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1, JANUARY 2013
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I. INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received April 12, 2011; revised January 07, 2012; accepted
March 10, 2012. Date of publication May 25, 2012; date of current version
December 12, 2012. This work was supported by NPRP Grant [09-233-2-096]
from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The
statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.
H. Abu-Rub and Sk. Moin Ahmed are with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, 23874, Qatar
(e-mail: haitham.abu-rub@qatar.tamu.edu; moin.sk@qatar.tamu.edu).
A. Iqbal is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University,
Doha, 2713, Qatar, and also with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India (e-mail: atif.iqbal@qu.edu.qa).
F. Z. Peng is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA (e-mail: fzpeng@egr.msu.edu).
Y. Li was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA. She is now with the Department of
Electrical and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064,
China (e-mail: yli@msu.edu).
G. Baoming is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China (e-mail: bm-ge@263.net).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSTE.2012.2196059
12
This topology of the inverter is identified as one of the most suitable power conditioning interface between the PV generation
system and the grid. This paper presents an improved power circuit topology of qZSI where one capacitor of the quasi-Z-source
network is replaced by storage batteries, as shown in Fig. 1, thus
flexible power conditioning functionalities can be achieved. In
the proposed structure, the load can be isolated or it can be a
micro grid or a full scale grid.
In order to capture the maximum solar energy, MPPT is necfrom the PV panels
essary to draw the maximum power
in PV applications, which is commonly implemented by regulating the PV voltage to follow a time-variant referencethe
. The value of
voltage of the maximum power point
is continuously tracked by certain MPPT algorithms, such as
the perturb and observe (P&O), incremental conductance (IncCond), or ANFIS presented in this paper. On the other hand, the
output power is another concern of the PV system. For an isolated load condition (standalone PV system), the output voltage
of the qZSI is regulated and the output power is determined by
corresponding load demands. While for a grid-interactive condition (grid-tied PV system), the output power of the qZSI can
be regulated by controlling the current injected to the grid accordingly. Notice that no matter the case, the input power from
PV panels, the output power to loads (isolated load or grid),
along with the power absorbed or released by energy storage
battery in the proposed topology, should be matched to maintain
a stable and sustainable operating approach, and it is the battery
that provides an energy buffer zone for both input and output
sides of the PV system. Given the condition that the battery is
within its valid charge or discharge status, MPPT can be accom
to
plished by sending the captured extra power
the battery, or the output power can be maintained for period of
ABU-RUB et al.: qZSI-BASED PV GENERATION SYSTEM WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING CONTROL USING ANFIS
13
(7a)
The power relationship in the system can be derived as
(7b)
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the qZSI with battery. (a) Nonshoot-through state.
(b) Shoot-through state.
(1)
(2)
The dc-link peak voltage
two capacitor voltages,
and the
(4)
There are three operating states of the battery. When the battery
,
,
, and
is charging, thus
; when the battery is discharging,
,
,
, and
; no charging and discharging,
,
,
, and
.
Hence, the qZSI can buck or boost input dc voltage, it can
handle wide variation of the input voltage, particularly for the
PV system, and produce a desired voltage for the isolated load or
for the grid in a single stage. This feature results in the reduced
number of switches involved in the power electronics of the PV
system and, therefore, the reduced cost and the improved system
efficiency and reliability. When the solar irradiance is low and
the PV panel produces low voltage, the qZSI boosts the voltage,
which helps to avoid redundant PV panels for higher dc voltage
or unessential inverter overrating. As mentioned previously, it
is able to handle the shoot-through state; therefore, it is more
reliable than the conventional VSI. Additionally, for the qZSI,
there is a common dc rail between the source and inverter, which
is easier to assemble and causes less EMI problems.
III. PROPOSED CONTROL STRUCTURE
It is assumed that the PV power generating system is feeding
an isolated load. The objectives to be achieved by the proposed
control system are
1) Maximum power point tracking.
2) Desired stable output power to the isolated ac load. The
output power of the inverter should be controllable and
adjustable on the basis of users demand in case of the
isolated load conditions.
The MPPT is achieved using ANFIS. It is known from literature that the PV system needs to be operated at a specified
voltage for extracting maximum available power [35], [36]. The
ANFIS is trained for giving voltage output crisp value
corresponding to the maximum power delivery from the PV
panels. The inputs to the ANFIS are given as environmental conditions, i.e., the solar irradiance and temperature.
There are two control variables for this qZSI control system,
i.e., the shoot-through duty
and modulation index
.
