Documente Academic
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School of Boumerdes
UFR: Drilling and Production
Contents
Introduction
Types of cementing
Primary cementing
Methods of primary cementing
Primary cementing-casing
Designing a cement job
Casing & cementing accessories
Cementing additives
Remedial cementing
Plug cementing
Squeeze cementing
Cement chemistry and additives
Cement evaluation
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Introduction
3
process.
Cementing is done by pumping a slurry of cement and
Types of cementing
4
When drilling oil and gas wells, several different cementing methods
can be needed:
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Primary cementing
5
The placement of a cement slurry into the annulus between the casing
Zonal Isolation
6
management
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Conductor
Surface
Intermediate
Production
Liners
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diameter
Hole may be eroded severely.
Casing can be pumped out easily and must
be tied down.
Large excess
Stab-in cementing common
Accelerated neat cement
Surface casing
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Surface casing
13
Characteristics:
(Set from 100 to 3000 feet)
Casing may stick easily in unconsolidated
formations.
Loss of circulation may be a problem.
Most areas require that cement be circulated.
Guide shoe, or float shoe, and stab-in shoe
commonly used.
18 5/8 casing in 26 hole
Light weight lead and neat tail slurries
or
Large excess ( 50 - 150 %)
13 3/8 casing in 17 hole
@
100 ft 3000 ft
Surface casing
14
Characteristics:
Often cemented through drill pipe with
stinger.
Top plug should be prepared for any
failure to seal with stinger.
Shoe Bottom joints should be centralized
and thread locked to prevent loss down
hole.
Cemented to surface /top job
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Itermediate casing
15
be reduced
Basic pressure control casing BOP always installed
Supports subsequent casings
Intermediate casing
16
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Intermediate casing
17
or heaving shales
Narrow pressure window, between pore @ bottom & frac @ top
Long casing string may need a two-stage job
Best cementing practices are required
Cemented to surface or to previous casing shoe
Typically filler slurries followed by high compressive tail
Specialized slurries (light, heavy, salt etc)
Production casing
18
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Production Liner
19
equipment.
usually cemented and perforated
Common sizes:
3 ,4 , 7,
Liners
20
Key Points:
Liner Hanger
Deeper wells
Liner Wiper
Plug
Specialized equipment
Previous Shoe
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Key Points:
Less cement contamination
Less channelling
Small displacement volume
Pump until cement to
surface
Less job time (rig time)
Less cement
Stinger.exe
11
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Stinger
26
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instability
Displace cement, check for mud return
Disconnect stinger from float shoe, flush & POOH the stinger string,
Proceed to weld the centralizing slips.
Cut 18 5/8 casing as detailed in the procedures to install casing head
housing.
Install casing head housing.
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Key points:
Tubing
moved
during
job
It is conventional method
The most method used in drilling
Long pumping times
High pump pressures
SingleStage.exe
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plug holder
perform pump efficiency tests and record it in the daily drilling report
R/U CMT head and lines
Pressure test lines to 4000 psi
Circulate prior cementing: Circulate to cool down, hole clean and break
gelled up mud. Reciprocate casing gently and continuously at 3m up
and 3m down. Meanwhile mix cement.
Mud conditioning (low viscosity = good mobility) is the most important
variable in achieving good cement placement behind the casing.
volume do not over displace at all (max half shoe track volume)
In case of float equipment not holding back press keep the CMT head
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Stage
Collar
1st Stage
Why?
Potential Casing Collapse due to Hydrostatic Pressure of a full column
of Cement
Lost circulation zone or low Frac gradient
Cement very long intervalle (time/volume limitations)
Reduce use of expensive slurries due to special well problems (salt
zone, gas zone)
Incomplet fill up (Can leave zone in the annulus uncemented)
TwoStage.exe
17
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Hardware
Stage collar
Plugs
First stage wiper plug (bottom
plug is optional)
Opening plug/bomp
Closing plug
Stage collar
36
CLOSING
PLUG
SHEAR
PINS
Running in Position
OPENING
OPENING
BOMB
BOMB
Cementing Position
Closed Position
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Calculate
First stage cement
and displacement
volume
Second stage
cement and
displaced volume
13 3
3//8 68 lb/ft Casing
4
13 3
3//8 shoe at 2789 feet
3
9 5/
5/8 Stage collar at 4265.
4265.3 feet
12 1
1//4 O.H.
9 5/
5/8 53.
53.50 lb/ft Casing
9 5/
5/8 Float collar at 6348.
6348.8 feet
2
9 5/
5/8 Shoe at 6398 feet
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Why ?
