CH 18 Mpa

9/13/2015
Ch 18 HW
Ch18HW
Due:11:59pmonMonday,September14,2015
Tounderstandhowpointsareawarded,readtheGradingPolicyforthisassignment.
Exercise18.4
A3.00Ltankcontainsairat3.00atmand20.0 C.Thetankissealedandcooleduntilthepressureis1.00atm.
PartA
WhatisthetemperaturethenindegreesCelsius?Assumethatthevolumeofthetankisconstant.
ANSWER:
T
= 175 C
Correct
PartB
IfthetemperatureiskeptatthevaluefoundinpartAandthegasiscompressed,whatisthevolumewhenthe
pressureagainbecomes3.00atm?
ANSWER:
V
= 1.00 L
Correct
TheIdealGasLawDerived
Theidealgaslaw,discoveredexperimentally,isanequationofstatethatrelatestheobservablestatevariablesofthe
gaspressure,temperature,anddensity(orquantitypervolume):
pV = N k B T
(orpV
= nRT
),
whereN isthenumberofatoms,n isthenumberofmoles,andR andk B areidealgasconstantssuchthat

R = N A k B ,whereN A isAvogadro'snumber.Inthisproblem,youshoulduseBoltzmann'sconstantinsteadofthe
gasconstantR .
Remarkably,thepressuredoesnotdependonthemassofthegasparticles.Whydon'theaviergasparticlesgenerate
morepressure?Thispuzzlewasexplainedbymakingakeyassumptionabouttheconnectionbetweenthemicroscopic
worldandthemacroscopictemperatureT .ThisassumptioniscalledtheEquipartitionTheorem.
TheEquipartitionTheoremstatesthattheaverageenergyassociatedwitheachdegreeoffreedominasystemat
absolutetemperatureT is kB T ,wherek B = 1.38 1023 J/KisBoltzmann'sconstant.Adegreeoffreedomis
1
2
atermthatappearsquadraticallyintheenergy,forinstance
2
Loading[MathJax]/jax/output/HTMLCSS/fonts/TeX/AMS/Regular/Main.js
mv x
forthekineticenergyofagasparticleofmassm
withvelocityvx alongthexaxis.ThisproblemwillshowhowtheidealgaslawfollowsfromtheEquipartitionTheorem.
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=3740013
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Ch 18 HW
Toderivetheidealgaslaw,considerasinglegasparticleofmassm thatismovingwithspeedvx inacontainerwith

lengthLx alongthexdirection.
PartA
FindthemagnitudeoftheaverageforceF x inthexdirectionthattheparticleexertsontherighthandwallofthe
containerasitbouncesbackandforth.Assumethatcollisionsbetweenthewallandparticleareelasticandthatthe
positionofthecontainerisfixed.Becarefulofthesignofyouranswer.
Expressthemagnitudeoftheaverageforceintermsofm ,vx ,andLx .
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Fromtherelationshipbetweenappliedforceandthechangeinmomentumperunittime,F = dp /dt
,it
followsthattheaverageforceinthexdirectionexertedbythewallontheparticleisF x = px /t,
wherepx isthechangeintheparticle'smomentumuponcollisionwiththewallandtisthetimeinterval
betweencollisionswiththewall.
Youwanttofindtheforceexertedbytheparticleonthewall.Thisisrelatedtotheforceofthewallonthe
particlebyNewton's3rdlaw.
Hint2.Findthechangeinmomentum
Findpx ,thechangeinmomentumofthegasparticlewhenitcollideselasticallywiththerighthandwallof
itscontainer.
Expressyouranswerintermsofm andvx .
Hint1.Findingthefinalmomentum
Theformulaforthemomentumofaparticlep ofmass
m travelingwithvelocityv is
p =
isthexcomponentofthefinalmomentumofthegasparticle(i.e.,afterthecollision)?
.What
mv
Expressyouranswerintermsofm andvx .
ANSWER:
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pf x
mv x
ANSWER:
px
2mv x
Hint3.Findthetimebetweencollisions
Usekinematicstofindt,thetimeintervalbetweensuccessivecollisionswiththerighthandwallofthe
container.
ANSWER:
t
2L x
vx
ANSWER:
F =
mv x
Lx
Correct
PartB
ImaginethatthecontainerfromtheproblemintroductionisnowfilledwithN identicalgasparticlesofmassm .The
particleseachhavedifferentxvelocities,buttheiraveragexvelocitysquared,denotedv2x ,isconsistentwiththe
EquipartitionTheorem.
Findthepressurepontherighthandwallofthecontainer.
ExpressthepressureintermsoftheabsolutetemperatureT ,thevolumeofthecontainerV (where
V = Lx Ly Lz),k B ,andanyothergivenquantities.Thelengthsofthesidesofthecontainershouldnot
appearinyouranswer.
