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ConversionofunitsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Conversionofunits
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Conversionofunitsistheconversionbetweendifferentunitsofmeasurementforthesamequantity,
typicallythroughmultiplicativeconversionfactors.
Contents
1 Techniques
1.1 Process
1.2 Multiplicationfactors
1.3 Tableordering
2 Tablesofconversionfactors
2.1 Length
2.2 Area
2.3 Volume
2.4 Planeangle
2.5 Solidangle
2.6 Mass
2.7 Density
2.8 Time
2.9 Frequency
2.10 Speedorvelocity
2.11 Flow(volume)
2.12 Acceleration
2.13 Force
2.14 Pressureormechanicalstress
2.15 Torqueormomentofforce
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2.15 Torqueormomentofforce
2.16 Energy
2.17 Powerorheatflowrate
2.18 Action
2.19 Dynamicviscosity
2.20 Kinematicviscosity
2.21 Electriccurrent
2.22 Electriccharge
2.23 Electricdipole
2.24 Electromotiveforce,electricpotentialdifference
2.25 Electricalresistance
2.26 Capacitance
2.27 Magneticflux
2.28 Magneticfluxdensity
2.29 Inductance
2.30 Temperature
2.31 Informationentropy
2.32 Luminousintensity
2.33 Luminance
2.34 Luminousflux
2.35 Illuminance
2.36 Radiationsourceactivity
2.37 Radiationexposure
2.38 Radiationabsorbeddose
2.39 Radiationequivalentdose
3 Softwaretools
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3 Softwaretools
4 Seealso
5 Notesandreferences
6 Externallinks
Techniques
Process
Theprocessofconversiondependsonthespecificsituationandtheintendedpurpose.Thismaybe
governedbyregulation,contract,technicalspecificationsorotherpublishedstandards.Engineering
judgmentmayincludesuchfactorsas:
Theprecisionandaccuracyofmeasurementandtheassociateduncertaintyofmeasurement.
Thestatisticalconfidenceintervalortoleranceintervaloftheinitialmeasurement.
Thenumberofsignificantfiguresofthemeasurement.
Theintendeduseofthemeasurementincludingtheengineeringtolerances.
Historicaldefinitionsoftheunitsandtheirderivativesusedinoldmeasurementse.g.,international
footvs.USsurveyfoot.
Someconversionsfromonesystemofunitstoanotherneedtobeexact,withoutincreasingordecreasing
theprecisionofthefirstmeasurement.Thisissometimescalledsoftconversion.Itdoesnotinvolve
changingthephysicalconfigurationoftheitembeingmeasured.
Bycontrast,ahardconversionoranadaptiveconversionmaynotbeexactlyequivalent.Itchangesthe
measurementtoconvenientandworkablenumbersandunitsinthenewsystem.Itsometimesinvolvesa
slightlydifferentconfiguration,orsizesubstitution,oftheitem.Nominalvaluesaresometimesallowedand
used.
Multiplicationfactors
Conversionbetweenunitsinthemetricsystemcanbediscernedbytheirprefixes(forexample,1kilogram
=1000grams,1milligram=0.001grams)andarethusnotlistedinthisarticle.Exceptionsaremadeifthe
unitiscommonlyknownbyanothername(forexample,1micron=106metre).
Tableordering
Withineachtable,theunitsarelistedalphabetically,andtheSIunits(baseorderived)arehighlighted.
Tablesofconversionfactors
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Thisarticlegiveslistsofconversionfactorsforeachofanumberofphysicalquantities,whicharelistedin
theindex.Foreachphysicalquantity,anumberofdifferentunits(someonlyofhistoricalinterest)are
shownandexpressedintermsofthecorrespondingSIunit.
Legend
Definition
Symbol
exactlyequalto
approximatelyequalto
ofchieflyhistoricalinterest
Length
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Nameofunit
Length
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
ngstrm
1 1010m
0.1nm
astronomical
unit
AU
barleycorn(H)
=13in(seenoteaboveaboutrounding)
8.46 103m
bohr,atomic
unitoflength
a0
=Bohrradiusofhydrogen
cablelength
(imperial)
608ft
185.3184m
cablelength
(International)
110nmi
185.2m
cablelength
(US)
720ft
=219.456m
chain(Gunter's
ch
Surveyor's)
66ft(US)4rods[3]
20.116 84m
cubit(H)
Distancefromfingerstoelbow18in
0.5m
ell(H)
ell
45in[4](InEnglandusually)
=1.143m
fathom
ftm
6ft[4]
=1.8288m
fermi
fm
1 1015m[4]
1 1015m
finger
78in
=0.022 225m
finger(cloth)
412in
=0.1143m
foot(Benot)
(H)
ft(Ben)
foot(Cape)(H)
0.314 858m
foot(Clarke's)
(H)
ft(Cla)
foot(Indian)
(H)
ftInd
foot,metric
mf
110 m
0.31622776601m
foot,metric
(long)
lmf
13m
0.3m
foot,metric
(short)
smf
0.30m
0.30m
foot
(International)
ft
0.3048m13yd12inches
0.3048m
foot(Sear's)(H) ft(Sear)
foot(US
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m[5]
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foot(US
Survey)
ft(US)
1200
french
charriere
13mm
=0.3 103m
furlong
fur
10chains=660ft=220yd[4]
=201.168m
hand
4in[4]
0.1016m
inch
(International)
in
2.54cm136yd112ft
0.0254m
league(land)
lea
1hourwalk,CurrentlydefinedinUSas
3Statutemiles,[3]buthistoricallyvaried
from2to9km
4828m
lightday
24lighthours
lighthour
60lightminutes
lightminute
60lightseconds
lightsecond
Distancelighttravelsinonesecondin
vacuum
lightyear
ly
Distancelighttravelsinvacuumin
365.25days[6]
line
ln
112in[7]
=0.002 116m
link(Gunter's
Surveyor's)
lnk
1100ch[4]0.66ft(US)7.92in
0.201 1684m
link
(Ramsden's
Engineer's)
lnk
1ft[4]
=0.3048m
metre(SIbase
unit)
[5]
3937m
(meter)
secondinvacuum.[8]
1m
110 000 000ofthedistancefromequatorto
pole.
