NEUTRINO MASSES AND BARYOGENESIS

USING TYPE I SEESAW

MECHANISM

Presented By- Pragyan Phukan

Roll no- PHY14001
M.Sc. 3rd Sem.

Outline
Neutrino Within Standard Model
Gauge Theory of Particle Physics
Abelian U(1) Gauge Symmetry
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and
Higgs mechanism

Weinberg Salam Electroweak Theory

Neutrino Beyond Standard Model

Non Zero Mass of Neutrino
Neutrino..Dirac or Majorana
Neutrino Mass Models

Type 1 Seesaw Mechanism

Gauge Theory Of Particle Physics

Gauge theory is a special class of quantum theory
which describes the particles and the invariance of
the gauge theory implies the existence of interaction
between the particles mediated by gauge bosons.

Invariance of Gauge theory

Interaction Among Particles

Abelian U(1) Gauge Symmetry

Gauge transformation equation :
() / () = ()
=

(Global)

() ( Local )

Continuous : may vary from to +

Unitary: . =1
/

Abelian : . =(+ = .

Dirac Lagrangian :
= () () ()
Invariant Under Global U(1)
Gauge Transformation

 Local case :

= () () ()
m is invariant.
= () [ ]()
Extra term
Lagrangian is not invariant.

To make the lagrangian locally invariant

Introduce a Gauge field + ()

Redefine a Covariant Derivative = ( + )

Gauge invariant Lagrangian :

/ = +

 The Gauge field represents the photon field, so

there would be a K.E. term.

Gauge invariant

Final Lagrangian :

=
+

A mass term of

not invariant under gauge symmetry

Photon is massless under U(1) local Gauge Transformation.

Local Gauge Symmetry Breaking and Higgs

Mechanism

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking :

When all the terms of the
lagrangian are invariant under the
gauge symmetry but the minimum
energy state or the vacuum state
dont respect the symmetry, then
the symmetry is said to be
spontaneously broken.

Higgs Mechanism: The Higgs

mechanism is the way that gauge
boson and chiral fermions
dynamically acquire mass.

 The U(1) local gauge invariant Lagrangian

Potential : ( ) =

< > =

( )

with =

()

()

>

<

Circle of
Minima

 Vacuum : for () = ,
() =
The vacuum solution in terms of fluctuations and

=
( + + )

Lagrangian :

= ( ) + ( ) +

No mass term for the field

Gauge correction =

[ +

+..
= Goldstone Boson

]/ and = +

Final Lagrangian: = ( ) +

The massive scalar which is termed as Higgs particle.

Weinberg Salam Glashow Electroweak Theory

(Standard Model)
Unified theory of EM interaction was constructed
independently by Weinberg (1967) and Salam (1968).
The Unified theory involve 4 vector bosons (W+, W-, Z, )
The Gauge group : () () = Glashow
[Dimension]

() ()
+

= 0

Spontaneous
Symmetry breaking

()

Number of Goldstone Boson=

1 2 3 4
Eaten by

1
3

 Higgs Doublet:

Under, () () transformation

()
()
Higgs Lagrangian:

= ( ) (+ )

= (

/
)

Vacuum solution at < : = < > =

Excitation : =
+

Gauge Boson Masses

= (-ig - Y)

=-i
+ ,

+
= ( +

= +
+

+ /

Where we define,

+/
+/

= +

+
= +

Mass term of

( + )

field is orthogonal to Z, =

/ +
+/

/
+/

+/

Weinberg Angle.
Since there is no Mass term for the field So photon remains massless in
this theory also.
Fermion masses
Interaction lagrangian:

= - ( + + )

Yukawa Coupling

Vacuum Solution : =

Electron has acquired a mass

+

= [ + ]
= [ + ]
=

Beyond Standard Model

Standard Model is an incomplete Theory.
It cant explain Neutrino Mass:
SM contains only LH Neutrinos
and hence they are massless.
Matter Antimatter
Asymmetry:
SM predicts that Matter and
Antimatter should be in equal
amount.

SEESAW MODEL
SM + Right-handed Neutrino

Heavy Right Handed

Majorana Neutrinos.
(no gauge interaction)

1010 GeV

Charged
Leptons

Ordinary
Neutrinos

1 GeV

10-10 GeV

If exists, the most general mass term is the

Dirac-Majorana Mass Term

+
= + +

= + . . Dirac Mass Term
= + H.c. Majorana Mass Term

+ H.c. New Majorana Mass Term

CP conjugate of left-handed neutrino

i.e. Right-handed antineutrino

CP conjugate of right-handed handed neutrino

i.e. Left-handed antineutrino

+
= + +

= + + + . .
=

= Mass Matrix

Diagonalising:

Mass Eigenstates =
i.e.

= 0.1 eV and

and
GeV

Neutrino Majorana massA strong Hint for Leptogenesis

The absence of a conserved lepton no. is evident from the
fact Dirac Neutrinos have L=+1 and Dirac antrineutrino has
L=-1. Since in majorana case Neutrino and antineutrino are
same object, clearly Lepton no. is violated.

+ H.c.

(L violated)

The generation of a baryon asymmetry is guaranteed in the

leptogenesis mechanism.

References
[1] S. F. King, arXiv: hep-ph/0310204
[2] S. F. King, arXiv:hep-ph/0208266.
[3] Carlo Giunti, arXiv:hep-ph/020572
[4] G. Altarelli and F. Feruglio, arXiv:hep-ph/0206077.
[5] R. N. Mohapatra, Understanding neutrino masses and mixings within the
seesaw framework, arXiv:hep-ph/0306016.
[6] W.M.Alberico and S.M.Bilenky, hep-ph/0306239, and references therein.

[7]R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 912, 1980.
[8] R. N. Mohapatra and P. B. Pal, Massive Neutrinos in Physics and
Astrophysics, World Scientific, 1998, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 60.

[9]Y Fukuda et al. 1998 Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos

Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 15621567

THANK YOU

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