2. What depth would the Collar be?
3. What is the maximum density of
5500
salt zone
salt zone
5850
stage
TD:8400
4100
7100 -7250
FG: 0.6 psi/ft
weak formation
8400 - 8450
FG:0.68 psi/ft
TD:10200
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Liners
43
LINER
HANGER
OVERLAP 50 - 500 FT
CASING
SHOE
Liners
44
Way liners?
Prime reason:
Save money (Cost of 1 Joint of Casing can be $3,000!)
Cover Corroded/Damaged Casing
Cover:
Lost Circulation Zones.
Shale or Plastic Formations
Salt Zones
Deep Wells: Rig Unable to Lift Long String of Casing
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Types of liners
45
Production:
Most common
Save$$
Slotted liner
Blanked liner
Intermediate/drilling:
Cover problem zone in order to be able to continue drilling
Tie-back/liner complement:
From top of existing liner to surface, or further up casing to cover
Types of liners
46
TIE BACK
STINGER WITH
SEALS
LINER
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Liners
47
hydraulic)
Set slips, release liner weight, check to see if running tool is free
Pump mud - to ensure free circulation
Cement/ Displace/ Bump plug/ Bleed off
Release setting tool
POOH above TOC and circulate
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displacement
Bump plug/checkf or returns.
Release tool.
Pull up to T.O.C. and reverse circulate / circulate
Liner.exe
Liner overlap
50
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1) Well Information:
9-5/8" 47 Ib/ft intermediate casing surface to 6500
7" 29 Ib/ft intermediate liner 6200 ft to 10,500
6OH to TD at 14,500
DP 3-1/2" 13.30 Ib/ft G105
4-1/2" 16.90 Ib/ft liner required 14,400' to 400' inside 7" liner.
FC 80' above shoe.
2) Cement required to TOL with 20% excess in OH
3) Calculate Slurry and displacement volumes
4) Give Job Procedure
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Parameters required
57
WELL PARAMETERS
FLUID PARAMETERS
Densities
Rheology, PV and Ty
Cement additives
Cement calculations
58
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Cement calculations
59
plug is bumped
Cement calculations
60
needed.
Depending on the drilling fluid program and types of formation, the
hole diameter will be somewhat larger than the drill bit diameter.
Annular volume is calculated to determine the amount of cement to be
mixed.
The amount is decided by making calculations based on the drill bit
diameter, plus an extra amount based on experience or what is known
about the formations in that particular area or caliper log.
This forms the basis for the cement company's calculation of the total
time needed for mixing and pumping the required.
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Cement calculations
61
Cement calculations
62
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Cement calculations
63
Cement calculations
64
Slurry Density
Thickening time
Ultimate cement strength
Slurry permeability
Slurry viscosity (Pressure loss)
Fluid loss
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Cement calculations
65
18 LHK
1,15 LHK
2,0 LHK
6,5 LHK
0,1 LHK
37,38 LHK
Cement calculations
66
= 43000 x 100/96.88
= 44.39 ton
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Additive calculations
67
Calculate cement and mix water and liquid additives per measuring
tank.
From cementing company laboratory
The slurry density is 1,92 kg/litre
Slurry yield is 95,88 LHK
Additives
CFR3L:
(Thinner)
1,27 LHK
SCR-100L (Retarder)
1,40 LHK
HALAD
(Fluid loss reducer)
5,70 LHK
NF-5
(De-foamer)
0,15 LHK
Fresh Water
35,38 LHK
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Cement calculations
69
Displacement Volume
After the cement is mixed and pumped into the well it is
When the cement leaves the casing shoe and start to move up in the
annulus we will notice the u -tube effect by the heavier slurry in the
annulus.
Example
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Hydrostatic Pressure
71
To ensure we are not fracturing the formation during the cement job, it
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Guide Shoe
73
Float collar
74
Float Collar:
This is set about two-three joints above the casing shoe, and act
as a one way valve,
When it is used, the cement plugs land on top of it.
Ball Type
Flapper Type
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Wiper Plugs
75
To Separate Fluids,
(cement/wash/spacer/mud)
Wiping the casing clean,
Top Plug (Solid)
Surface indication of
Bottom Plug
(pump through)
placement
Others
76
Centralizer: to centre
casing in bore hole to
promote even distribution
of cement around casing
Cementing Basket: to
minimize losses in weak
zones.
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Cement Heads
77
Equipment On-Shore
78
Bulk Plant
Silos, WBB, Compressor, Dust
Collector
Batch Mixer
Fill
Diesel Engine
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Equipment Off-Shore
79
Batch Mixer
CPS
LAS
Liquid Addtive System
Slurry Chief
Cement Head
Mixing System
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Float shoe
guide and check valve to prevent
cement back flow
2 Casing joints
to capture any contaminated cement
Cement
Head
Rig Floor
Ground Level
Drilling Fluid
Cement
Float collar
Casing
Centralizer
Centralizers
Scratchers
Float
Collar
Float Shoe
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REMEDIAL CEMENTING
Why do we do it?