1200in
=1.27 104m
mickey
micrometre
(old:micron)
milthou
mil
1 103in
2.54 105m
mil(Sweden
andNorway)
mil
10km
=10 000m
6082ft
=1 853.7936m
80chains5280ft1760yd
1 609.344m
6000ft
1 828.8m
mile
(geographical)
(H)
mile
(international)
mile(tacticalor
mi
1 106m
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mile(tacticalor
data)
6000ft
1 828.8m
mile(telegraph)
mi
(H)
6087ft
=1 855.3176m
mile(US
Survey)
mi
5280USSurveyfeet(528012003937)
1 609.347 219m
m
nail(cloth)
214in[4]
=0.057 15m
nanometre
nm
1 109m
1 109m
nauticalleague
NLnl
3nmi[4]
=5556m
nauticalmile
(Admiralty)
NM
(Adm)
=6080ft
nmi(Adm)
nauticalmile
(international)
NMnmi
nauticalmile
(USpre1954)
=1 853.184m
1852m[9]
1852m
1853.248m
1853.248m
pace
2.5ft[4]
=0.762m
palm
3in[4]
=0.0762m
parsec
pc
Distanceofstarwithparallaxshiftofone
arcsecondfromabaseofoneastronomical 3.085 677 581 1016m[10]
unit
pica
12points
Dependentonpointmeasures.
point
(American,
English)[11][12]
pt
172.272in
112172ofpiedduroi
After1878:
5133cm
After1878:
0.000 375 939 85m
point
pt
(PostScript)[11]
172in
=0.000 3527m
point(TeX)[11] pt
172.27in
quarter
14yd
=0.2286m
rodpoleperch
rd
(H)
1612ft
=5.0292m
rope(H)
rope
20ft[4]
=6.096m
shaku(Japan)
=0.3030m
span(H)
9in[4]
=0.2286m
point(Didot
European)
[12][13]
spat[14]
pt
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1 1012m
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spat[14]
stick(H)
1 1012m
2in
picometre(old:
pm
bicron,stigma)
twip
twp
1 1012m
11440in
yd
=1.7638 105m
1.0021 1013m[4]
xunitsiegbahn xu
yard
(International)
=0.0508m
0.9144m[5]3ft36in
0.9144m
Area
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Nameofunit
Area
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
acre(international)
ac
1ch10ch=4840sqyd
4 046.856 4224m2
acre(USsurvey)
ac
10sqch=4840sqyd,also
43 560sqft
4 046.873m2[15]
are
100m2
=100m2
barn
1028m2
=1028m2
barony
4000ac
board
bd
1in1ft
=7.741 92 103m2
boilerhorsepowerequivalent
directradiation
bhp
EDR
1ft21bhp/(240BTUIT/h)
12.958 174m2
circularinch
circin
4sqin
circularmilcircularthou
circmil 4mil2
cord
192bd
cuerda(PRSurvey)
cda
dunam
1000m2
=1000m2
guntha
121sqyd
101.17m2
hectare
ha
10 000m2
10 000m2
hide
120ac(variable)
5 105m2
rood
ro
14ac
=1 011.714 1056m2
1mi1mi
1052m2
=1052m2
10ft10ft
=9.290 304m2
section
shed
square(roofing)
squarechain(international)
sqch
66ft66ft=110ac
squarechain(USSurvey)
sqch
66ft(US)66ft(US)=110
USsurveyacre
404.6873m2
squarefoot
sqft
1ft1ft
squarefoot(USSurvey)
sqft
1ft(US)1ft(US)
squareinch
sqin
1in1in
6.4516 104m2
squarekilometre
km2
1km1km
=106m2
squarelink(Gunter's)
(International)
sqlnk
squarelink(Gunter's)(US
Survey)
sqlnk
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1lnk1lnk
0.66ft(US)0.66ft(US)
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Survey)
0.66ft(US)0.66ft(US)
squarelink(Ramsden's)
sqlnk
1lnk1lnk1ft1ft
squaremetre(SIunit)
m2
1m1m
=1m2
squaremilsquarethou
sqmil
1mil1mil
=6.4516 1010m2
squaremile
sqmi
1mi1mi
squaremile(USSurvey)
sqmi
1mi(US)1mi(US)
squarerod/pole/perch
sqrd
1rd1rd
squareyard(International)
sqyd
1yd1yd
stremma
1000m2
=1000m2
township
36sqmi(US)
yardland
30ac
1.2 105m2
Volume
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Nameofunit
Symbol
Volume
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
acrefoot
acft
1acx1ft=43 560cuft
acreinch
1ac1in
barrel(imperial)
bl(imp)
36gal(imp)
barrel(petroleum)
blbbl
42gal(US)
barrel(USdry)
bl(US)
105qt(US)=105/32bu
(USlvl)
barrel(USfluid)
flbl(US) 3112gal(US)
boardfoot
fbm
144cuin
bucket(imperial)
bkt
4gal(imp)
bushel(imperial)
bu(imp)
8gal(imp)
bushel(USdryheaped)
bu(US)
114bu(USlvl)
bushel(USdrylevel)
bu(US
lvl)
2 150.42cuin
butt,pipe
126gal(wine)
coomb
4bu(imp)
cord(firewood)
8ft4ft4ft
cordfoot
16cuft
cubicfathom
cufm
1fm1fm1fm
cubicfoot
cuft
1ft1ft1ft
cubicinch
cuin
1in1in1in
cubicmetre(SIunit)
m3
1m1m1m
1m3
cubicmile
cumi
1mi1mi1mi
cubicyard
cuyd
27cuft
cup(breakfast)
10floz(imp)
cup(Canadian)
c(CA)
8floz(imp)
=227.3045 106m3
cup(metric)
250.0 106m3
=250.0 106m3
cup(UScustomary)
c(US)
8USfloz116gal(US)
cup(USfoodnutrition
labeling)
c(US)
240mL[16]
=2.4 104m3
dash(imperial)
1384gi(imp)=12pinch
(imp)
dash(US)
1 USfloz=1 USpinch =
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dash(US)
196USfloz=12USpinch =
308.057 599 609 375 109m3
dessertspoon(imperial)
112gi(imp)
drop(imperial)
gtt
1288floz(imp)
drop(imperial)(alt)
gtt
11824gi(imp)
drop(medical)
0.996412ml
=83.03 109m3
drop(medical)
112ml
=83.3 109m3
drop(metric)
120mL
=50.0 109m3
drop(US)
gtt
1360USfloz
drop(US)(alt)
gtt
1456USfloz
drop(US)(alt)
gtt
1576USfloz
fifth
15USgal
firkin
9gal(imp)
fluiddrachm(imperial)
fldr
18floz(imp)
fluiddram(US)USfluidram
fldr
18USfloz
=
3.696 691 195 3125 106m3
fluidscruple(imperial)
fls
124floz(imp)
gallon(beer)
beergal
282cuin
gallon(imperial)
gal(imp)
4.546 09L
4.546 09 103m3
gallon(USdry)
gal(US)
18bu(USlvl)
gallon(USfluidWine)
gal(US)
231cuin
gill(imperial)Noggin
gi(imp)
nog
5floz(imp)
gill(US)
gi(US)
4USfloz
hogshead(imperial)
hhd(imp) 2bl(imp)
hogshead(US)
hhd(US)
2flbl(US)
jigger(bartending)