Hint1.Pressureintermsofaverageforce
Thepressureisdefinedastheforceperunitareaexertedonthewallbythegasparticles.Theareaofthe
righthandwallisA = Ly Lz.Thus,iftheaverageforceexertedonthewallbytheparticlesisF x ,then
thepressureisgivenby
p=
F x
Ly Lz
Hint2.Findthepressureintermsofvelocity
Findthepressurep1 ontherighthandwallduetoasingleparticlewhosesquaredspeedinthexdirectionis
2
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2
vx
Ch 18 HW
Expressyouranswerintermsofvx ,m ,Lx ,Ly ,andLz .

ANSWER:
p1
mv x
Lx Ly Lz
Hint3.Findpressureintermsoftemperature
Tofindthepressurefromparticleswithaveragesquaredspeedv2x ,youcanusetheEquipartitionTheorem.
Findthepressurep1 duetoasingleparticle.
Expressthepressureduetoasingleparticleintermsofk B ,T ,Lx ,Ly ,Lz ,andanyothergiven
quantities.
Hint1.Relatevelocityandtemperature
UsetheEquipartitionTheoremtofindanexpressionformv2x .
ExpressyouranswerintermsofthegastemperatureT ,k B ,andgivenquantities.
ANSWER:
m vx
kB T
ANSWER:
kB T
Lx Ly Lz
ANSWER:
p
N
V
kB T
Correct
Verygood!Youhavejustderivedtheidealgaslaw,generallywrittenpV
= N kB T
(orpV
= nRT
).
Thisappletshowsasmallnumberofatomsinanidealgas.Ontheright,thepathofaspecificatomis
followed.Lookatthisfordifferenttemperaturestogetafeelforhowtemperatureaffectsthemotionsofthe
atomsinanidealgas.
PartC
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutyourderivationoftheidealgaslawaretrue?
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Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
TheEquipartitionTheoremimpliesthatv2x
v .
2
y
v = v owingtoinelasticcollisionsbetweenthegasmolecules.
2
x
2
y
Withjustoneparticleinthecontainer,thepressureonthewall(atx
= Lx
)isindependentofLy andLz .
Withjustoneparticleinthecontainer,theaverageforceexertedontheparticlebythewall(atx
independentofLy andLz .
= Lx
)is
Correct
PartD
Ifyouheatafixedquantityofgas,whichofthefollowingstatementsaretrue?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Thevolumewillalwaysincrease.
Ifthepressureisheldconstant,thevolumewillincrease.
Theproductofvolumeandpressurewillincrease.
Thedensityofthegaswillincrease.
Thequantityofgaswillincrease.
Correct
Up,Up,andAway
Hotairballoonsfloatintheairbecauseofthedifferenceindensitybetweencoldandhotair.Consideraballooninwhich
themassofthepilotbaskettogetherwiththemassoftheballoonfabricandotherequipmentism b .Thevolumeofthe
hotairinsidetheballoonisV 1 andthevolumeofthebasket,fabric,andotherequipmentisV 2 .Theabsolute
temperatureofthecoldairoutsidetheballoonisT c anditsdensityisc .Theabsolutetemperatureofthehotairatthe
bottomoftheballoonisT h (whereT h > T c ).Theballoonisopenatthebottom,sothatthepressureinsideandoutside
theballoonisthesamehere.Assumethatwecantreatairasanidealgas.Useg forthemagnitudeoftheacceleration
duetogravity.
PartA
Whatisthedensityh ofhotairinsidetheballoon?Assumethatthisdensityisuniformthroughouttheballoon.
ExpressthedensityintermsofT h ,T c ,andc .
Hint1.Finddensityintermsoftemperatureandpressure
pV = nRT
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Usetheidealgaslaw,pV =
temperatureandpressure.
nRT
,tofindanexpressionforthedensityofanidealgasintermsofits
ExpressthedensityintermsofT ,p,R ,andm ,themassofonemoleofgas.
Hint1.Finddensityintermsofmassandvolume
Deriveanexpressionforthedensityofangasintermsofthevolumeoccupiedbythegas,V ,the
numberofmolesofgasparticles,n ,andthemasspermole,m .
ANSWER:
=
mn
V
ANSWER:
=
mp
RT
Hint2.Howtouseyourgeneraldensityequation
Younowhaveanexpressionforthedensityofagasintermsoftemperature,mass,andpressure.Usethis
resulttowriteoneequationforthedensityofthehotair(atthebottomoftheballoon)andanotherforthe
densityofthecoldair.Thendividethetwoexpressions(rememberingthatthepressureatthebottomofthe
balloonandmasspermoleofthehotairarethesameasthoseofthecoldair)tofindarelationshipbetween
thetemperaturesanddensitiesalone.Finally,usetheassumptionthatthedensityisconstantthroughoutthe
balloon,sothedensityyouwillhavefoundisthedensityeverywhereinsidetheballoon.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\rho_{\rmh}}{rho_h}= \large{\frac{T_{c}}{T_{h}}{\rho}_{c}}
Correct
PartB
Whatisthetotalweight\texttip{W}{W}oftheballoonplusthehotairinsideit?
Expressyouranswerintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroductionand/or\texttip{\rho_{\rmh}}
{rho_h}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{W}{W}= \large{\left(m_{b}+\frac{{\rho}_{c}T_{c}}{T_{h}}V_{1}\right)g}
Correct
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PartC
Whatisthemagnitudeofthebuoyantforce\texttip{F_{\rmB}}{F_B}ontheballoon?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{g}{g},\texttip{\rho_{\rmc}}{rho_c},\texttip{V_{\rm1}}{V_1},and
\texttip{V_{\rm2}}{V_2}.
AccordingtoArchimedes'principle,thebuoyantforceisequaltotheweightofthe(cold)airdisplacedbythe
balloonandthe(hot)airinsideit.
Hint2.Volumeofdisplacedair
Whatisthevolumeofcoldairdisplacedbytheballoonanditscontents?
ANSWER:
Volume= V_{1}+V_{2}
ANSWER:
\texttip{F_{\rmB}}{F_B}= g{\rho}_{c}\left(V_{1}+V_{2}\right)
Correct
PartD
Fortheballoontofloat,whatistheminimumtemperature\texttip{T_{\rmmin}}{T_min}ofthehotairinsideit?
Expresstheminimumtemperatureintermsof\texttip{T_{\rmc}}{T_c},\texttip{V_{\rm1}}{V_1},
\texttip{V_{\rm2}}{V_2},\texttip{m_{\rmb}}{m_b},and\texttip{\rho_{\rmc}}{rho_c}.
Theballoonwilljustbegintofloatwhenthemagnitudeofthebuoyantforceisequaltothemagnitudeofthe
forceofgravity(theballoon'sweight).So,tofindtheminimumrequiredtemperature,settheweightofthe
balloonequaltothebuoyantforceandsolvefortheresultingtemperatureofthehotair.
UsetheresultofPartAtoeliminate\texttip{\rho_{\rmh}}{rho_h}fromyouranswer,ifnecessary.
ANSWER:
\texttip{T_{\rmmin}}{T_min}
=
\large{T_{c}\left(\frac{V_{1}}{\left(V_{1}+V_{2}\right){\frac{m_{b}}
{{\rho}_{c}}}}\right)}
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Correct
Theanswer,abitmoreelegantlydisplayed,is
\large{T_{\rmmin}=T_{\rmc}\frac{V_1}{(V_1+V_2)m_{\rmb}/\rho_{\rmc}}}.
Thisequationimpliesthatifthemassoftheballoonaloneistoolarge,m_{\rmb}>\rho_{\rmc}(V_1+V_2),
thentheballooncannotgetoffthegroundatanytemperature.
Foragivenvolumeandballoonmass(sometimesknownasthepayload),thelargertheballoonvolume,the
lowerthetemperaturerequiredfortheballoontofloat.
Mathematically,itispossiblethatT_{\rmmin}<T_{\rmc},butthismakeslittlephysicalsense.Youcanshow
thatthiswouldonlybethecaseiftheaveragedensityofthepayloadislessthanthatofthecoldairifthiswere
thecase,noballoonwouldbeneeded!
Exercise18.27
PartA
Howmanymolesarethereina1.20{\rmkg}bottleofwater?
ANSWER:
M= 66.7 {\rmmol}
Correct
PartB
Howmanymoleculesarethereinthebottle?
ANSWER:
N= 4.011025
Correct
EquipartitionTheoremandMicroscopicMotion
LearningGoal:
TounderstandtheEquipartitionTheoremanditsimplicationsforthemechanicalmotionofsmallobjects.
Instatisticalmechanics,heatistherandommotionofthemicroscopicworld.Theaveragekineticorpotentialenergyof
eachdegreeoffreedomofthemicroscopicworldthereforedependsonthetemperature.Ifheatisadded,molecules
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increasetheirtranslationalandrotationalspeeds,andtheatomsconstitutingthemoleculesvibratewithlargeramplitude
abouttheirequilibriumpositions.Itisafactofnaturethattheenergyofeachdegreeoffreedomisdeterminedsolelyby
thetemperature.TheEquipartitionTheoremstatesthisquantitatively:
Theaverageenergyassociatedwitheachdegreeoffreedominasystematabsolutetemperature\texttip{T}{T}is
(1/2)k_{\rmB}T,wherek_{\rmB}=1.38\times10^{23}\{\rmJ/K}isBoltzmann'sconstant.
