A Dagger Pommel, Two Scarabs and A Seal From Tomb 65 at Khirbet Nisya

Israel Antiquities Authority /
65 / A Dagger Pommel, Two Scarabs and A Seal from Tomb 65 at Khirbet Nisya
' ,
Author(s): Baruch Brandl and
Source:
'Atiqot /
43 / 2002), pp. 37-48 ("

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'AtiqotXLlU,
2002
and A Seal
Pommel, Two Scarabs

from Tomb 65 at Khirbet
A Dagger
Baruch
Introduction
Discussed
here
are
four
Brandl
of the small
finds
that
described below in chronological order.1
Material.
Alabaster
2.3
cm,
(2.8 cm at the base).

Method of Manufacture:
max.
diam.
cm,
Carving, polishing
Excellent.
Workmanship:
Technical Details'. Drill marks from two drill

are
visible
clearly
the
on
of the
walls
perforations and the socket (Figs.
and Discussion2
3.85
and drilling.4
heads
1. Dagger Pommel (K12834;

Basket 6); Figs. 1-3.
Dimensions:
were discovered in Tomb 65 at Khirbet Nisya

during the 1985 season. The finds will be
Description
Nisya
1, 2). The
Reg. No. 86; L4;
gypsum.3
Ml
sm
VV^-V
Fig.
1. Dagger
mm
mi
If
i,
pommel.
0
1
Fig. 2. Drill marks on the dagger pommel
of the drill-heads.
reconstruction
and
2
I
of wooden handle attached

Fig. 3. Reconstruction
the dagger pommel and its rivets.
to
38
Baruch
diameter of the narrower drill-head was 4.5 mm,

while that of the larger, tubular in shape,5 was
15 mm.
Preservation:
Broken
through
the perforations,
Brandl
Date
It seems, based on the above-cited parallels,

that dagger pommels of the oval type were used
throughout the Middle Bronze Age II:
only half of it has survived.

MB IIA. Gezer Tomb 1; Megiddo Tomb 911
Al; Megiddo Str. XIII-XIIIA
(Loud 1948: PI.
Description
A horizontal oval
object with a flat base.

out at the base in order to hold the
Hollowed
dagger's wooden handle (reconstruction, Fig.

3).6 Two antithetic and slightly diagonal
178:7, 8); Tell el-Far'ah (N) Tomb AD; Gibeon

Tomb 31; Moza Tomb 2.
MB IIB.
Gibeon Tombs 22, 39, 45; Jericho
perforations were drilled from the pommel's

sides toward the central socket7 (see Fig. 2) for
Tomb D 22.
the fastening
MB IIC. Tell Abu Hawam.11
rivets.8
Typology
This find belongs to the oval type,9 one of the
three most common types of Middle Bronze
Age dagger pommels.10 Dagger pommels of
this type have been found in more than a dozen
Canaanite sites, mainly in burial caves, some
close to their daggers. Examples have been
published from the following sites: Gezer
Tomb 1 (Macalister
1912 1:301, III: PI. 61:23);

Tell el-'Ajjul
(Petrie 1932:8, PI. 14:71;
1933:10, PI. 27:64; 1934:12, PI. 41:111, 118;
It may be possible to limit the date of the Kh.

Nisya dagger pommel to the second half of the
seventeenth century BCE on the basis of the
suggested date for the scarab found in the same
locus (see below, No. 2).
Archaeological
Context
Tomb
65 yielded a few MB II remains

(Livingston 1989:37-38, 98; this volume). It
seems that these, as well as the object discussed
here, belong to the first period of burial in the
Petrie, Mackay and Murray 1952:18, PI.