112USfloz
44.36 106m3
kilderkin
18gal(imp)
lambda
1mm3
=1 109m3
last
80bu(imp)
=2.909 4976m3
1dm3[17]
0.001m3
litre
(liter)
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(liter)
load
50cuft
minim(imperial)
min
1480floz(imp)=1/60fldr
=59.193 880 2083 109m3
(imp)
minim(US)
min
1480USfloz=160USfl
dr
ounce(fluidimperial)
floz(imp) 1160gal(imp)
ounce(fluidUScustomary)
USfloz
=
61.611 519 921 875 109m3
28.413 0625 106m3
1128gal(US)
ounce(fluidUSfoodnutrition
USfloz
labeling)
30mL[16]
3 105m3
peck(imperial)
pk
2gal(imp)
=9.092 18 103m3
peck(USdry)
pk
14USlvlbu
perch
per
1612ft112ft1ft
pinch(imperial)
1192gi(imp)=tsp(imp)
pinch(US)
148USfloz=18UStsp
=
616.115 199 218 75 109m3
pint(imperial)
pt(imp)
18gal(imp)
=568.261 25 106m3
pint(USdry)
pt(US
dry)
164bu(USlvl)18gal
(USdry)
pint(USfluid)
pt(USfl) 18gal(US)
pony
34USfloz
=
22.180 147 171 875 106m3
pottlequartern
12gal(imp)=80floz
(imp)
quart(imperial)
qt(imp)
14gal(imp)
quart(USdry)
qt(US)
132bu(USlvl)=14gal
(USdry)
quart(USfluid)
qt(US)
14gal(USfl)
quarterpail
8bu(imp)
registerton
100cuft
sack(imperial)bag
3bu(imp)
sack(US)
3bu(USlvl)
seam
8bu(USlvl)
shot(US)
usually1.5USfloz[14]
44 106m3
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shot(US)
usually1.5USfloz[14]
44 106m3
strike(imperial)
2bu(imp)
strike(US)
2bu(USlvl)
tablespoon(Australianmetric)
tablespoon(Canadian)
tbsp
12floz(imp)
tablespoon(imperial)
tbsp
58floz(imp)
tablespoon(metric)
tablespoon(UScustomary)
tbsp
12USfloz
tablespoon(USfoodnutrition
labeling)
tbsp
15mL[16]
=1.5 105m3
teaspoon(Canadian)
tsp
16floz(imp)
teaspoon(imperial)
tsp
124gi(imp)
teaspoon(metric)
5.0 106m3
=5.0 106m3
teaspoon(UScustomary)
tsp
16USfloz
teaspoon(USfoodnutrition
labeling)
tsp
5mL[16]
=5 106m3
timberfoot
1cuft
ton(displacement)
35cuft
ton(freight)
40cuft
ton(water)
28bu(imp)
tun
252gal(wine)
wey(US)
40bu(USlvl)
15.0 106m3
Planeangle
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Planeangle
Nameof
unit
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
angularmil
26400rad
arcminute
'
MOA
160
arcsecond
13600
centesimal
minuteof '
arc
1100grad
centesimal
secondof "
arc
110 000grad
degree(of
arc)
1360ofarevolution180rad
grad
gradian
gon
grad
1400ofarevolution200rad0.9
octant
45
0.785 398rad
quadrant
90
1.570 796rad
radian(SI
unit)
rad
Theanglesubtendedatthecenterofacirclebyanarc
whoselengthisequaltothecircle'sradius.Onefull
revolutionencompasses2radians.
=1rad
sextant
60
1.047 198rad
sign
30
0.523 599rad
"
Solidangle
Solidangle
Nameof
Symbol
unit
square
degree
Definition
deg2
sq.deg. (180)2sr
()2
steradian
sr
(SIunit)
Thesolidanglesubtendedatthecenterofasphereofradiusrby
aportionofthesurfaceofthespherehavinganarear2.Asphere
encompasses4sr.[14]
RelationtoSI
units
0.304 62 103sr
=1sr
Mass
Notes:
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SeeWeightfordetailofmass/weightdistinctionandconversion.
Avoirdupoisisasystemofmassbasedonapoundof16ounces,whileTroyweightisthesystemof
masswhere12troyouncesequalsonetroypound.
Inthistable,theunitgeeisusedtodenotestandardgravityinordertoavoidconfusionwiththe"g"
symbolforgrams.
Inphysics,thepoundofmassissometimeswrittenlbmtodistinguishitfromthepoundforce(lbf).It
shouldnotbereadasthemongrelunit"poundmetre".
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Nameofunit
Mass
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
atomicmassunit,
unified
uAMU
atomicunitofmass,
electronrestmass
me
bag(coffee)
60kg
=60kg
bag(Portlandcement)
94lbav
barge
2212shortton
carat
kt
316gr
=205.196 5483mg
carat(metric)
ct
200mg
=200mg
clove
8lbav
crith
89.9349mg
dalton
Da
dram(apothecarytroy) drt
60gr
=3.887 9346g
dram(avoirdupois)
drav
271132gr
electronvolt
eV
1eV(energyunit)/c2
=
1.782 661 84(45) 1036kg[20]
gamma
1g
=1g
grain
gr
17000lbav
6 479 891mg
grave
gv.
gravewastheoriginalnameofthe
kilogram
1kg
hundredweight(long)
longcwt
orcwt
112lbav
100lbav
=45.359 237kg
kg
massoftheprototypenearParis
(massof1Lofwater)
1kg(SIbaseunit)[8]
kip
kip
1000lbav
=453.592 37kg
mark
8ozt
=248.827 8144g
mite
120gr
=3.239 9455mg
mite(metric)
120g
=50mg
ounce(apothecary
troy)
ozt
112lbt
=31.103 4768g
ounce(avoirdupois)
ozav
116lb
hundredweight(short)
shcwt
cental
kilogram
(kilogramme)
ounce(USfood
nutritionlabelling)
oz
28g[16]
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=28g
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28g[16]
nutritionlabelling)
oz
=28g
pennyweight
dwtpwt 120ozt
point
1100ct
=2mg
pound
lb
slugft/s2
pound(avoirdupois)
lbav
pound(metric)
500g
=500g
pound(troy)
lbt
5760grains
quarter(imperial)
14longcwt=2st=28lbav
quarter(informal)
14shortton
=226.796 185kg
quarter,long(informal)
14longton
=254.011 7272kg
quintal(metric)
100kg
=100kg
scruple(apothecary)
sap
20gr
=1.295 9782g
sheet
1700lbav
=647.9891mg
sluggeepoundhyl
slug
101lbav1s2/ft
14.593 903kg
stone
st
14lbav
ton,assay(long)
AT
1mg1longton1ozt
=32.6g
ton,assay(short)
AT
1mg1shortton1ozt
=29.16g
ton,long
longtnor
2240lb
ton
=1 016.046 9088kg
ton,short
shtn
2000lb
=907.184 74kg
tonne(mtsunit)
1000kg
=1000kg
wey
252lb=18st
Zentner
Ztr.