Theaverageenergyoftheithdegreeoffreedomis\avg{U_i}=(1/2)k_{\rmB}T,wheretheanglebracketsrepresent
"average"or"mean"valuesoftheenclosedvariable.A"degreeoffreedom"correspondstoanydynamicalvariablethat
appearsquadraticallyintheenergy.Forinstance,(1/2)M{v_x}^2isthekineticenergyofagasparticleofmass
\texttip{M}{M}withvelocitycomponent\texttip{v_{\mitx}}{v_x}alongthexaxis.
TheEquipartitionTheoremfollowsfromthefundamentalpostulateofstatisticalmechanicsthateveryenergetically
accessiblequantumstateofasystemhasequalprobabilityofbeingpopulated,whichinturnleadstotheBoltzmann
distributionforasysteminthermalequilibrium.Fromthestandpointofanintroductoryphysicscourse,equipartitionis
bestregardedasaprinciplethatisjustifiedbyobservation.
Inthisproblemwefirstinvestigatetheparticlemodelofanidealgas.Anidealgashasnointeractionsamongits
particles,andsoitsinternalenergyisentirely"random"kineticenergy.Ifweconsiderthegasasasystem,itsinternal
energyisanalogoustotheenergystoredinaspring.Ifoneendofthegascontainerisfittedwithaslidingpiston,the
pressureofthegasonthepistoncandousefulwork.Infact,theempiricallydiscoveredidealgaslaw,pV=Nk_{\rmB}T,
enablesustocalculatethispressure.Thisruleofnatureisremarkableinthatthevalueofthemassdoesnotaffectthe
energy(orthepressure)ofthegasparticles'motion,onlythetemperature.Itprovidesstrongevidenceforthevalidityof
theEquipartitionTheoremasappliedtoaparticlegas:
\large{\frac{1}{2}M\avg{v_x^2}=\frac{1}{2}M\avg{v_y^2}=\frac{1}{2}M\avg{v_z^2}=\frac{1}{2}k_{\rmB}T}or\large{\frac{1}
{2}k_{\rms}x^2}
foraparticleconstrainedbyaspringwhosespringconstantis\texttip{k_{\rms}}{k_s}.Ifamoleculehasmomentof
inertia\texttip{I}{I}aboutanaxisandisrotatingwithangularvelocity\texttip{\omega}{omega}aboutthataxiswith
associatedrotationalkineticenergy(1/2)I\omega_x^2,thatangularvelocityrepresentsanotherdegreeoffreedom.
PartA
Consideramonatomicgasofparticleseachwithmass\texttip{M}{M}.Whatisv_{x,{\rm{rms}}}=\sqrt{\avg{v_x^2}},
therootmeansquare(rms)ofthexcomponentofvelocityofthegasparticlesifthegasisatanabsolute
temperature\texttip{T}{T}?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{T}{T},\texttip{k_{\rmB}}{k_B},\texttip{M}{M},andothergiven
quantities.
Hint1.Equipartitionforonevelocitycomponent
Forthiscase,theEquipartitionTheoremreducesto
\large{\frac{1}{2}M\avg{v_x^2}=\frac{1}{2}k_{\rmB}T}.
ANSWER:
v_{x,{\rm{rms}}}=\sqrt{\avg{v_x^2}}= \large{\sqrt{\frac{k_{B}T}{M}}}
Correct
PartB
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Nowconsiderthesamesystemamonatomicgasofparticlesofmass\texttip{M}{M}exceptinthreedimensions.
Findv_{\rm{rms}},thermsspeedifthegasisatanabsolutetemperature\texttip{T}{T}.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{T}{T},\texttip{k_{\rmB}}{k_B},\texttip{M}{M},andothergiven
quantities.
Hint1.EquipartitionTheoremforthreedegreesoffreedom
Whatistheinternalenergy\avg{U}ofamonotomicidealgaswiththreedegreesoffreedom?
Giveyouranswerintermsof\texttip{k_{\rmB}}{k_B}and\texttip{T}{T}.
ANSWER:
\large{\avg{U}=\frac{1}{2}Mv_{\rm{rms}}^2=} \large{\frac{3}{2}k_{B}T}
ANSWER:
v_{\rm{rms}}=\sqrt{\avg{v^2}}= \large{\sqrt{\frac{3k_{B}T}{M}}}
Correct
PartC
Whatisthermsspeed\texttip{v_{\rm0}}{v_0}ofmoleculesinairat0^\circ{\rmC}?Airiscomposedmostlyof{\rm
N}_2molecules,soyoumayassumethatithasmoleculesofaveragemass28.0\times1.661\times10^{27}\{\rm
kg}=4.65\times10^{26}\{\rmkg}.
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecond,tothenearestinteger.
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rm0}}{v_0}= 493 \rmm/s
Correct
Notsurprisingly,thisspeed(alittleover760milesperhour)isslightlyhigherthanthespeedofsoundinair.