20:56); Tell Abu Hawam (Hamilton 1935:57
cave.
[No. 349]); Megiddo Tombs 911 Al, 1100 B

and 73 (Guy and Engberg 1938: Fig. 171:4, 9;
Pis. 118:2; 146:1,2; 163:5); Megiddo occupation
2. Scarab (K12837;
1); Fig. 4.
levels (Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 107:11;

Loud 1948: PI. 178:7, 8); Byblos (Dunand
1954:331, Fig. 369; 332 [No. 9998]); Na'an
PI. Ill:A);
Cemetery (Ben-Dor 1957:20-21,
Tell el-Far'ah (N) Tomb AD (de Vaux 1962:244,
= Mallet
1973:71, 124-125, Pis.
Fig. 4:1, 248
16:8, XIX: Photo 2:8 = Gerstenblith 1983: Fig.
40:7); Gibeon Tombs 22, 31, 39, 45 (Pritchard
1963:39,
118-119,
Fig. 30:24;
126-127,
Fig.
34:3; 48, 132-133, Fig. 46:13; 138-139, Fig.

51:46); Jericho Tomb D22 (Kenyon 1965:237,
111:4, 5, 7 and 258); Moza Tomb 2
(Sussman 1966:43, Fig. 3:1 = Gerstenblith
Fig.
1983: Fig. 39:7); Shechem (Kerkhof 1969:98

99, Fig. 30:13); Nazareth Tomb 1 (Bagatti
1969:264, Fig. 211:13; 314 [No. 13]).
Reg. No. 102; L4; Basket
Material: Steatite, yellow glaze.

Dimensions: L 13 mm, W 7+ (reconstructed 9)
mm,
H 5.5+mm.
Method of Manufacture: Carving, drilling and

glazing.
Workmanship: Mediocre.
Technical Details: Perforated, drilled from both
sides. Linear engravings. The hieroglyphic signs
and all other incisions have traces of a glaze.
Preservation: Broken; the left half of the scarab
is missing.
Scarab
Shape12
The head and clypeus, and the elytra and

pronotum
are completely
damaged.
Fortunately,
one of the sides (the right) has survived and

could be identified as Rowe's Side Type 13
A Dagger
Two
Pommel,
Scarabs
Fig. 4. Scarab
from
used
the
Xllth
to
the
Hyksos
1936: PI. 35:13), while according to

Tufnell, Scarab Side e9 did not continue after
(Rowe
the Xlllth Dynasty (Tufnell 1984:38, Table 34), a

that is not completely
statement
accurate.13
of her cases
all
three
Design
The
vertical
oval
The
upper
that serves
signs
hieroglyphic
row
as a frame
in
arranged
contains
the sign
has
three
s3
five
rows:14
'protection'
[V 16]. The middle row has the sign nfr 'good'

[F 35] flanked by two 'nh 'life' [S 34] signs.
The lower row is occupied by the sign nb 'lord'
dated
to Group
careless
manner
the uppermost
that is particularly
si
and
sign
noticeable
in the complete
in
'nh.
the upper
and
in the central
signs
one
39
of her
found
scarabs,
three
IV, has
and
the other,
lower
two
identical.
at Jericho
different
have
or
signs,
are
row,
and
one
signs,
the same
on the
edges of the central row (Tufnell 1984: PI.

8:1337).
The
in the central
combination
row
of the Kh.
Nisya scarab ('nh

nfr 'nh) is known both on
inner
of different
as
(such
organization
Petrie 1932: PI. 8:153 = Rowe 1936: No. 358 =

Tufnell 1984: PI. 8b: 1435 = Keel 1997:222-223
[Tell el-'Ajjul No. 355]), and on scarabs and
bifacial oval plaques with the same inner
organization (Weill 1917:83, No. 37; Petrie
1930: PI. 31:318;
Kertesz 1991:59, Fig.l;
60
[No. 5]).
or'all'
[V 30].
The hieroglyphic signs were incised in a
either
Only
scarabs
Base
Nisya
impression.
above
Dynasty
Khirbet
No. 2 and its modern
1995a:53, 111.
e9 (Tufnell
or
Tufnell's
Scarab
Side
67:13),
= Keel 1995a:55, 111.
14:e9
1984:37, Fig.
69 :e9). According to Rowe, Side Type 13 was
from
1936: PI. 35:13 = Keel
(Rowe
a Seal
and
The
was
closest
found
to the
parallel
at
Tell
Jemmeh
Kh.
scarab
Nisya
1928:
(Petrie
PI.
19:1). It differs only in its lower sign, having a