Definitionsvary.[14][21]
Density
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Nameofunit
Density
Symbol Definition
RelationtoSIunits
grampermillilitre
g/mL
g/mL
=1000kg/m3
kilogrampercubicmetre(SIunit)
kg/m3
kg/m3
=1kg/m3
kilogramperlitre
kg/L
kg/L
=1000kg/m3
ounce(avoirdupois)percubicfoot
oz/ft3
oz/ft3
ounce(avoirdupois)percubicinch
oz/in3
oz/in3
ounce(avoirdupois)pergallon(imperial) oz/gal
oz/gal
ounce(avoirdupois)pergallon(USfluid) oz/gal
oz/gal
pound(avoirdupois)percubicfoot
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
pound(avoirdupois)percubicinch
lb/in3
lb/in3
pound(avoirdupois)pergallon(imperial) lb/gal
lb/gal
pound(avoirdupois)pergallon(USfluid) lb/gal
lb/gal
119.826 4273kg/m3
slugpercubicfoot
Time
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Nameofunit
atomicunitof
time
Time
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
a0/(c)
Callippiccycle
441mo(hollow)+499mo(full)=76aof
365.25d
=2.396 736Gsor
2.398 3776Gs[note1]
century
100years(100a)
=3.155 6952Gs[note2][note3]
day
=24h=1440min
=86.4ks[note3]
day(sidereal)
TimeneededfortheEarthtorotateonce
arounditsaxis,determinedfromsuccessive
transitsofaverydistantastronomicalobject
acrossanobserver'smeridian(International
CelestialReferenceFrame)
86.1641ks
decade
dec
10years(10a)
=
315.569 520Ms[note2][note3]
fortnight
fn
2wk
=1.2096Ms[note3]
11080h
=3.3s
au
helek
Hipparchic
cycle
4Callippiccycles1d
=9.593 424Gs
hour
60min
=3.6ks[note3]
jiffy
160s
=16.6ms
jiffy
(alternative)
ja
1100s
=10ms
ke(quarterof
anhour)
14h=196d=15min
=900s
ke(traditional)
1100d=14.4min
=864s
lustrelustrum
5aof365d
=157.68Ms
Metoniccycle
enneadecaeteris
110mo(hollow)+125mo(full)=6940d
19a
=599.616Ms
millennium
1000years(1000a)
=31.556 952Gs[note2][note3]
milliday
md
11000d
=86.4s
minute
min
60s,duetoleapsecondssometimes59sor61
=60s[note3]
s,
moment
90s
=90s
month(full)
mo
30d[22]
=2.592 106s[note3]
month(Greg.
av.)
mo
=30.436 875d
2.6297Ms[note3]
29d[22]
=2.5056Ms[note3]
month(hollow) mo
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month(hollow) mo
29d[22]
=2.5056Ms[note3]
month
(synodic)
mo
Cycletimeofmoonphases29.530 589d
(average)
2.551Ms
octaeteris
=48mo(full)+48mo(hollow)+3mo
(full)[23][24]=8aof365.25d=2922d
=252.4608Ms[note3]
Plancktime
1
(Gc5) 2
second
shake
108s
=10ns
sigma
106s
=1s
Sothiccycle
1461aof365d
=460.740 96Ts
svedberg
1013s
=100fs
week
wk
7d=168h=10 080min
=604.8ks[note3]
(SIbaseunit)
=31.536Ms[note3][note3][25]
year
(Gregorian)
=365.2425daverage,calculatedfromcommon
a,y,oryr years(365d)plusleapyears(366d)onmost
=31.556 952Ms[note3]
yearsdivisibleby4.Seeleapyearfordetails.
year(Julian)
=365.25daverage,calculatedfromcommon
a,y,oryr years(365d)plusoneleapyear(366d)every
fouryears
=31.5576Ms
year(leap)
a,y,oryr 366d
=31.6224Ms[note3][25]
year(mean
tropical)
conceptually,thelengthoftimeittakesforthe
Suntoreturntothesamepositioninthecycleof
a,y,oryr
31.556 925Ms
seasons,[Converter1]approximately365.242 19d,
eachdaybeing86 400SIseconds[26]
year(sidereal)
timetakenforSuntoreturntothesame
a,y,oryr positionwithrespecttothestarsofthecelestial
sphere,approximately365.256 363d
Notes:
1. seeCallippiccycleforexplanationofthedifferences
2. ThisisbasedontheaverageGregorianyear.Seeabovefordefinitionofyearlengths.
3. WhereUTCisobserved,thelengththisunitmayincreaseordecreasedependingonthenumberofleapseconds
whichoccurduringthetimeintervalinquestion.
Frequency
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Frequency
Nameofunit Symbol
hertz(SIunit)
Hz
revolutionsper
rpm
minute
Definition
RelationtoSI
units
Numberofcyclespersecond
=1Hz=1/s
Oneunitrpmequalsonerotationcompletedarounda
fixedaxisinoneminuteoftime.
Speedorvelocity
Nameofunit
Speed
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
footperhour
fph
1ft/h
=8.46 105m/s
footperminute
fpm
1ft/min
=5.08 103m/s
footpersecond
fps
1ft/s
=3.048 101m/s
furlongper
fortnight
furlong/fortnight
inchperhour
iph
1in/h
=7.05 106m/s
inchperminute
ipm
1in/min
=4.23 104m/s
inchpersecond
ips
1in/s
=2.54 102m/s
kilometreperhour
km/h
1km/h
=2.7 101m/s
knot
kn
1nmi/h=1.852km/h
=0.514m/s
knot(Admiralty)
kn
1NM(Adm)/h=1.853 184km/h
=0.514 773m/s
machnumber
Ratioofthespeedtothespeedofsound[note1]inthe
medium(unitless).
340to295m/s
metrepersecond
(SIunit)
m/s
1m/s
=1m/s
mileperhour
mph
1mi/h
=0.447 04m/s
mileperminute
mpm
1mi/min
=26.8224m/s
milepersecond
mps
1mi/s
=1 609.344m/s
speedoflightin
vacuum
speedofsoundin
air
1225to1062km/h(761660mphor661
574kn)[note1]
340to295m/s
Note
1. Thespeedofsoundvariesespeciallywithtemperatureandpressurefromabout1225km/h(761mphor661kn)
inairatsealeveltoabout1062km/h(660mphor570kn)atjetaltitudes(12 200mor40 000ft).[27]
Avelocityconsistsofaspeedcombinedwithadirectionthespeedpartofthevelocitytakesunitsofspeed.