14
Fig. 3. (a) Proposed control scheme with ANFIS-based MPPT. (b) Schematic
outline for ANFIS controller.
ABU-RUB et al.: qZSI-BASED PV GENERATION SYSTEM WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING CONTROL USING ANFIS
15
There are nine rules that can follow, and more filled cells means
high values and the blank or less filled cells represents low
values; e.g., rule 8 can be read as if temperature input is low
(follow membership function low, Fig. 6) and the solar irradiance is medium (follow membership function medium, Fig. 7)
then the maximum power point voltage (output of ANFIS controller) is 15.5 V. The rulers (the vertical red line) shown in the
temperature and irradiance can be moved to check the rules for
other operating conditions.
The variation of the MPP voltage
with the changes
of the PV cell temperature and solar irradiance is shown in the
surface plot of Fig. 9. The surface depicts the typical behavior.
The proposed ANFIS-based MPPT is more stable and faster
than the traditional P&O-based MPPT method. This can be observed from Fig. 10. The simulation is done for an initial solar
radiation of 450 W/m . There is an irradiation step change at
0.4 s to 700 W/m and again at 0.7 s to 450 W/m . The temperature is randomly changed for a small amount for the whole
period.
V. SIMULATED RESULTS FOR ISOLATED LOAD CONDITION
Considering a real situation, the solar irradiance varies from
a certain minimum value to the maximum value and then goes
down to another minimum value. A similar pattern is also suitable for the PV cell temperature. To simulate a real time scenario, the solar irradiance and temperature is varied accordingly
as shown in Fig. 11. The solar irradiance is varied from nearly
300 to 400 W/m with a peak value of 1 kW/m and with a
10% ripple. The temperature is varied from 25 C to 40 C and
back to 25 C. The time scale is taken as 1.5 s due to the limited
memory of the digital computer.
Three different loads are connected at the output of the qZSI,
namely, the R-L load of 8 kW and 0.30 kVar applied from 0 to
0.4 s, followed by a resistive load of 13 kW from 0.4 to 1 s, and
finally another R-L load of 10.2 kW and 0.3 kVar from 1 to 1.5 s.
16
minimum level and then rises again. This shows the effect of
variation in solar irradiance and cell temperature. The output
power of the PV array exceeds the load requirement from
to
s, causing the battery charge to maintain the power
balance. The battery current is negative and the battery terminal
voltage is high in Fig. 13(c). After 0.4 s, the battery floats as the
load increases and the PV array directly feeds the load. The situation changes again at
s, when the load requirement is
higher than the power produced by the PV array, as a result that
the battery also contributes the power to the load and hence it
discharges in Fig. 13(c).
The input current
changes slightly compared to the current of inductor
which varies greatly, depending on the state
of battery working. When the battery is charging,
;
when the battery is discharging,
; when there is no
charging and discharging,
, as shown in Fig. 13(d).
The load current is also shown in the same figure to present its
change in the magnitude due to the change of load conditions.
The output voltage of the qZSI is shown in Fig. 13(e), which
is evident that the voltage magnitude and the frequency remain
constant regardless of the loading conditions. Fig. 13(e) shows
its transient change in the voltage magnitude due to load change,
but it is corrected quickly by the PI controller. This shows the
successful implementation of the control strategy.
For the qZSI with the battery shown in Fig. 1, the dc-link
voltage depends on the value of input voltage due to the almost
constant voltage of the battery-based energy storage. The average duty only depends on the input voltage, regardless of
input power and output power. The battery will be charged if
the input power is larger than the output power, and discharged
when the input power is less than the output power. The peak
dc-link voltage changes if the input voltage varies. If a constant
peak dc-link voltage is desired, the designed control system in
this work is more suitable for application to the change of solar
irradiation, rather than the change of temperature. However, the
simulation result is shown for the extreme case of large variation in both solar irradiance and the cell temperature.
ABU-RUB et al.: qZSI-BASED PV GENERATION SYSTEM WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING CONTROL USING ANFIS
17
qZSI-based PV system have been done in isolated load condition to verify the concept and theoretical analysis presented
in the earlier sections. The controller of the prototype qZSI has
been built using a TMS320LF2407 DSP-based universal dig-
18
Fig. 16. Experimental results for load change (25 A/div, 140 ms/div).
ABU-RUB et al.: qZSI-BASED PV GENERATION SYSTEM WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING CONTROL USING ANFIS
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