s3 sign17
second
instead
of the nb sign.
It seems that both the Kh. Nisya and the Tell

scarabs
are
scarabs
with
later
derivatives
of Xllth
Typology
The scarab fits generally into Tufnell's Design
Class
Signs and Symbols,
3A3'Egyptian
Jemmeh
Varia' (Tufnell 1984: Pis. 8, 8b).15 This class,
touches and with antithetic signs on their sides:
due
to
its
many
is
components,
not
yet
completely sub-classified.16
The inner organization of the Kh. Nisya
scarabof
one,
horizontallycould
three
and
be
one
seen
signs
among
arranged
Tufnell's
examples (cf. Tufnell 1984: Pis. 8:1324, 1327,

1337; 8b: 1369, 1379, 1398, 1433), but in most
Dynasty
decorated
(1)
The
from
with
closest
the
the
s3
scarab
Egyptian
royal
names
that
were
sign
above
their
car
to that from
Museum,
Kh.
Nisya
Cairobears
the
name of Khakaure/Sesostris III and all the signs

that exist on ours (Petrie 1889: PI. 8:248 =
Newberry 1907:3, PI. 1:36009).
(2) Another scarabnow
in the Ashmolean
Museum,
to Nymare/Amme
Oxfordbelongs
Baruch
40
Brandl
nemes III (Newberry 1906:119, PI. 9:26 =

Matouk 1971:18, 178 [No. 60] = Tufnell 1984:
scarab
from Tell
re-dated
el-'Ajjul
to the Xllth
PI. 53:3080).
XVth Dynasties (Keel 1997:154-155

[Tell el
'Ajjul No. 147], and see refrences therein).
(2) As shown and discussed above, Rowe's
Date
Side
The Kh. Nisya scarab should be considered as a

local
Canaanite
of the
half
XVth
of
the
timespan
or the
the
MB
IIC
first
half
13 or Tufnell's
Scarab
into the Hyksos
clearly
Side
e9
scarabs.
(3) Since this scarab is considered as a later
second
This
of
or
period19
continues
part
BCE.18
century
with
longer
to the earlier
Dynasty
(Hyksos)
seventeenth
equates
traditional
dated
product
Type
the
derivative
of Xllth
names
the negligent
and
unknown
an
alter
natively the later part of the 'extended' MB IIB
among
the
date
during
earlier
with
scarabs
Dynasty
standard
Xlllth
the
royal
of its signs
Dynasty
Hyksos
is
scarabs,
period
is
preferable.
period.20
The
suggested
scarab
is based
and
origin
the
on the following
date
for
the
Context
Archaeological
As No.
considerations:
1.
(1) The negligent standard of the hieroglyphic

The
signs:
any
such
Dynasty
s3
sign
sign
is altogether
either
on
Xllth
different
or
on
3. Scarab (K12825;
Fig. 5.
from
Xlllth
scarabs.
Material:
The complete 'nh and its triangular 'head'

can
be
compared
with
those
depicted
on
0
1
Dimensions:
Reg. No. 24; L2; Basket 3);
Bone.
L 14 mm,
11 mm,
H 8 mm.
Method of Manufacture: Carving and drilling.
1_
Fig. 5. Scarab
No. 3.
A Dagger
Two
Pommel,
Scarabs
Technical Details: Perforated, drilled from both
sides.
Hollowed-out
Preservation:
with
linear
engravings.
and
a Seal
pottery
from
Khirbet
in the tomb,22
and
Nisya
were
41
imported
to the
site from the Phoenician
coast together with

Phoenician pottery in the eleventh century BCE
(Maynor-Bikai 1983:405).
(2) One scarab is from the former Fouad S.
Complete.
The representation of the natural features is
Matouk Collection, now in the collection of the

Biblical Institute of the University of Freiburg,
very schematic.
Switzerland
Scarab
Shape21
Head
and
Shown
Clypeus:
as a square
structure
divided into three strips: the head (or the lower)

strip is divided vertically into four, while the
of two
consists
clypeus
above
horizontal
strips
one
and
separated
Pronotum:
from
Israel are included in the first volume of O.