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Flow(volume)
Nameofunit
Flow
Symbol Definition
RelationtoSIunits
cubicfootperminute
CFM
cubicfootpersecond
ft3/s
1ft3/s
cubicinchperminute
cubicinchpersecond
in3/s
1in3/s
cubicmetrepersecond(SIunit) m3/s
1m3/s
=1m3/s
gallon(USfluid)perday
GPD
1gal/d
gallon(USfluid)perhour
GPH
1gal/h
gallon(USfluid)perminute
GPM
litreperminute
LPM
1L/min
=1.6 105m3/s
Acceleration
Nameofunit
Acceleration
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
footperhourpersecond
fph/s
1ft/(hs)
=8.46 105m/s2
footperminutepersecond
fpm/s
1ft/(mins)
=5.08 103m/s2
footpersecondsquared
fps2
1ft/s2
=3.048 101m/s2
galgalileo
Gal
1cm/s2
=102m/s2
inchperminutepersecond
ipm/s
1in/(mins)
=4.23 104m/s2
inchpersecondsquared
ips2
1in/s2
=2.54 102m/s2
knotpersecond
kn/s
1kn/s
5.14 101m/s2
metrepersecondsquared(SIunit) m/s2
1m/s2
=1m/s2
mileperhourpersecond
mph/s
1mi/(hs)
=4.4704 101m/s2
mileperminutepersecond
mpm/s 1mi/(mins)
=26.8224m/s2
milepersecondsquared
mps2
1mi/s2
standardgravity
Force
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Nameofunit
ConversionofunitsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Force
Definition
Symbol
atomicunitof
force
RelationtoSIunits
2 2
me c a0
gcm/s2
=105N
dyne(cgsunit)
dyn
kilogramforce
kilopondgrave
force
kgfkp
01kg
Gf
=9.806 65N
kipkipforce
kip
kipf
klbf
=
4.448 221 615 2605 103N
milligraveforce,
gravetforce
mGfgf 01g
longtonforce
tnf
01shortton
=
9.964 016 418 183 52 103N
newton(SIunit)
Aforcecapableofgivingamassofone
kilogramanaccelerationofonemetreper
secondpersecond.[29]
=1N=1kgm/s2
ounceforce
ozf
01oz
=
0.278 013 850 953 781 25N
poundforce
lbf
01lb
poundal
pdl
1lbft/s2
shorttonforce
tnf
01shortton
sthene(mtsunit)
sn
1tm/s2
=103N
01000lb
=9.806 65mN
Seealso:Conversionbetweenweight(force)andmass
Pressureormechanicalstress
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Nameofunit
Symbol
Pressure
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
101 325Pa[30]
atmosphere(standard)
atm
atmosphere(technical)
at
bar
bar
barye(cgsunit)
1dyn/cm2
=0.1Pa
centimetreofmercury
cmHg
13 595.1kg/m31cm0
1.333 22 103Pa[30]
centimetreofwater(4C)
cmH2O 999.972kg/m31cm0
footofmercury
(conventional)
ftHg
13 595.1kg/m31ft0
footofwater(39.2F)
ftH2O
999.972kg/m31ft0
2.988 98 103Pa[30]
inchofmercury
(conventional)
inHg
13 595.1kg/m31in0
inchofwater(39.2F)
inH2O
999.972kg/m31in0
249.082Pa[30]
kilogramforcepersquare
millimetre
kgf/mm2 1kgf/mm2
=9.806 65 106Pa[30]
kippersquareinch
ksi
1kipf/sqin
longtonpersquarefoot
1longton0/1sqft
13 595.1kg/m31 m0
0.001torr
0.133 3224Pa[30]
13 595.1kg/m31mm01
torr
133.3224Pa[30]
micrometreofmercury
1kgf/cm2
mHg
=9.806 65 104Pa[30]
105Pa
98.0638Pa[30]
millimetreofmercury
mmHg
millimetreofwater
(3.98C)
3
mmH2O 999.972kg/m 1mm0=
0.999 972kgf/m2
pascal(SIunit)
Pa
N/m2=kg/(ms2)
=1Pa[31]
pize(mtsunit)
pz
1000kg/ms2
=103Pa=1kPa
poundpersquarefoot
psf
1lbf/ft2
47.880 26Pa[30]
poundpersquareinch
psi
1lbf/in2
poundalpersquarefoot
pdl/sqft 1pdl/sqft
shorttonpersquarefoot
1shortton0/1sqft
torr
torr
101 325760Pa
133.3224Pa[30]
=9.806 38Pa
1.488 164Pa[30]
Torqueormomentofforce
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Nameofunit
ConversionofunitsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Torque
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
footpoundforce
ftlbf
01lb1ft
footpoundal
ftpdl
1lbft2/s2
inchpoundforce
inlbf
01lb1in
metrekilogramforce
mkgf
0Nm
=9.806 65Nm
Newtonmetre(SIunit) Nm
Nm=kgm2/s2 =1Nm
Energy
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Nameofunit
Energy
Definition
Symbol
barrelofoil
equivalent
boe
Britishthermalunit
(ISO)
5.8 106BTU59F
RelationtoSIunits
6.12 109J
=1.0545 103J
Britishthermalunit BTU
IT
(InternationalTable)
Britishthermalunit
(mean)
BTUmean
1.055 87 103J
Britishthermalunit
(thermochemical)
BTUth
Britishthermalunit
(39F)
BTU39F
1.059 67 103J
Britishthermalunit
(59F)
Britishthermalunit
(60F)
BTU60F
1.054 68 103J
Britishthermalunit
(63F)
BTU63F
1.0546 103J
calorie(International cal
IT
Table)
4.1868J
1
=4.1868J
100oftheenergyrequiredtowarm
calorie(mean)
calmean
calorie
(thermochemical)
calth
4.184J
=4.184J
Calorie(USFDA)
Cal
1kcal=1000cal
=4184J
calorie(3.98C)
cal3.98C
calorie(15C)
cal15C
calorie(20C)
cal20C
4.2045J
4.1855J
=4.1855J
4.1819J
Celsiusheatunit
CHUIT
(InternationalTable)
1BTUIT1K/R
cubiccentimetreof
atmosphere
standardcubic
centimetre
ccatm
scc
1atm1cm3
=0.101 325J
cubicfootof
atmosphere
standardcubicfoot
cuft
3
atmscf 1atm1ft
cubicfootofnatural
1000BTUIT
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cubicfootofnatural
gas
1000BTUIT
cubicyardof
atmosphere
standardcubicyard
cuyd
1atm1yd3
atmscy
electronvolt
eV
e1V
erg(cgsunit)
erg
1gcm2/s2
=107J
footpoundforce
ftlbf
01lb1ft
footpoundal
ftpdl
1lbft2/s2
gallonatmosphere
(imperial)
impgal
atm
1atm1gal(imp)
gallonatmosphere
(US)
USgal
atm
1atm1gal(US)
hartree,atomicunit
ofenergy
Eh
me2c2(=2Ry)
horsepowerhour
hph
1hp1h
=
2.684 519 537 696 172 792 106J
inchpoundforce
inlbf
01lb1in
joule(SIunit)
Theworkdonewhenaforceofone
newtonmovesthepointofits
=1J=1mN=1kgm2/s2=
applicationadistanceofonemetrein 1CV=1Ws
thedirectionoftheforce.[29]
kilocalorielarge
calorie
kcalCal 1000calIT
=4.1868 103J
kilowatthourBoard kWh
1kW1h
ofTradeUnit
B.O.T.U.
=3.6 106J
litreatmosphere
latmsl 1atm1L
=101.325J
quad
1015BTUIT
rydberg
Ry
Rc
therm(E.C.)