Nowconsiderarigiddumbbellwithtwomasses,eachofmass\texttip{m}{m},spacedadistance\texttip{d}{d}apart.
PartD
Find\sqrt{\avg{\omega_x^2}},thermsangularspeedofthedumbbellaboutasingleaxis(takentobethexaxis),
assumingthatthedumbbellislineduponthezaxisandisinequilibriumattemperature\texttip{T}{T}.
Expressthermsangularspeedintermsof\texttip{T}{T},\texttip{k_{\rmB}}{k_B},\texttip{m}{m},\texttip{d}
{d},andothergivenquantities.
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Hint1.Rotationalenergyequalto(1/2)k_{\rmB}T
Whatisthekineticenergyofrotationthatisequalto(1/2)k_{\rmB}TbytheEquipartitionTheorem?
Expressyouranswerintermsofthexcomponentoftheangularvelocity\texttip{\omega_{\mitx}}
{omega_x}andthemomentofinertiaaboutthisaxis\texttip{I_{\mitx}}{I_x}
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{1}{2}k_{\rmB}T}= \large{\frac{1}{2}I_{x}{{\omega}_{x}}^{2}}
Hint2.Momentofinertiaofadumbbell
Whatis\texttip{I_{\mitx}}{I_x},themomentofinertiaofthedumbbell?
Express\texttip{I_{\mitx}}{I_x}intermsof\texttip{m}{m}and\texttip{d}{d}.
Hint1.Finding\texttip{I_{\mitx}}{I_x}ofadumbbell
Therearetwoatoms,eachwithmassm,buteachisonlyadistanced/2fromthecenterofrotation
(i.e.,thecenterofmass).
ANSWER:
\texttip{I_{\mitx}}{I_x}= \large{2m\left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^{2}}
ANSWER:
\sqrt{\avg{\omega_x^2}}= \large{\sqrt{\frac{2k_{B}T}{md^{2}}}}
Correct
PartE
Whatisthetypicalrotationalfrequency\texttip{f_{\rmrot}}{f_rot}foramoleculelike{\rmN}_2atroomtemperature
(25\^\circ\rm{C})?Assumethat\texttip{d}{d}forthismoleculeis1\{\rm\AA}=10^{10}\{\rmm}.Takethetotal
massofan{\rmN}_2moleculetobem_{\rmN_2}=4.65\times10^{26}\{\rmkg}.Youwillneedtoaccountfor
rotationsaroundtwoaxes(notjustone)tofindthecorrectfrequency.
Express\texttip{f_{\rmrot}}{f_rot}numericallyinhertz,tothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
\texttip{f_{\rmrot}}{f_rot}= 1.341012 Hz
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Correct
Thisfrequencycorrespondstolightofwavelength0.22mmandisinthefarinfraredregionofthe
electromagneticspectrum(whichat658GHzisalsothetopendofthefrequencyrangethatcanbeproduced
withmicrowavetechniques).However,becausethemoleculesintheairarehomonucleardiatomicmolecules,
theirsymmetrypreventsthemfrominteractingstronglywithradiationofthisfrequency.Onlynonhomonuclear
moleculessuchaswatervaporabsorbenergyatinfraredfrequencies.
Exercise18.38
PartA
Calculatethemeanfreepathofairmoleculesatapressureof3.501013{\rmatm}andatemperatureof291{\rm
K}.(Thispressureisreadilyattainableinthelaboratory.)Modeltheairmoleculesassphereswitharadiusof
2.001010{\rmm}.
ANSWER:
\lambda= 1.59105 {\rmm}
Correct
ParticleGasReview
Aparticlegasconsistsof\texttip{N}{N}monatomicparticleseachofmass\texttip{m}{m}allcontainedinavolume
\texttip{V}{V}attemperature\texttip{T}{T}.YouranswersshouldbewrittenintermsoftheBoltzmannconstant
\texttip{k_{\rmB}}{k_B}andAvagadro'snumber\texttip{N_{\rmA}}{N_A}ratherthanR=N_{\rmA}k_{\rmB}.
PartA
Find\avg{v^2},theaveragespeedsquaredforeachparticle.
Expresstheaveragespeedsquaredintermsofthegastemperature\texttip{T}{T}andanyothergiven
quantities.
Hint1.howtoapproachtheproblem
Sincev=\sqrt{v_x^2+v_y^2+v_z^2},itfollowsthat\avg{v^2}=\avg{v_x^2}+\avg{v_y^2}+\avg{v_z^2}where
\avg{v_i^2}istheaveragevelocitysquaredforeachparticleintheidirection.Findtheaveragevelocity
squaredforeachparticlealongeachdirection,thenfindthealgebraicsum.
Hint2.Find\avg{v_x^2}foreachparticle
Find\avg{v_x^2},theaveragexvelocitysquaredforeachparticle.