Keel's
1997:92-93
corpus (Keel
41]; 546-548,604-605
the other.
Elytra
(Wiese 1990:92, 94 [572], 171

PI.
20:5704).
[5704],
(3) Three scarabs from private collections in
The
the elytra
['AkkoNos.
49,213]).
is
pronotum
by a double
[Afek No.
concave
Base Design
line with an additional groove between them on

the left side. The suture dividing the elytra is
made of three parallel lines that sag to the left
In a vertical
side.
Side: The side is a strip with the same thickness
from the rosette's central disc. Each pair of

curls, the upper as well as the lower, is twisted
as that of the base.
toward
This
Typology
The scarab's decoration belongs in general to
Petrie's 'Cross Spirals' group (Petrie 1925:16,
Keel
is actually absent from

=
typology (Rowe 1936: Pis. 32-35
111. 44; 44-45, 111. 46;
1995a:41^13,
scarab
Rowe's
shape
52-53, 111.67).
Unfortunately, scarabs with this shape are
known till now only from problematic contexts:
(1) Two scarabs were found in Tomb 86 in the
oval
that serves
as a frame,
a floral
motif is depicteda
four-leafed rosette with a
curl
pair
between
every
its common
of
leaves
emerging
leaf.
PI. 8:270-280, the closest parallel there being

seal No. 275). The 'Cross Patterns' are known
on scarabs since the early second millennium
PI. 23Class
(Tufnell 1984:125,
5), and
Cyprus (Karageorghis 1983:303 [Nos. 2 and

5], 308-309, PI. 182:2,5; Clerc 1983:384-387,
continue into the first (Keel 1995a: 183-184,

494). However, the pattern depicted on the
Kh. Nisya scarabwith
open curls that
Figs. 4, 5).
resemble
Iron
The
Age
tomb
at
Cemetery
was
dated
Palaeopaphos-Skales,
by
its excavator
to the
Cypro-Geometric III period (850-700 BCE) on

the basis of its pottery (Karageorghis 1983:
309). The scarabs were published as dating to
the seventh-sixth centuries BCE on the basis of
the erroneous
dating
(Clerc 1983:385-386;
of a scarab
found
at Kition
Clerc et al. 1976:91-92
scepter
the
hieroglyphic
[S39]has
for
sign
a shorter
timespan,
the
rwt
between
the mid-thirteenth and the end of the eleventh

century
BCE.
Scarabs
and
seals
with
such
a motif
are rare:
(1) One scarab (Petrie 1930: PI. 31:323) was

found in Tomb 227 at Tell el-Far'ah (S), dated by
Petrie to the XXth Dynasty (Petrie 1930: PI. 68).23
[Kit. 1004]).
It is clear that such a situation, in which the
scarabs are later than the pottery, is strange.
(2) A round seal from Tomb 218 at Lachish was

dated by its publisher to Iron Age III (Murray
Moreover, according to their motifs, it seems

that these scarabs are actually earlier than the
context
1953:372,
LB
Pis.
precedes
II-Iron
44A-45-.126).
that timespan
I.24
However,
and
its
is actually
42
Baruch
(3) A parallel of the seal from Lachish comes

from Tomb 201 at Amathus, Cyprus (Smith
1900:99-100, Fig. 147:27).
(4) One such scarab was discovered in the
Western Cemetery at Meroe, in Tomb W846
(Dunham 1963:52, Fig. 37a-b:47, 53 23-M
716), which contained inter alia several earlier
Ramesside scarabs (for example Nos. 59, 63,
65 and 173).
Brandl
Seal Shape
A rounded pyramid with a rectangular base
(compare, e.g., with Buchanan and Moorey
PI. 4 [No. 112]). Each two of its
faces
form a pair, one triangular with a
opposite
rounded top (with the longer base-line) and the
1988:20,
other trapezoidal (with the shorter base-line).