100 000BTUIT
therm(US)
100 000BTU59F
=105.4804 106J
thermie
th
1McalIT
=4.1868 106J
tonofcoal
equivalent
TCE
7Gcalth
=29.288 109J
tonneofoil
equivalent
toe
10GcalIT
=41.868 109J
tonofTNT
tTNT
1Gcalth
=4.184 109J
Powerorheatflowrate
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Nameofunit
Power
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
atmospherecubic
atmccm
centimetreperminute
1atm1cm3/min
=1.688 75 103W
atmospherecubic
atmccs
centimetrepersecond
1atm1cm3/s
=0.101 325W
atmospherecubic
footperhour
atmcfh
1atm1cuft/h
atmospherecubic
footperminute
atmcfm
1atm1cuft/min
atmospherecubic
footpersecond
atmcfs
1atm1cuft/s
BTU(International
Table)perhour
BTUIT/h
1BTUIT/h
0.293 071W
BTU(International
Table)perminute
BTUIT/min 1BTUIT/min
17.584 264W
BTU(International
Table)persecond
BTUIT/s
1BTUIT/s
calorie(International cal /s
IT
Table)persecond
1calIT/s
=4.1868W
ergpersecond
1erg/s
=107W
footpoundforceper
ftlbf/h
hour
1ftlbf/h
footpoundforceper
ftlbf/min
minute
1ftlbf/min
=
2.259 696 580 552 334 102W
footpoundforceper
ftlbf/s
second
1ftlbf/s
horsepower(boiler)
34.5lb/h970.3BTUIT/lb
9 809.5W[32]
horsepower
hp
(Europeanelectrical)
75kpm/s
=736W
horsepower
(electrical)
hp
746W
=746W[32]
horsepower
(mechanical)
hp
550ftlbf/s[32]
horsepower(metric)
hporPS
75mkgf/s
=735.498 75W[32]
litreatmosphereper
minute
Latm/min 1atm1L/min
=1.688 75W
litreatmosphereper
second
Latm/s
1atm1L/s
=101.325W
lusec
lusec
1LmHg/s[14]
1.333 104W
poncelet
100mkgf/s
=980.665W
erg/s
hp
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poncelet
100mkgf/s
=980.665W
squarefoot
equivalentdirect
radiation
sqftEDR
240BTUIT/h
70.337 057W
tonofair
conditioning
2000lboficemelted/24h
3504W
tonofrefrigeration
(imperial)
2240lbiceIT/24h:iceIT=
144F2326J/kgF
tonofrefrigeration
(IT)
2000lbiceIT/24h:iceIT=
144F2326J/kgF
Thepowerwhichinonesecondof
timegivesrisetoonejouleof
energy.[29]
=1W=1J/s=1Nm/s=
1kgm2/s3
watt(SIunit)
Action
Nameofunit
Action
Symbol Definition
atomicunitofaction au
RelationtoSIunits
Dynamicviscosity
Dynamicviscosity
Symbol
Definition
Nameofunit
RelationtoSIunits
pascalsecond(SIunit)
Pas
Ns/m2,kg/(ms) =1Pas
poise(cgsunit)
1baryes
poundperfoothour
lb/(fth) 1lb/(fth)
poundperfootsecond
lb/(fts) 1lb/(fts)
1.488 164Pas
47.880 26Pas
6 894.757Pas
=0.1Pas
Kinematicviscosity
Nameofunit
Kinematicviscosity
Symbol Definition RelationtoSIunits
ft2/s
1ft2/s
squaremetrepersecond(SIunit) m2/s
1m2/s
=1m2/s
stokes(cgsunit)
104m2/s =104m2/s
squarefootpersecond
St
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Electriccurrent
Electriccurrent
Nameofunit Symbol
ampere(SI
baseunit)
RelationtoSI
units
Definition
Theconstantcurrentneededtoproduceaforceof2
107newtonpermetrebetweentwostraightparallel
=1A=1C/s
conductorsofinfinitelengthandnegligiblecircularcross
sectionplacedonemetreapartinavacuum.[8]
electromagnetic
unitabampere abamp
(cgsunit)
10A
=10A
esupersecond
statampere(cgs esu/s
unit)
0.1Am/sc
Electriccharge
Nameofunit
Electriccharge
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
abcoulomb
electromagneticunit(cgs
unit)
abC
emu
10C
=10C
atomicunitofcharge
au
coulomb
Theamountofelectricitycarriedinone
=1C=1As
secondoftimebyoneampereofcurrent.[29]
faraday
1molNAe
96 485.3383C
milliamperehour
mAh
0.001A1h
=3.6C
statcoulombfranklin
electrostaticunit(cgs
unit)
statC
0.1Amc
Fresu
Electricdipole
Nameofunit
Electricdipole
Symbol Definition
RelationtoSIunits
atomicunitofelectricdipolemoment ea0
coulombmeter
Cm
=1C1m
debye
Electromotiveforce,electricpotentialdifference
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Voltage,electromotiveforce
Name
Symbol
ofunit
Definition
RelationtoSI
units
abvolt
(cgs
abV
unit)
108V
=108V
statvolt
(cgs
statV
unit)
c(1J/Am)
=299.792 458V
volt
(SI
unit)
Thedifferenceinelectricpotentialacrosstwopointsalonga
conductingwirecarryingoneampereofconstantcurrentwhenthe
powerdissipatedbetweenthepointsequalsonewatt.[29]
=1V=1W/A
=1kgm2/(As3)
Electricalresistance
Electricalresistance
Name
of Symbol
unit
ohm
(SI
unit)
Definition
Theresistancebetweentwopointsinaconductorwhenonevoltof
electricpotentialdifference,appliedtothesepoints,producesone
ampereofcurrentintheconductor.[29]
RelationtoSI
units
=1=1V/A
=1kgm2/(A2s3)
Capacitance
Capacitor'sabilitytostorecharge
Name
Symbol
ofunit
farad
(SI
unit)
Definition
RelationtoSI
units
Thecapacitancebetweentwoparallelplatesthatresultsinonevoltof =1F=1C/V
potentialdifferencewhenchargedbyonecoulombofelectricity.[29] =1A2s4/(kgm2)
Magneticflux
magneticflux
Name
Symbol
ofunit
Definition
RelationtoSI
units
maxwell
(CGS
Mx
unit)
108Wb[32]
weber
Wb
(SIunit)
Magneticfluxwhich,linkingacircuitofoneturn,wouldproducein
=1Wb=1Vs
itanelectromotiveforceof1voltifitwerereducedtozeroata
=1kgm2/(As2)
uniformratein1second.[29]
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=108Wb
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Magneticfluxdensity
WhatphysicistscallMagneticfieldiscalledMagneticfluxdensityby
electricalengineersandmagneticinductionbyappliedmathematiciansand
electricalengineers.