Plugs
Squeeze
Lost circulation
Kick off
Abandonment
Primary cement job repair
Unwanted Water Production
High Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)
Casing Splits or Leaks
Nonproductive or Depleted Zones
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PLUG CEMENTING
Plug Cementing
86
Purposes
To side track above a fish or to initiate directional
drilling.
To plug back a zone
To plug back a well (abandonment or later re-entry)
To solve a lost-circulation problem during the drilling
phase
To provide an anchor for OH tests.
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Design considerations
CEMENT
PLUG
NEW
HOLE
High compressive
strength, typically with
high density
Length should be enough
to kick off
Design considerations
Cement
Plug
Depleted
Zone
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Lost Circulation
89
Design considerations
Sufficient length to cover
the thief zone
Successive treatments may
be required, depending on
losses
Lower density to minimise
hydrostatic pressure
CEMENT
CEMENT
PLUG
PLUG
ThiefZone
Abandonment
90
Design considerations
CEMENTPLUG
CEMENTPLUG
CEMEN PLUG
T
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Test Anchor
91
Design considerations
Test String
Sufficient compressive
strength to withstand
pressure testing
Reservoir zones may
require additional additives
Zone to be Tested
CEMENT
PLUG
Weak
Formation
Design criteria
1. Quality
Cement hardness
Cement weight
Cement permeability
2. Time
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Slurry Properties
95
Compressive Strength
Density
Rheology
Thickening Time
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Wrong Depth.
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Water or other fluid of different density from that hole is run ahead
and behind cement slurry. The volume of fluid ahead and behind
slurry is calculated so that height in casing is same as height inside the
string.
mud
water
cement
water
hW
Height of
plug with
pipe in place
Height of plug
after pulling pipe
mud
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Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Example
When the cement stinger is pulled
above the plug, The last "drop" of
cement is leaving the stinger,
Then the displacement volume is:
V = Stinger capacity X distance to top
plug.
5"DP19,5# -> 9,15lpm
V= 9,15 x 1450 = 13267 Litre mud +
50 m Spacer = 457 litre
Total displacement volume: 13724
litre
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Exercise:
Set 200m balanced cement plug inside 12 14" hole.
Use 3 13,3 Ibs/ft DP, cap. 3,86 lpm.
50 m spacer between DP and open hole
Bottom of plug at 3000 m
Calculate
1. Required plug cement volume,
2. Spacer volumes ahead and behind
3. Displacement volume.
Question
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SQUEEZE CEMENTING
packer
fracture pressure
casing
DEHYDRATED
CEMENT
cement
slurry
cement
nodes
PRIMARY
CEMENT
CHANNEL BEHIND
CASING
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Squeeze techniques:
Pumping techniques:
Hesitation
Running
Placement techniques:
Packer/Cement Retainer
Bradenhead
Coiled tubing
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initiate fracture
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Running Squeeze
111
Water flow
Abandon perforations
Increase cement top
Casing shoes
Liner tops
Block squeeze
Lost circulation zones
Hesitation Squeeze
112
Intermittent pumping
Low pump rates
Small slurry volumes
Long job times
Applications
Channel repair
Long perforated interval
Long splits in casing
Lost circulation
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Bradenhead Squeeze
113
BO
P
CEMEN
T
Sand
BRIDGE
PLUG
protection
Tailpipe for placement
or setting a bridge plug
Long intervals
Packer
Tail Pipe
CEMENT
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CEMENT
RETAINER
CEMENT
Sand
BRIDGE PLUG
Applications
Producing wells
Through tubing
Advantages
Cost
Accurate placement
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The clinker has four components: C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF
The letters in the clinker names are not chemical formulas.
Instead, the letters represent abbreviations of chemical
formulas:
C CaO
S SiO2
A Al2O3
F Fe2O3
Clinker
Scientific Name
Chemical
Formula
Properties in Cement
C3S
Tricalcium silicate
3CaO . SiO2
C2S
Dicalcium silicate
2CaO . SiO2
Final compressive
strength
C3A
Tricalcium
aluminate
3CaO. AlO3
Sets rapidly
Controlled by gypsum
Early strength
development
C4AF
Tetracalcium
aluminoferrite
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Portland Cement
121
a "false set." Excess gypsum causes false set because it tends to hydrate
quicker than the cement. The clinker and gypsum mixture is ground
and blended to form Portland cement.