This seal is perforated both lengthwise and
breadthwisea
uncommon
very
feature.
Since
the drilling into each of the faces was more-or

Date
less perpendicular (Fig. 6) the seal could have
The scarab should be dated to LB II/Iron I, or

from the mid-thirteenth to the end of the
been
to an additional component.
eleventh century BCE, on the basis of the

scarab's shape and its motif:
Base
simultaneously
on
strung
a necklace
and
Design
Scarab Shape: The two scarabs from Tomb 86

at Palaeopaphos-Skales
should be dated to the
The base contains several groups of deep and
eleventh century BCE as discussed above. All
and
other
to
outstretched legs and arms of which the head is
Production Group'
to the thirteenth
now lost. Below that figure is a chain of six
of
parallels
Keel's
the
same
'Ramesside
Mass
that is generally
dated
eleventh
shape
belong
BCE.25
centuries
The Motif: The above-mentioned scarabs with

the parallel motif are dated to Iron 1 and LB
IIB/Iron I respectively.
However, on the basis of its archaeological
context, the timespan of the Kh. Nisya scarab
could
be shortened
to Iron
here
seems
connected
to
belong
to
the
latter
presents
that
depressions
figure
serve
may
with
as
plain. The other groups on both sides of the

figure are unidentifiable. The method of
creating motifs by a series of connected
drillings is known from the fourth millennium
BCE where it was a quite common technique
(Buchanan and Moorey 1984:22, PI. 11 [Nos.
Material: Bone.
Dimensions: L 20 mm, W 17 mm (base) 9 mm
(top), H 18 mm.
was
[Nos.
used
42, 43]).
on stone
seals.
Typology
group
Reg. No. 168; L6; Basket 13);
this technique
Usually
The
assemblage.
4. Seal (K12847;
Fig. 6.
group
that the larger
a human
(Pittman and Aruz 1987:63
Most of the finds in Tomb 65, except for the

few MB II objects, belong to Iron I. The object
described
It seems
depressions.
central
165, 166]); sporadic appearances continued

into the second millennium BCE as well
I.
Context
Archaeological
connected
seal
on the one
of truncated
or square
bases
hand
fits into
pyramids
coined
with
as 'Anchor
Keel's
Iron
rectangular
Seals'
(Keel
1994). On the other hand, it is compatible with

the small group of Iron I bone seals (Grant
1932:21, 82-83, PI. 48:1108 = Keel 1990:386
Method of Manufacture: Carving and drilling.

[No. 26], 388, 111.94; Grant 1934:43, Fig. 3:19,

51; Brandl 1993a: 217-218 [No. 16]; Khne
and Salje 1996:120, PI. 16, Fig. 19, Plan 13
Technical Details:
[No. 66]).
Perforated, drilled from all
four sides.
Preservation:
two
of them
Almost
complete.
on the decorated
Four
scars,
base.
A Dagger
Pommel,
Two
Scarabs
Fig. 6. Seal
and
a Seal
from
Khirbet
Nisya
43
No. 4 with its perforations
and modern
All
impression.
the
seem
be
(2)
The seal should be dated to Iron I on the basis
producedin
of both its typological
(3) The four small finds from Kh. Nisya have
shape,
as well
Archaeological
groupsthat
as that of its raw
of its
material.
Context
As No. 3.
not
objects
to
Date
contributed
only
locally
Canaan.
the local
history
methods
(the
to
the
reconstruction
of the site, but also

dagger
pommel)
of
to technical
and
to
the
diversity of the corpus of glyptic finds in both