Nameofunit Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
gauss(CGSunit) G
Mx/cm2=104T =104T[36]
tesla(SIunit)
Wb/m2
=1T=1Wb/m2=1kg/(As2)
Inductance
Inductance
Name
of Symbol
unit
henry
(SI
H
unit)
RelationtoSI
units
Definition
Theinductanceofaclosedcircuitthatproducesonevoltof
electromotiveforcewhenthecurrentinthecircuitvariesatauniform
rateofoneamperepersecond.[29]
=1H=1Wb/A
=1kgm2/(As)2
Temperature
Temperature
Definition
Nameofunit Symbol
degreeCelsius C
[C][K]273.15
RelationtoSIunits
[K][C]+273.15
[K]=373.15[De]23
degreeDelisle De
[K]([F]+459.67)
5
9
degree
Fahrenheit
degree
Newton
degree
Rankine
degree
Raumur
[K]=[R]54+273.15
degreeRmer R
[K]=([R]7.5)4021
+273.15
ReguloGas
Mark
GM
kelvin(SIbase
K
unit)
[F][C]95+32
[K]=[N]10033+
273.15
[R][K]95
[F][GM]25+300
1273.16ofthethermodynamictemperatureofthe
triplepointofwater.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units#Force
[K][R]5/9
[K][GM]1259+
422.038
1K
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Informationentropy
Nameofunit
Symbol
Informationentropy
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
Relationtobits
SIunit
J/K
J/K
=1J/K
natnipnepit
nat
kB
bitshannon
banhartley
nibble
byte
kilobyte(decimal) kB
4bits
8bits
1000B
Often,informationentropyismeasuredinshannons,whereasthe(discrete)storagespaceofdigitaldevices
ismeasuredinbits.Thus,uncompressedredundantdataoccupymorethanonebitofstoragepershannonof
informationentropy.Themultiplesofabitlistedaboveareusuallyusedwiththismeaning.Othertimesthe
bitisusedasameasureofinformationentropyandisthusasynonymofshannon.
Luminousintensity
ThecandelaisthepreferrednomenclaturefortheSIunit.
Luminousintensity
Nameof
unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation
toSI
units
Theluminousintensity,inagivendirection,ofasourcethatemits
monochromaticradiationoffrequency540 1012hertzandthathasa
radiantintensityinthatdirectionof1/683wattpersteradian.[8]
=1cd
candlepower
cp
(new)
cdTheuseofcandlepowerasaunitisdiscouragedduetoits
ambiguity.
=1cd
candlepower
(old,pre
cp
1948)
Variesandispoorlyreproducible.[37]Approximately0.981cd.[14]
0.981cd
candela(SI
baseunit)
candle
cd
Luminance
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Luminance
Symbol
Nameofunit
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
candelapersquarefoot
cd/ft2
cd/ft2
candelapersquareinch
cd/in2
cd/in2
1 550.0031cd/m2
candelapersquaremetre(SIunit)nit(deprecated[14]) cd/m2
cd/m2
=1cd/m2
footlambert
fL
(1/)cd/ft2
lambert
stilb(CGSunit)
sb
104cd/m2
=104cd/m2
Luminousflux
Luminousflux
Nameofunit Symbol Definition RelationtoSIunits
lumen(SIunit) lm
cdsr
=1lm=1cdsr
Illuminance
Nameofunit
Illuminance
Symbol Definition RelationtoSIunits
footcandlelumenpersquarefoot fc
lm/ft2
lumenpersquareinch
lm/in2
lm/in2
1 550.0031lx
lux(SIunit)
lx
lm/m2
=1lx=1lm/m2
phot(CGSunit)
ph
lm/cm2 =104lx
Radiationsourceactivity
Nameofunit
Radioactivity
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
becquerel(SIunit) Bq
Numberofdisintegrationspersecond =1Bq=1/s
curie
Ci
3.7 1010Bq[38]
=3.7 1010Bq
rutherford(H)
rd
1MBq
=106Bq
Pleasenotethatalthoughbecquerel(Bq)andhertz(Hz)bothultimatelyrefertothesameSIbaseunit(s1),
Hzisusedonlyforperiodicphenomena,andBqisonlyusedforstochasticprocessesassociatedwith
radioactivity.[39]
Radiationexposure
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Radiationexposure
Nameofunit Symbol
Definition
roentgen
RelationtoSIunits
TheroentgenisnotanSIunitandtheNISTstronglydiscouragesitscontinueduse.[40]
Radiationabsorbeddose
Radiationabsorbeddose
Nameofunit Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
gray(SIunit) Gy
1J/kg=1m2/s2[41] =1Gy
rad
0.01Gy[32]
rad
=0.01Gy
Radiationequivalentdose
Radiationequivalentdose
Nameofunit
Symbol Definition RelationtoSIunits
Rntgenequivalentman rem
0.01Sv
sievert(SIunit)
1J/kg[39] =1Sv
Sv
=0.01Sv
Althoughthedefinitionsforsievert(Sv)andgray(Gy)wouldseemtoindicatethattheymeasurethesame
quantities,thisisnotthecase.Theeffectofreceivingacertaindoseofradiation(givenasGy)isvariable
anddependsonmanyfactors,thusanewunitwasneededtodenotethebiologicaleffectivenessofthatdose
onthebodythisisknownastheequivalentdoseandisshowninSv.Thegeneralrelationshipbetween
absorbeddoseandequivalentdosecanberepresentedas
H=QD
whereHistheequivalentdose,Distheabsorbeddose,andQisadimensionlessqualityfactor.Thus,for
anyquantityofDmeasuredinGy,thenumericalvalueforHmeasuredinSvmaybedifferent.[42]
Softwaretools
Therearemanyconversiontools.Theyarefoundinthefunctionlibrariesofapplicationssuchas
spreadsheetsdatabases,incalculators,andinmacropackagesandpluginsformanyotherapplicationssuch
asthemathematical,scientificandtechnicalapplications.
Therearemanystandaloneapplicationsthatofferthethousandsofthevariousunitswithconversions.For
example,thefreesoftwaremovementoffersacommandlineutilityGNUunits
(https://www.gnu.org/software/units/)forLinuxandWindows.
Seealso
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units#Force
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Accuracyandprecision
Conversionofunitsoftemperature
Englishunits
Falseprecision
Imperialunits
InternationalSystemofUnits
Mesuresusuelles
Metricprefix(e.g."kilo"prefix)
Metricsystem
Naturalunits
Rounding
Significantfigures
UnitedStatescustomaryunits
Units(software)
Unitsconversionbyfactorlabel
Unitsofmeasurement
Notesandreferences
1. jobs(September14,2012)."Theastronomicalunitgetsfixed:NatureNews&Comment".Nature.com.
doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11416.RetrievedAugust31,2013.
2. "NISTReferenceonConstants,Units,andUncertainty."(http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/cuu/Value?bohrrada0)
(2010).NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.RetrievedOctober17,2014.
3. U.S.NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyHandbook44AppendixCGeneralTablesofUnitsof
Measurement2013Edition(http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/appc13hb44final.pdf)
4. Lide,D.(Ed.).(1990).HandbookofChemistryandPhysics(71sted).BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress.Section1.
5. NationalBureauofStandards.(June30,1959).Refinementofvaluesfortheyardandthepound.Federal
Register,viewedSeptember20,2006atNationalGeodeticSurveywebsite
(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc595442.pdf).
6. TheInternationalAstronomicalUnionandAstronomicalUnits
(http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/measuring/)
7. Klein,HerbertArthur.(1988).TheScienceofMeasurement:aHistoricalSurvey.Mineola,NY:Dover
Publications0486258394.