Expresstheaveragexvelocitysquaredintermsofthegastemperature\texttip{T}{T}andanyother
givenquantities.
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Considerasinglegasparticlemovingonlyinthexdirection.Findoneformulaforitskineticenergyin
termsofitsvelocityandanotherformulaintermsofthegastemperature.Settheseequationsequal
toeachotherandsolveforv_x^2.
Hint2.Kineticenergyintermsoftemperature
Amonatomicparticlehasthreedegreesoffreedom,onefortranslationineachofthreedimensions.
Thekineticenergyassociatedwithonedegreeoffreedom(forexample,motioninthexdirection)isK
=(1/2)k_{\rmB}T.
Hint3.Kineticenergyintermsofvelocity
Anotherexpressionforaparticle'skineticenergyassociatedwithmotioninthexdirectionisK=(1/2)
m\avg{v_x^2}.
ANSWER:
\avg{v_x^2}= \large{\frac{k_{B}T}{m}}
Hint3.Relatingthe\texttip{x}{x},\texttip{y}{y},and\texttip{z}{z}velocities
Particlesofanidealgasmoverandomly,soinacontainedvolumenodirectionispreferred.Therefore
\avg{v_x^2}=\avg{v_y^2}=\avg{v_z^2}.
ANSWER:
\avg{v^2}= \large{\frac{3k_{B}T}{m}}
Correct
PartB
Find\texttip{U}{U},theinternalenergyofthegas.
Expresstheinternalenergyintermsofthegastemperature\texttip{T}{T}andanyothergivenquantities.
Inanidealgas,intermolecularforcesarenegligible.Theinternalenergyofthewholegasisasumofthe
kineticenergiesofeachgasparticle.
Hint2.Kineticenergyofasinglegasparticle
ThekineticenergyofasinglegasparticleisK=(1/2)m\avg{v^2}.Asstatedintheproblemintroduction,there
areatotalof\texttip{N}{N}particlescomprisingthegas.
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ANSWER:
\texttip{U}{U}= \large{{\frac{3}{2}}Nk_{B}T}
Correct
PartC
Find\texttip{C_{\mitV}}{C_V},themolarheatcapacity(heatcapacitypermole)ofthegasatconstantvolume.
Expressthemolarheatcapacityintermsof\texttip{N_{\rmA}}{N_A}and\texttip{k_{\rmB}}{k_B}.
Hint1.Definitionofheatcapacity
HeatcapacityisgenerallydefinedtobedQ/dT.Fromthefirstlawofthermodynamics,
dQ=dU+dW.
AtconstantvolumedW=0.Therefore,theheatcapacityatconstantvolumeisgivenby
C_V=dU/dT.
Thisquestionasksyoutofindthemolarheatcapacity,orheatcapacitypermoleofgasparticles.The
easiestwaytodothisistocomputeheatcapacityassumingthatthereisexactlyonemoleofgas(i.e.,
N=N_{\rmA}).
ANSWER:
\texttip{C_{\mitV}}{C_V}= \large{{\frac{3}{2}}N_{A}k_{B}}
Correct
Youcanusethemolarheatcapacity\texttip{C_{\mitV}}{C_V}tofindthetotalheatcapacityofthegasat
constantvolume\texttip{c_{\mitV}}{c_V}.Since\texttip{c_{\mitV}}{c_V}isthetotalheatcapacityofthegas,it
isjusttheheatcapacitypermolemultipliedbythenumberofmolesofgasparticlesn=N/N_{\rmA}.Hence,
c_V=(3/2)Nk_{\rmB}.
PartD
Expressthepressure\texttip{p}{p}ofthegasintermsofitsenergydensityU/V.
EnterthenumericalfactorthatmultipliesU/Vinyourexpressionfor\texttip{p}{p}toatleastthree
significantfigures.
Findanexpressionthatrelatesthepressure\texttip{p}{p}tothevolume\texttip{V}{V}ofthegas.Thenuse
yourexpressionsfor\texttip{U}{U}fromPartCtowrite\texttip{p}{p}intermsofU/V.
Hint2.Findanexpressionforpressure
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Find\texttip{p}{p},thepressureofthegasusingtheIdealGasLaw.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{N}{N},\texttip{T}{T},\texttip{V}{V},and\texttip{k_{\rmB}}
{k_B}.
Hint1.Idealgaslaw
TheidealgaslawispV=Nk_{\rmB}T.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p}{p}= \large{\frac{Nk_{B}T}{V}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{p}{p}= 0.667 U/V
Correct
Asaninterestingaside,notethatforanultrarelativisticparticlegas,suchasagasofphotons,
\large{p=\frac{1}{3}\frac{U}{V}}.
Nowimaginethatthemassofeachgasparticleisincreasedbyafactorof3.Allotherinformationgivenintheproblem
introductionremainsthesame.
