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BioMedical Admissions Test

4500/11

Wednesday 6th November 2013

One hour

   

SECTION 1

Aptitude and Skills

Instructions to Candidates
Please read this page carefully, but do not open the question paper until you are told
that you may do so.
A separate answer sheet is provided for this section. Please check you have one.
You also require a soft pencil and an eraser.
Please complete the answer sheet with your:
x
x
x
x

BMAT candidate number


centre number
date of birth
name

Speed as well as accuracy is important in this section. Work quickly, or you may not
finish the paper. There are no penalties for incorrect responses, only points for correct
answers, so you should attempt all 35 questions. All questions are worth one mark.
Answer on the sheet provided. Most questions ask you to show your choice between
options by shading a circle. If questions ask you to write in words or numbers, be sure to
write clearly in the spaces provided. If you make a mistake, erase thoroughly and try
again.
Any rough work should be done on this question paper.
Calculators are NOT permitted.
Please wait to be told you may begin before turning this page.
This paper consists of 23 printed pages and 1 blank page.

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