8. TheInternationalSystemofUnits,Section2.1(8ed.),BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,2006,retrieved
August26,2009
9. InternationalSystemofUnits,(http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.html)8thed.(2006),
BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Section4.1Table8.
10. P.KennethSeidelmann,Ed.(1992).ExplanatorySupplementtotheAstronomicalAlmanac.Sausalito,CA:
UniversityScienceBooks.p.716ands.v.parsecinGlossary.
11. Whitelaw,Ian.(2007).AMeasureofAllThings:TheStoryofManandMeasurement
(http://books.google.com/books?id=3zgGEWM5iAC).NewYork:Macmillan0312370261.p.152.
12. DeVinne,TheodoreLow(1900).Thepracticeoftypography:atreatiseontheprocessesoftypemaking,the
pointsystem,thenames,sizes,stylesandpricesofplainprintingtypes(http://books.google.com/books?id=R4
DjphIpLMC)2nded.NewYork:TheCenturyCo.p.142150.
13. Pasko,WesleyWashington(1894).Americandictionaryofprintingandbookmaking
(http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_QUAAAAIAAJ).(1894).NewYork:HowardLockwood.p.521.
14. Rowlett,Russ(2005),HowMany?ADictionaryofUnitsofMeasurement
15. Thompson,A.andTaylor,B.N.(2008).GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI).National
InstituteofStandardsandTechnologySpecialPublication811.p.57.
16. USCodeofFederalRegulations,Title21,Section101.9,Paragraph(b)(5)(viii),retrievedAugust29,2009
17. BarryN.Taylor,Ed.,NISTSpecialPublication330:TheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)
(http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf)(2001Edition),Washington:USGovernmentPrintingOffice,
43,"The12thConferenceGeneraledesPoidsetMesures(CGPM)declaresthattheword"litre"maybe
employedasaspecialnameforthecubicdecimetre".
18. [1](http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/cuu/Value?tukg)
19. CODATAValue:atomicunitofmass.(http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/cuu/Value?
ttme%7Csearch_for=atomic+unit+of+mass)(2010).NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.Retrieved29
May2015.
20. http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/cuu/Value?tevj%7Csearch_for=electronvolt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units#Force
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21. TheSwissFederalOfficeforMetrologygivesZentneronaGermanlanguagewebpage[2]
(http://www.metas.ch/de/scales/systemch.html)andquintalontheEnglishtranslationofthatpage[3]
(http://www.metas.ch/en/scales/systemch.html)theunitismarked"spcifiquementsuisse!"
22. PedersenO.(1983)."Glossary"inCoyne,G.,Hoskin,M.,andPedersen,O.GregorianReformoftheCalendar:
ProceedingsoftheVaticanConferencetoCommemorateits400thAnniversary.VaticanObservatory.Available
fromAstrophysicsDataSystem.
23. Richards,E.G.(1998),MappingTime,OxfordUniversityPress,pp.9495,ISBN0198504136
24. Steel,Duncan(2000),MarkingTime,JohnWiley&Sons,p.46,ISBN0471298271
25. Richards,E.G.(2013)."Calendars"inS.E.Urban&P.K.Seidelmann,eds.ExplanatorySupplementtothe
AstronomicalAlmanac.MillValley,CA:UniversityScienceBooks.
26. Richards,E.G.(2013)."Calendars"inS.E.Urban&P.K.Seidelmann,eds.ExplanatorySupplementtothe
AstronomicalAlmanac.MillValley,CA:UniversityScienceBooks.p.587.
27. TomBenson.(2010.)"MachNumber"(http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K12/airplane/mach.html)inBeginner's
GuidetoAeronautics.NASA.
28. CODATAValue:atomicunitofforce(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/).(2006).NationalInstituteof
StandardsandTechnology.RetrievedSeptember14,2008.
29. ComitInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Resolution2,1946,retrievedAugust26,2009
30. BarryN.Taylor,(April1995),GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)(NISTSpecialPublication811),Washington,DC:USGovernment
PrintingOffice,pp.5768.
31. BarryN.Taylor,(April1995),GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)(NISTSpecial
Publication811),Washington,DC:USGovernmentPrintingOffice,p.5.
32. NISTGuidetoSIUnits,AppendixB.9,retrievedAugust27,2009
33. InternationalSystemofUnits,(http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table7.html)8thed.(2006),
BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Section4.1Table7.
34. TheNISTReferenceonConstants,Units,andUncertainty,2006,retrievedAugust26,2009
35. RobertG.MortimerPhysicalchemistry,AcademicPress,2000ISBN0125083459,page677
36. StandardfortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModernMetricSystemIEEE/ASTMSI10
1997.(1997).NewYorkandWestConshohocken,PA:InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersand
AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials.TablesA.1throughA.5.
37. TheNISTReferenceonConstants,Units,andUncertainty,retrievedAugust28,2009
38. AmblerThompson&BarryN.Taylor.(2008).GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI).
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)SpecialPublication811.Gaithersburg,MD:NationalInstituteof
StandardsandTechnology.p.10.
39. TheInternationalSystemofUnits,Section2.2.2.,Table3(8ed.),BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,
2006,retrievedAugust27,2009
40. TheNISTGuidetotheSI(SpecialPublication811),section5.2,2008,retrievedAugust27,2009
41. AmblerThompson&BarryN.Taylor.(2008).GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI).
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)SpecialPublication811.Gaithersburg,MD:NationalInstituteof
StandardsandTechnology.p.5.
42. Comitinternationaldespoidsetmesures,2002,Recommendation2,retrievedAugust27,2009
Notes
1. ThetechnicaldefinitionoftropicalyearistheperiodoftimefortheeclipticlongitudeoftheSuntoincrease360
degrees.(Urban&Seidelmann2013,Glossary,s.v.year,tropical)
Externallinks
StatutoryInstrument1995No.1804
(http://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804)Unitsof
measurementregulations1995Fromlegislation.gov.uk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units#Force
Wikibookshasabookon
thetopicof:FHSST
PhysicsUnits:Howto
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(http://legislation.gov.uk)
HowMany?Adictionaryofunitsofmeasurement
(http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/)
NIST:FundamentalphysicalconstantsNonSIunits
ChangeUnits
Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforMetricand
Imperialequivalents.
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Document/nonsi_in_1998.pdf)PDF(35.7KB)
NISTGuidetoSIUnits(http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB9.html)Manyconversionfactors
listed.
TheUnifiedCodeforUnitsofMeasure
(http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/~schadow/units/UCUM/ucum.html)
Units,Symbols,andConversionsXMLDictionary(http://w3.energistics.org/uom/poscUnits22.xml)
UnitsofMeasurementSoftware
(https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Reference/Units_of_Measurement/Software/)atDMOZ
UnitsofMeasurementOnlineConversion
(https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Reference/Units_of_Measurement/Online_Conversion/)atDMOZ
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_units&oldid=691511845"
Categories: Unitsofmeasurement Metrication Conversionofunitsofmeasurement
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