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TITLE:
Flat Plate Boundary Layer
OBJECTIVE:
There are 3 main objectives from this experiment:
1. To measured the boundary layer velocity layer and observed the growth of the boundary
layer for the flat plate with smooth and rough surface.
2. To measured the boundary layer properties for the measured velocity profile.
3. To studied the effect of surface roughness on the development of the boundary layer.
APPARATUS:
1. Airflow bench
The bench provides adjustable air stream enables a series of experiments to conduct when
used with matching experimental equipment. The airflow is controlled by a damper
linked to a control rod, which can be pulled in and out from the front panel of the bench.
2. Test apparatus
It consists of rectangular duct with a flat plate in the middle of the duct. One side of the
plate is smooth and other rough.
3. Total and static tube pressure probes and multi-tube manometer.
The velocity is measured using total and static probes which are connected to multi-tube
manometer.
THEORY:
U
U
Turbulence
Laminar
Transition
5.0 x
1.72 x
Re x
Re x
0.664 x
Re x
Due to the complexity of the flow, there is no exact solution to the turbulent boundary layer. The
velocity profile within the boundary layer is commonly approximated using the 1/7 power law.
u
y
1
7
The properties of the boundary layer are approximated using the momentum integral equation
which results in the following expression.
0370 x
(Re x ) 5
0.0463 x
(Re x )
1
5
0.036 x
(Re x )
1
5
Another measured of the boundary layer is the shape factor, H, which is the ratio displacement
thickness to the momentum thickness, H=*/. For laminar flow, H increase from 2.6 to 3.5 at
separation. For turbulent boundary layer, H increase from 1.3 to approximately 2.5 at separation.
PROCEDURE:
1. The apparatus has been set up on the bench. Use the flat plat with the smooth surface for
the first of the experiment.
2. Set the pitot tube about 15mm away from the edge of the central plate.
3. Adjust the position of the central plate to set the measurement plane at the required
distance from the leading edge, say 40mm.
4. Switch on the fan and adjust the air speed to set the free stream air velocity at medium
speed.
5. Readings of the total pressure are measured using the pitot tube for arrange about 10
points as the tube is traversed towards the plate. Initially the readings should be almost
constant showing that the probe is in the freestream outside the boundary layer. Should it
not be so, go back and start further from the plate.
6. As the pressure begins to fall the increment of advance should be reduced so as to clearly
define the velocity profile. The pressure reading will not fall to zero as the pitot tube has
a finite thickness. A further indication that the wall has been reached is that the pressure
readings will be constant.
7. Repeat the experiment to set the measurement plane at 150mm.
8. Repeat the entire experiment for the rough surface.
Sample calculation:
since
Rex1/5 = 0.370x
* = 0.0463
0.370
Therefore;
= 0.036x
Rex1/5
since
Therefore;
= 0.036
0.370
= 0.036 (2.36 x 10-3)
0.370
= 2.30 x 10-4 m for test 1 smooth surface
= 4.24 x 10-4 m for test 2 rough surface
Us =
=
2g ( hn )
2 x 9.81 x (0.0022)
= 0.2078 m/s
u
Us
Example calculation for test 1, smooth surface for distance 40 mm when y = 2 mm and velocity is
26.58 x 10-2 m / s;
u = 0.2077
U
0.2078
= 0.9997
Then calculate
1 - u = 1 0.9997
Us
= 0.0003
Then calculate
u
Us
1- u
Us
= 0.9997 ( 0.0003)
= 0.0003
No.
Micrometer
reading, y (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Static pressure
manometer, h10
(mm)
0.0100
0.0102
0.0102
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
Total pressure
Manometer, h11
(mm)
0.0120
0.0124
0.0130
0.0136
0.0138
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0138
0.0138
0.0138
h11-h10
(mm)
Velocity, u(y)
(m/s)
u/U
(1-u/U)
(u/U)(1-u/U)
0.0022
0.0022
0.0028
0.0032
0.0034
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0034
0.0034
0.0034
0.058124
0.060961
0.068773
0.073522
0.075784
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.075784
0.075784
0.075784
0.119788
0.123592
0.136175
0.14233
0.145643
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.145643
0.145643
0.145643
0.880212
0.876408
0.863825
0.85767
0.854357
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.854357
0.854357
0.854357
0.105439
0.108317
0.117631
0.122072
0.124431
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
0.124431
0.124431
0.124431
No.
Micrometer
reading, y (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Static pressure
manometer, h10
(mm)
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
Total pressure
Manometer, h11
(mm)
0.0138
0.0138
0.0138
0.0138
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
h11-h10
(mm)
Velocity, u(y)
(m/s)
u/U
(1-u/U)
(u/U)(1-u/U)
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0034
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.075784
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.149866
0.149866
0.149866
0.145643
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.850134
0.850134
0.850134
0.854357
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.127406
0.127406
0.127406
0.124431
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
No.
Micrometer
reading, y (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Static pressure
manometer, h10
(mm)
0.0102
0.0102
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
Total pressure
Manometer, h11
(mm)
0.0132
0.0134
0.0134
0.0136
0.0138
0.0138
0.0138
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
h11-h10
(mm)
Velocity, u(y)
(m/s)
u/U
(1-u/U)
(u/U)(1-u/U)
0.003
0.0032
0.003
0.0032
0.0034
0.0034
0.0034
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.071187
0.073522
0.071187
0.073522
0.075784
0.075784
0.075784
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.077981
0.139883
0.143388
0.138835
0.14233
0.145643
0.145643
0.145643
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.148791
0.860117
0.856612
0.861165
0.85767
0.854357
0.854357
0.854357
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.851209
0.120316
0.122828
0.11956
0.122072
0.124431
0.124431
0.124431
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
0.126652
No.
Micrometer
reading, y (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Static pressure
manometer, h10
(mm)
0.0100
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
0.0102
Total pressure
Manometer, h11
(mm)
0.0138
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
0.0140
h11-h10
(mm)
Velocity, u(y)
(m/s)
u/U
(1-u/U)
(u/U)(1-u/U)
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.0038
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.080118
0.153972
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.152869
0.846028
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.847131
0.130265
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
10
1. Frank M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, New York, USA, 2003.
2. Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young, Theodore H. Okiishi, Fundementals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Asia,2006.
3. John F. Douglas, Janusz M. Gasiorek, John A. Swaffield, Fluid Mechanics, 4th Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, Scotland, 2001.
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