MB
II and
Iron
I.
Conclusions
The
conclusions
can
be summarized
Acknowledgements
as follow:
(1) The four objects fit well chronologically

with the other finds in Tomb 65.
I would
David
like
to
express
Livingston,
the
my
gratitude
director
to
of
Dr
the
Baruch
44
Brandl
excavations, for his invitation to publish these

finds that were briefly mentioned in Livingston
1989:37-38. I would also like to thank Gary
Special thanks are due to the editors and the

readers of this article for their contributions.
Lipton for making the firstcontact between us.
Notes
1
The
No.
were photographed
objects
3
was
(scarabK12825)
while
Halbreich,
author's
were
211:13)
that only one cross-pin
Sarah
by
and reconstructions
the drawings
all other objects
by Carmen
of
the
under
Hersch,
guidance.
All
material
Ella
by
identifications
of
head
Altmark,
sites as a basis
from collections
Canaanite
from
parallels
Israelite
have
Hieroglyphic
brackets
as
used
Early
Parallels
only when
they are
are
signs
they
referred
in
appear
to
in
square
Gardiner's
Sign-list
(Gardiner 1973).
Material
earlier
erroneously
of dagger
publishers
1912
1938:
by
as
PI. 61:23,
PI. 118:2;
of the
some
pommels
III:
1:301;
and Engberg
(Guy
quartzite
24)
For
an
unfinished
and
polishing
dagger
the drilling
PI.
1938:
the same,
showing
Dunand
118:2.
see
For
Petrie
= Mallet
Fig. 4:1
16:8;
Deverand
Lance
Dan
the
1986:
pommel
1973:124-125,
111. 32, PI.
1992:53,
at Tel
111. 31,
1; 1994:57,
Several
theoretical
reconstructions
see Garstang
published,
1932:46,
have
PI. 37:1,
been
2; Petrie
1933: Pis. 18:7,19:10 [=Tufnell 1980:43, Fig. 5:16];

Guy
and
1938:
Engberg
reconstruction
of
bronze
has
plating
171:9.
Fig.
Petrie's
handle
whose
crushed
survived
seems
to be
sheet
the best
(Petrie 1932:8, PI. 14:71).

7
The
impression
given
some
schematic
that the dagger

drawings
pommels'
perforations
were made by one horizontal
drilling (Petrie 1934:
= Mallet
PI. 41:110-119;
de Vaux 1962:244,
Fig. 4:1
1973:124-125,
PI.
16:8;
Bagatti
1969:264,
Murray
Mackay
of the two perforations
2. Each
Fig.
the central
PI.
1952:
has a small
of the other (Dunand
in the direction
deviation
1939:191,
Fig.
177 [No. 3024]).

3. One
of the perforations
(Petrie,
socket
9.14:2published
toward
These
rivets
were
3).
Fig.
most
Albrighfs
copper
cross-pin
alter
PI.
1931:
of wood
or of
see our reconstruction,

that
suggestion
fastened
or
down)
probably
(and
the
toward
1993b:248,
(Brandl
part (Fitzgerald
material
was
pommel
drilled
PI. 20:53).
upside
its lower
other perishable
1952:
are drilled diagonally
part of the central
Fig.
is not completely
and Murray
Mackay
upper
the
dagger
to the dagger-handle
by
should
1938:57)
(Albright
be
rejected, since there were no traces of any metal rivet

or pin in any one of the dozens
of dagger pommels
staves
differently
staffs
knobs
their
by
to this type were

publishers,
mainly
were not found with them: heads

PI.
1933:10,
(Petrie
walking
27:63,
1935:57
(Hamilton
PI.
1934:12,
(Petrie
64),
[No.
of
of
heads
41:110-119),
349];
Bagatti
1969:314, Fig. 211 [No. 13]), a stick-head(Lamon

and
1939:
Shipton
PI.
107:11),
petite
cupule
(Dunand 1939:191, Fig. 177; 192 [No. 3024];

1954:331,
Fig.
332
369;
[No.
or a macehead
9998])
(Kerkhof 1969:98-99, Fig. 30:5).

