Conversion Factors

Mass
1 lb = 453.59237 g
1 lb = 16 oz
Length
1 km = 0.62137 miles
1 = 1010 m
1 in = 2.54 cm
Volume
1 L = 1.056710 qt
1 gallon = 4 quarts

Temperature
TC = 5/9(TF 32)
0C = 273.15 K
Energy
1 Joule = 1 kg m2 s2
= 0.2390 calorie
=1C1V
= 1 Pa m3
1 L atm = 101.325 J
1 Cal = 1000 cal

Pressure
1 Pa = 1 N m2
= 1 kg m1 s1
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
= 760 mm Hg
= 760 Torr
= 14.70 lb/in2
1 bar = 1 105 Pa

Physical and Chemical Constants

electron mass = 9.109 1031 kg
proton mass = 1.672621 1027 kg
neutron mass = 1.674927 1027 kg electron charge = 1.502 1019 C
NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol1
R = 0.08206 L atm mol1 K1 = 8.314 J mol1 K1
c = 2.998 108 m s1
h = 6.626 1034 J s
kB = 1.381 1023 J K1
RH = 2.178 1018 J
F = 96,485 C mol1
= 3.141592654
Properties of Water

J g1 K1
2.080
4.181
2.050

J mol1 K1
37.47
75.327
38.09

= 1.00 g/mL = 1.00 g/cm3

Water(steam)
Hfus = 6.020 kJ/mol
Water(liquid, 25C)
Hvap = 40.7 kJ/mol
Water(ice, 10C)
Kw = 1.00 1014 at 298 K
Standard Thermodynamic Conditions: 1 atm, 1M, 298 K STP: 1 bar, 0C
Heat Capacities

10

11

12

radium

88

Francium

87

25

manganese

26

iron

27

cobalt

28

nickel

29

copper

30

zinc

54.938

42

43

molybdenum technetium

51.996

44

ruthenium

55.845

45

rhodium

58.933

46

palladium

58.693

47

silver

63.546

48

cadmium

65.409

107

bohrium

186.21

108

hassium

190.23

79

gold

107.87

109

80

mercury

112.41

195.08

196.97

110

111

112

ununbium

200.59

Pt Au Hg

78

platinum

106.42

meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium

192.22

Ir

77

iridium

102.91

[262]

[266]

59

60

61

praseodymium neodymium promethium

[261]

32

germanium

33

arsenic

30.974

15

phosphorus

14.007

nitrogen

15

34

selenium

32.065

16

sulfur

15.999

oxygen

16

62

samarium

[264]

63

europium

[269]

64

gadolinium

[268]

65

terbium

[271]

66

dysprosium

[272]

67

holmium

[285]

68

erbium

204.38

Tl

81

thallium

114.82

In

49

indium

69.723

51

antimony

74.922

52

tellurium

78.96

69

thulium

[289]

Uuq

114

ununquadium

207.2

Pb

82

lead

118.71

70

ytterbium

208.98

Bi

83

bismuth

121.76

91

thorium

90

232.04

231.04

Th Pa

140.91

protactinium

140.12

238.03

92

uranium

144.24

35

bromine

35.453

Cl

17

chlorine

18.998

fluorine

17

[145]

150.36

94

plutonium

151.96

95

americium

96

curium

157.25

158.93

97

berkelium

162.50

[237]

[244]

[243]

[247]

[247]

164.93

98
[251]

100

fermium

167.26

168.93

101

mendelevium

71

lutetium

[209]

102
[252]

[257]

[258]

[259]

[262]

Lr

103

lawrencium

173.04 174.97
nobelium

Es Fm Md No

99

californium einsteinium

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

93

neptunium

85

astatine

126.90

53

iodine

79.904

86

radon

131.29

Xe

54

xenon

83.80

Kr

36

krypton

39.948

Ar

18

argon

20.180

Ne

10

neon

4.0026

He

[210]

[222]

Po At Rn

84

polonium

127.60

Sn Sb Te

50

tin

72.64

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

58

cerium

[227]

[226]

106

76

osmium

101.07

Re Os

75

rhenium

[98]

Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub

105

seaborgium

183.84

74

tungsten

95.94

Fr

104

dubnium

180.95

Ta

73

tantalum

92.906

31

gallium

28.086

Si

14

silicon

12.011

carbon

14

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br

24

chromium

[223]

89

actinium

rutherfordium

Hf

138.91

178.49

72

hafnium

137.33

57

lanthanum

41

niobium

50.942

23

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

91.224

Cs Ba La

56

55

88.906

40

zirconium

47.867

Ti

22

132.91

barium

Cesium

87.62

Rb Sr

85.468

39

38

37

yttrium

strontium

Rubidium

44.956

Ca Sc

40.078

39.098

21

vanadium

20

19

titanium

calcium

potassium

scandium

Al
26.982

24.305

13

Na Mg

12

11

aluminum

10.811

22.990

magnesium

sodium

Be

9.0122

Li

6.941

boron

beryllium

lithium

13

Periodic Table of the Elements

1.0079

18
helium

hydrogen