PartE
WhatwillbetheratioofthenewmolarmassM^\primetotheoldmolarmass\texttip{M}{M}?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{M^\prime}{M}}= 3
Correct
PartF
Whatwillbetheratioofthenewrmsspeedv_{\rmrms}^\primetotheoldrmsspeed\texttip{v_{\rmrms}}{v_rms}?
Hint1.Definitionofrmsspeed
Bydefinitionv_{\rmrms}\equiv\sqrt{\avg{v^2}}.Amonatomicparticlehasthreedegreesoffreedom,onefor
translationineachofthreedimensions.Thekineticenergyassociatedwithonedegreeoffreedom(for
example,motioninthexdirection)isK=(1/2)k_{\rmB}T.Anotherexpressionforaparticle'skineticenergy
associatedwithmotioninthexdirectionisK=(1/2)m\avg{v_x^2}.
15/21
9/13/2015
Ch 18 HW
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{v_{\rmrms}^\prime}{v_{\rmrms}}}= 0.577
Correct
Soiftheinternalenergy(temperature)remainsthesame,whenthemassoftheparticlesincreases,the
velocitycorrespondinglydecreases.Observethatthepressureandsotheaverageforcethattheparticlesexert
onthewallsalsoremainsthesame.
PartG
WhatwillbetheratioofthenewmolarheatcapacityC_V^\primetotheoldmolarheatcapacity\texttip{C_{\mitV}}
{C_V}?
Thetotalheatcapacityofthegascanbedeterminedbymultiplyingtheheatcapacitypermolebythe
numberofmolesofgasparticlesn=N/N_{\rmA}.Howdoestheheatcapacitypermoledependonthemass
oftheparticles?Howdoesthenumberofmolesofgasparticlesdependonthemassoftheparticles?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{C_V^\prime}{C_V}}= 1
Correct
Infact,themolarheatcapacityis(almost)thesameforallmonoatomicgases,asthegeneralexpression
derivedearliershows.Forexample,helium,neon,andargonallhavealmostthesamemolarheatcapacity.
Thetinydifferencesinthevaluestellusthattheidealgasequationdescribesgasesprettywell,butitisnot
perfect.
GasScaling
Whendoingnumericalcalculationsinvolvingtemperature,youneedtopayparticularattentiontothetemperaturescale
youareusing.Ingeneral,youshouldusetheKelvinscale(forwhichT=0representsabsolutezero)insuchcalculations.
Thisisbecausethestandardthermodynamicequations(i.e.,theidealgaslawandtheformulaforenergyofagasin
termsoftemperature)assumethatzerodegreesrepresentsabsolutezero.
Ifyouaregiventemperaturesmeasuredinunitsotherthankelvins,convertthemtokelvinsbeforepluggingtheminto
theseequations.(Youmaythenwanttoconvertbackintotheinitialtemperatureunittogiveyouranswer.)
PartA
Theaveragekineticenergyofthemoleculesofanidealgasat10^\circ{\rmC}hasthevalue\texttip{K_{\rm10}}
{K_10}.Atwhattemperature\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}(indegreesCelsius)willtheaveragekineticenergyofthesame
gasbetwicethisvalue,2K_{10}?
Expressthetemperaturetothenearestinteger.
16/21
9/13/2015
Ch 18 HW
Hint1.Formulaforenergyintermsoftemperature
FromtheEquipartitionTheoremweknowthateachtranslationaldegreeoffreedomofparticlesinagas
contributes(1/2)k_BTtotheaverageinternalenergy,wherethetemperature\texttip{T}{T}ismeasuredin
kelvins.
Recallingthatagasmoleculeisfreetomoveinthreeperpendiculardirections,giveanexpressionforthe
kineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmtr}}{K_tr}ofamoleculeduetoitstranslationaldegreesoffreedom.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{k_{\rmB}}{k_B}and\texttip{T}{T}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmtr}}{K_tr}= \large{\frac{3}{2}k_{B}T}
Hint2.ConvertfromCelsiustoKelvinscale
Don'tforgettoconvertthedegreesCelsiusintokelvinsbeforeplugginginforthetemperature:T_{\rm
Celsius}=T_{\rmKelvin}273.
ANSWER:
\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}= 293 ^\circ{\rmC}
Correct
PartB
Themoleculesinanidealgasat10^\circ{\rmC}havearootmeansquare(rms)speed\texttip{v_{\rmrms}}
{v_rms}.Atwhattemperature\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2}(indegreesCelsius)willthemoleculeshavetwicetherms
speed,2v_{\rmrms}?
Expressthetemperaturetothenearestinteger.
Hint1.Whatisrmsspeed?