Cement reactivity to water depends a lot on surface area, which is
related to the size of the cement grains. Cement grain size ranges from 1
to 100 microns (average size around 30 microns).
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Cement Additives
124
very deep
Additives are used to adjust cement properties and tailor
the cement to specific needs
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Cement Additives
125
Extenders
Lightweight additives or extenders are used to decrease
Cement Additives
126
Extenders
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Cement Additives
127
Extenders
Perlite is volcanic glass bubbles that has some times been
Cement Additives
128
Extenders
Foamed cements are also used to reduce the density of the
slurry
In a foamed cement, nitrogen is added to the cement
mixture
Very low densities can be obtained with foamed cement but
they are more expensive
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Cement Additives
129
Weighting Agents
Hematite is one of the more common additive for high
Cement Additives
130
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Cement Additives
131
Cement Additives
132
As a rule of thumb,
accelerators are
inorganic
compounds
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Cement Additives
133
accelerate
A lot of salt will
retard the
cement
Cement Additives
134
Retarders
Increase the thickening time of cement for deeper, hotter
applications
Typically retarders are organic compounds
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Cement Additives
135
Retarders
One of the most common retarders is calcium
lignosufonate
Sodium Chloride is a retarder at high concentrations
As bottomhole temperatures change, the type of
retarder will change
Cement Additives
136
Organic acids
Lignosulfonate
Phosphate
Salt
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Cement Additives
137
walnut hulls
Organic compounds can
Other Additives
138
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139
Cement Evaluation
Cement evaluation
140
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Cement evaluation
141
Cement evaluation
142
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Cement evaluation
143
Sonic Tools
The Cement Bond Log
The Radial Bond Tool
through casing.
This loss of acoustic energy can be related to the fraction of the
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For free-pipe, the travel time should match the expected time for that
casing size.
For bonded pipe the travel time should increase as it triggers later
arrivals.
If the travel time decreases below casing arrival time and the
Amplitude
146
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CBL Tool
148
Advantage:
Widely Used Method to Evaluate the Cement Job.
Used to Evaluate the Zonal Isolation, Bonding to Casing, Bonding to
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CBL Tool
149
Casing
Formation
Cement
TRANSMITTER
G
3 FT
RECEIVER
F
5 FT
RECEIVER
CBL Log
150
Free Pipe
Partial Bond
Good Bond
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CBL Tool
151
Disadvantage:
Affected by tool centralization, fluid attenuation, pressure and
temperature.
Affected by fast formations, thin cement sheath.
Gives only qualitative cement-formation bonding information.
Omni-directional signal- Assumes uniform distribution of cement
in the annulus.
Cannot evaluate the radial placement of cement materials in the
GR
Electronics
Transmitter
3 Ft. Receiver
& 8 Radials
5 Ft. Receiver
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Advantages
Less affected by heavy drill fluids. Can log in #18 ppg mud
Not affected by oil based mud.
Identifies channels.
Not affected by casing thickness. Good in wells with corrosion.
Centralized very easily in deviated wells up to 60
Disadvantages
Three foot spacing will be affected by fast formation arrivals.
Reads incorrect amplitudes in presence of micro annulus( unless run
under pressure)
The RBT has sensors with 60 degree or 45 degree azimuthal resolution
which cannot resolve the detection of small azimuthal channels.
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Ultrasonic Tools
155
Ultrasonic Tools
156
vibrate or ring
signal is measured
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Mud
Casing
Cement
Formation
Acoustic Impedance
158
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Ultrasonic Technique
159
Color
Acoustic Impedance
White
0.00-0.38
Gas
0.39-2.30
2.31-2.70
2.71-3.85
Dark Brown
3.86-5.00
Black
> 5.00
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Ultrasonic Technique
161
Advantages
Identifies Presence of Channels, Large and Small
Not sensitive to Micro-annulus
Not Sensitive to Fast Formations
Can be used to Evaluate Light Cements and Foam Cements
Indicates Casing Geometry and Thickness
Disadvantages
The ultrasonic measurement is of the casing-cement interface only,
cannot provide cement-formation interface information.
Cement Evaluation Affected by Casing Corrosion
Scanner head difficult to rotate in heavier mud.
Signal Affected by Heavy Drill Fluids or Oil Based Drilling Fluids (1416 ppg mud weight limit)
Affected by Thin Cement Sheath
Ultrasonic Technique
162
The amplitude and travel time of the reflected pulse received by the
Centralization
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Cement Evaluation-Difficulties
163
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Micro-annulus
165
Micro-annulus
166
Mechanical
Thermal Micro-annulus
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Fast formations
167
168
The End
84