10The
other
bevelled
these
by
toward
and
identified
by a different type of
bidirectional
narrows
PI.
PI. l;Ilan 1996:235, Figs. 4.66 [bottom],4.106.2).
Petrie,
(cf.
when the daggers

1025
indicate
found in excavations
to date.
9
Several of the objects belonging
PI. 51:13.
bored
can
points
de
drawings
PI. 41:113;
refer to the find from Tomb
(Biran
are
13)
20:54).
40:11).
perforations
section
1934:
1962:244,
drill-head,
socket
1939:191
without
pommel
of the side
Vaux
For a dagger
following
natively
found at Gezer, see Deverand

Lance 1986: PI. 51:13.
5 For a
the mark of the
good photograph
showing
of such a tubular
see Guy and
drill-head,
edge
Engberg
The
or marble
Fig. 177, 192 [No. 3024]; 1954:331 Fig. 369, 332

[No. 9998]).
No.
drilling:
4. Both perforations
identified
(Macalister
110
1963:32,
132-133:
48,
99-100;
1. One of the perforations

of the
and
for future studies.
been
metal
to the discussion.
essential
Nos.
suggestions
them to the wooden
Pritchard
1938:57;
(Albright
111:
were
the
conservation
laboratory of the IAA.
2
An attempt has been made
to list most
excavated
handle
and Pritchard's
fastened
misleading.
author's
confirmed
and by Albright
by Ilan Sztulman.
drawn
two
types
(or biconical)
three
types
into
are
tops.
his
the
domed
and
the
G. Philip
consolidated
globular
type
(Philip
1989:113, 117, 120, 121, 126, 139, 169, 435-441,

445^49,472,493,499).
All
three types
have
been
found
in sites
such
as
Tell el-'Ajjul (Petrie 1933: PI. 27:63, 64, 66; 1934:

PI. 41:110-119;
Petrie,
Mackay
and
Murray
1952:
A Dagger
Two
Pommel,
Scarabs
PI. 20:52-56), Megiddo (Loud 1948: Pis. 178:3,7, 8;

180:40), Gibeon (Pritchard 1963: Figs. 24:99, 100;
26:17,
18;
30:24;
34:3;
43:13;
and
51:46)
Jericho
(Kenyon 1965: Fig. 111:1-7).

11 In
to Tell
regard
few that belong

a
to MB
piriform
burnished
dipper
She
16]).
juglet,
scarab
5 and Fig.
No.
II. These
with
juglet
and a 'Hyksos'
1 = Keel
bowl
Balensi
Hawam,
period,
be
BCE
should
she
publication
and
Abu
[Tell
caution
in
Rowe
Frontispiece;
these
finds
1936:
PL
Tufnell
this
also
scarab
Ward
1978:
78 and
Fig.
conclusion
Keel
two
using
its
mentioning
and (b) referring in her
in later scarabs,
table only to appearances
by
not
(a)
approaches:
continuation
should
that were observed
in more
she presents
with the same
Side
some
later (Hyksos)
e9 (Tufnell
1984:
Pis.
scarabs
corpus
used)
among
sides,
only
while
Dynasty
(where
the scarabs
18
28 have
are
dated
with e9
to the
either a longer
are
types
from Tell el-'Ajjul
400/o)
(or
side
Tufnell's
XHIth
or
timespan
are dated to the XVth Dynasty.