Therootmeansquareorrmsspeedofmoleculesinagasisequaltothesquarerootoftheaveragevelocity
squaredofthemolecules:v_{\rmrms}=\sqrt{(v^2)_{\rmav}}.Thermsspeedisrelatedtothetranslational
kineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmtr}}{K_tr}ofthegasviathefollowingequation:
\large{\frac{1}{2}mv^2_{\rmrms}=K_{\rmtr}},
where\texttip{m}{m}isthemassofthegasmolecules.
Hint2.Findthechangeintranslationalkineticenergy
Assumethat,at10^\circ{\rmC},themoleculeshavetranslationalkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm1}}{K_1}.
Whenthermsspeedofthemoleculesisdoubled,whatistheirnewtranslationalkineticenergy
\texttip{K_{\rm2}}{K_2}?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{K_{\rm1}}{K_1}.
17/21
9/13/2015
Ch 18 HW
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rm2}}{K_2}= 4K_{1}
ANSWER:
\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2}= 859 ^\circ{\rmC}
Correct
Exercise18.43
PartA
Computethespecificheatcapacityatconstantvolumeofnitrogen({\rmN}_{2})gas.Themolarmassof{\rmN}_{2}
is28.0{\rmg}/{\rmmol}.
ANSWER:
c= 741 {\rmJ/(kg\cdotK)}
Correct
PartB
Youwarm1.65{\rmkg}ofwaterataconstantvolumefrom15.0{\rm^\circC}to28.5{\rm^\circC}inakettle.For
thesameamountofheat,howmanykilogramsof15.0{\rm^\circC}airwouldyoubeabletowarmto28.5{\rm
^\circC}?Makethesimplifyingassumptionthatairis100\%{\rmN}_{2}.
ANSWER:
m= 9.32 {\rmkg}
Correct
PartC
Whatvolumewouldthisairoccupyat15.0{\rm^\circC}andapressureof1.03{\rmatm}?
ANSWER:
V= 7640 {\rmL}
18/21
9/13/2015
Ch 18 HW
Correct
Exercise18.52
Aphysicslectureroomhasavolumeof255{\rmm^3}.
PartA
Forapressureof1.00\rmatmandatemperatureof27.0{\rm^\circC},usetheidealgaslawtoestimatethe
numberofairmoleculesintheroom.Assumealltheairis\rmN_{2}.
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
N= 6.241027 \rmmolecules
Correct
PartB
Calculatetheparticledensitythatis,thenumberof\rmN_{2}moleculespercubiccentimeter.
ANSWER:
particledensity= 2.451019 \rmmolecules/{\rmcm^3}
Correct
PartC
Calculatethemassoftheairintheroom.
ANSWER:
m= 290{\rmkg}
Correct
Problem18.68
19/21
9/13/2015
Ch 18 HW
PartA
Thesize(radius)ofanoxygenmoleculeisabout2.0\times10^{10}\{\rm{m}}.Makearoughestimateofthe
pressureatwhichthefinitevolumeofthemoleculesshouldcausenoticeabledeviationsfromidealgasbehaviorat
ordinarytemperatures(T=300{\rm{K}}).Assumethatdeviatonswouldbenoticeablewhenvolumeofthegasper
moleculeequalsthevolumeofthemoleculeitself.
Expressyouranswerusingonesignificantfigure.
ANSWER:
P= 1108 \rmPa
Correct
Problem18.76
Thesurfaceofthesunhasatemperatureofabout5800{\rmK}andconsistslargelyofhydrogenatoms.
PartA
Findthermsspeedofahydrogenatomatthistemperature.(Themassofasinglehydrogenatomis1.67\times
10^{27}{\rmkg}.)
ANSWER:
V= 1.20104 {\rmm/s}
Correct
PartB
Theescapespeedforaparticletoleavethegravitationalinfluenceofthesunisgivenby(2GM/R)^{1/2},whereMis
thesun'smass,Ritsradius,andGthegravitationalconstant.Thesun`smassisM=1.99\times10^{30}{\rmkg},its
radiusR=6.96\times10^{8}{\rmm}andG=6.673\times10^{11}{\rmN\cdotm^{2}/kg^{2}}.Calculatetheescape
speedforthesun.
ANSWER:
v= 6.18105 {\rmm/s}
Correct
PartC
20/21
9/13/2015
Ch 18 HW
Canappreciablequantitiesofhydrogenescapefromthesun?
ANSWER:
Yes
No
Correct
PartD
Cananyhydrogenescape?
ANSWER:
Yes
No
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis101%.
Youreceived12.15outofapossibletotalof12points.
21/21

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whereN isthenumberofatoms,n isthenumberofmoles,andR andk B areidealgasconstantssuchthat

Toderivetheidealgaslaw,considerasinglegasparticleofmassm thatismovingwithspeedvx inacontainerwith

Expressyouranswerintermsofvx ,m ,Lx ,Ly ,andLz .

ExpressthedensityintermsofT ,p,R ,andm ,themassofonemoleofgas.

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