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CHEMISTRY MODULE
(FIRST TERM, 2012)
TOPIC 1 :
ATOMS, MOLECULES AND
STOICHIOMETRY
Sub-topics
1. describe the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons
in terms of their relative charges and relative masses
Tick
1.2
Relative
atomic,
isotopic,
molecular &
formula
masses
1.3
The mole and
the
Avogadro
constant
**SEKIRANYA
Element
Sym
bol
Number of
protons
Number of
nucleons
Number of
electrons
No. of
electrons
Aluminium
Aluminium
ion
Argon
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Carbon
Chlorine
Chloride
ion
Fluorine
Fluoride
ion
Helium
Hydrogen
Lithium
Lithium ion
Magnesiu
m
Neon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphoru
s
Potassium
6. The contribution of protons and neutrons to atomic nuclei in terms of proton number and
nucleon number
a) The ____________________is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Atoms
are neutral particles. Hence, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the
same as the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus.
b) The elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged in ascending order of proton
numbers
12
3. Relative isotopic mass = the ratio of the mass of an atom of the isotope to 1/12 the mass of
12
C
Formula:
4. Relative formula mass = the ratio of the average mass of 1 molecule of ionic compound to
1/12 the mass of 12C
5. Mass Spectrometry
a) Is used to determine the
i.
Relative isotopic mass
ii.
Relative abundance of an isotopes in a sample of the element
iii.
Relative atomic mass
iv.
Relative molecular mass
v.
Structure of organic compounds
b) Apparatus used : mass spectrometer
c) Ar = ah1 + bh2
h1+h2
Relative abundance
h1
h2
a
b
d) relative abundance/isotopic
abundance
=
the
abundance of each isotope in
m/e
the mixture. It can be express in terms of fractional abundance or percentage
abundance.
e) The mass spectrum of methane :
The CH4+ is called the molecular ion (M) or the parent ion and appear at the
m/e value of 16, corresponding to the Mr of methane. Naturally occurring
carbon is made up of 99% of 12C isotope and 1% 13C isotope (peak M+1). The
peak M+1 can be ignored in the determining of the M r of the compound.
f) The mass spectrum of ethanol :
Source :
1. ,Ace Ahead Chemistry Volume 1, Oxford Fajar
2. Chemistry for SPM, Cengage Learning
3. Pre-U Text STPM Physical Chemistry, Longman
4. Success Chemistry SPM, Oxford Fajar