?
He will not be at home, will he? = El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
He will be at home, won't he? = El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
Ele pot avea fie intonaie cobortoare i n acest caz nu se ateapt o confirmare sau o infimare din
partea interlocutorului fie o intonaie urctoare i n cazul acesta ntrebarea trebuie s primeasc rspuns
(afirmativ sau negativ).
De fapt ele sunt nite comunicri formate din dou pri. Dac prima parte este afirmativ, a doua
parte este obligatoriu negativ i invers. La formarea lor se mai ine seam, dup cum s-a vzut n
exemplele prezentate, de timpul i aspectul verbului primei pri a comunicrii.
They saw us in the street, didn't they ? = Ei ne-au vzut (pe noi) pe strad, nu-i aa ?
They did not come by bus, did they ? = Ei nu au venit cu autobuzul, nu-i aa ?
We have lived here for ten years, haven't we ? = Locuim aici de zece ani, nu-i aa ?
You ought to learn, oughtn't you ? = Se cuvine s nvei, nu-i aa ?
He can't answer the question, can he ? = Nu poate s rspund la ntrebare, nu-i aa ?
I could come earlier, couldn't I ? = Eu puteam (a putea) veni mai devreme, nu-i aa ?
She daren't go there alone, dare she ? = Ea nu are curaj s mearg acolo singur, nu-i aa ?
You said they could come, didn't you ? = Ai/Ai spus c pot veni, nu
2.4.4. Cteva reguli de ortografie i punctuaie n limba englez
Punctul (The Full Stop)
Punctul se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor afirmative.
We like tennis very much. = Ne place tenisul foarte mult.
Semnul ntrebrii (The Question Mark)
Semnul ntrebrii se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor/frazelor interogative.
What is your name ? = Cum te cheam ?
Who is the boy who brought this book ? = Cine este biatul care a adus cartea aceasta ?
Semnul exclamrii (The Exclamation Mark)
Semnul exclamrii se folosete dup:
a) propoziiile imperative:

14

Go and fetch a doctor! = Du-te i adu un doctor!

b) propoziiile care conin o mirare n care se exprim admiraia fa de ceva/ cineva:
How beautiful she is! = Ce frumoas este ea !
How beautiful she is singing! = Ce frumos cnt ea!
c) dup interjecii:
"Hush! Hush!" said the Rabbit.
Dou puncte (The Collon)
Dou puncte se aeaz cnd urmeaz o enumerare, se introduce un citat sau urmeaz cuvintele cuiva
(vorbire direct).
He said that he saw things like: books, pencils and pens. = El a zis c a vzut lucruri cum ar fi: cri,
creioane i stilouri.
That's what he said: "Read these books and you will find out interesting things"! = Iat ce a zis el:
Citete aceste cri i vei afla lucruri interesante!
One can visit the following cities: Cluj, Rome and London. = Se pot vizita urmtoarele orae: Cluj,
Roma i Londra.
Punctul i virgula (The Semicolon)
Punctul i virgula are semnificaia unei pauze mai mari dect cea realizat cu ajutorul punctului. Se
folosete mai rar.
"I've told you once -I tell you again; We're not at home" = -i-am spus o dat -i spun din nou; nu
suntem acas.
Virgula (The Comma)
Virgula desparte cuvinte sau propoziii cu aceeai valoare sintactic
John, Bill and Nick are good friends. = John, Bill i Nick sunt prieteni buni.
Ea se folosete:
a) dup adverbe de afirmaie sau negaie:
No, he said. = Nu, a zis el.
Yes, they answered. = Da, au rspuns ei.
b) Dup adverbe ca: indeed (ntr-adevr), however (totui), too (de asemenea), of course (desigur):
Of course, he is right. = Desigur, el are dreptate.
c) n frazele alctuite prin coordonare:
They went home, ate a little, took the ball and began to play football. = Au mers acas, au mncat
puin, au luat mingea i au nceput s joace fotbal.
d) ntre subordonatele de acelai fel:
He talked to me about the books that he read, that he had to read and that he liked to read. = Mi-a
vorbit despre crile pe care le-a citit, pe care trebuie s le citeasc i pe care i plcea s le citeasc.
n numerele lungi, virgula are n limba englez rolul punctului n limba romn.
1, 000, 000 = 1. 000. 000
Linia de desprire (The Dash)
Linia de desprire marcheaz o idee nedeterminat sau o pauz lung, asemntoare cu aceea redat
prin punct, iar uneori preia locul virgulei:
"This will bring them here -when"? = -Asta i va aduce aici -cnd?
"It's -it's a very fine day!" said a timid voice at her side. = -Este -este o zi foarte frumoas! zise o voce
timid (de) lng ea.
Liniua de unire i de desprire (The Hyphen)
Se mai numete cratim. Apare n cuvintele compuse:
up -to -date = modern
kind - hearted = bun la suflet
a sewing - machine = o main de cusut
Ghilimelele (The Inverted Commas)
Ghilimelele n limba englez marcheaz vorbirea direct:
"I've not made up my mind", he said. = - Nu m-am hotrt, zise el.

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