14
survived,
Although
only one sign has completely
the reconstructions
of the others are obvious
due to
their small
number
and their symmetric
Khirbet
of
that
signs
169,
447),
groupings.
17
The only other seal
oval
Koptos,
and
shapes
of
development
see Brandl
classification
[3A3];
with two s3 signsa

by the same
1896:
(Petrie
Egypt
159
to provide
attempt
found
plaquewas
PI.
Keel
the different
1995a:
(Keel
any
45
see
described
order
without
Nisya
classification
of this, Keel
in alphabetical
new
bifacial
excavator
at
1925:
PI.
25:127;
16:1202).
18
It is generally
that the Hyksos
accepted
the XVth
Dynasty
(Tufnell
1978:87;
started at the earliest
ofTell
19
For
the view
el-Dab'a
whole
MB
that the XVth
IIC
(or MB
III)
BCE
Bietak
34;
the timespan
later, during
Stratum E2 (Bietak
or
period
c. 1650
Table
1984:196-201,
or a few years
1984:473)
1991:55).
Dynasty
the
equals
see
period
for example
Dever 1992:41^17;
Mazar
1990:191-196.
20
For the view that MB IIC equals only the later part
of
the
Hyksos
Bichrome
with
period,
Ware
21
22
Seen.
12.
This
is also
the Late
from
tombs
the
1600
of
appearance
BCE
see
on,
Bietak
Oren 1997:271.
the situation
Cypriot
with the Cypriot

found
periods
of the Cypro-Geometric
23
and
For its date see Brandl

It was
found
contained
seals
of
in that cemetery
in
Porada
(See
periods
scarab
209)
(Tuftiell,
dated
1986:247,
n. 65a.
1982:384,
in a repository,
Middle
and Late
Murray
east of Room
Bronze
25
or later (Murray
Dynasty
of that group
Scarabs
between
1250
Variants
b and
continued
even
340).
and
were
1150
Keel
g).
dated
BCE
to Iron IIA
He
eleventh
dated
centuries
Keel
BCE)
the group
BCE
of the XXth
to the second
half
n. 4. For
XXIst
(1130-945
1990:338
(Keel
1995b:
(Keel
that they
and possibly
to the thirteenth
dated the parallels
Tufnell's
Dynasty
BCE)
to
1990:89-94,
first suggested
(1000-900
later
by Wiese
(Wiese
to Iron I (1150-1000
and a
1953:203-204,
andDiringer
to the XlXth
A, that
sherds
Age
1953:363,368, Pis. 43^I3A:27).
his corpus,
arrangements.
15 On the
history
design
elaboration
1995a:158-246.
16
As a result
24
38:2576;
42:2691,2692 and 2712; 43:2729; 44:2763; 56:3212

[Khyan]; 57:3261, 3262 [Mayebre/Sheshi];60:3366,
3369,3372A [YKB (MW)] and 60:3392 [Sekhaenre]).
In Keel's
some
from
1983).
than 100/o of the scarabs.

Actually,
a Seal
!984:477,479,482^183;
reached
selective
VI
of the
23;
19953:20, Fig. 1.
later
If Balensi's
pommel
1990:62,
to Stratum
1993:9).
Artzy
Uehlinger
that they
In
be assigned to the MB IIC stratum.

12
See diagrams
the parts
showing
beetle
n.
Hawam
and then a date around
is correct, the dagger
suggestion
red
Cypriot
considered.
related
Herrera
(Balensi,
1985:66-67,
(Balensi
1600
a fragment
base,
Red-on-Black
with due
suggested
excavation
include
button
1997:10-11
were all from a single
13
identified
the Stratum V finds in Hamilton's
among
of
Abu
and
In
128-129).
mentioned
Dynasty
above
and
the
BCE).
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A Dagger Pommel, Two Scarabs and A Seal From Tomb 65 at Khirbet Nisya

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A Dagger Pommel, Two Scarabs and A Seal From Tomb 65 at Khirbet Nisya

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Israel Antiquities Authority /

43 / 2002), pp. 37-48 ("

Pommel, Two Scarabs

described below in chronological order.1

(2.8 cm at the base).

Technical Details'. Drill marks from two drill

perforations and the socket (Figs.

1. Dagger Pommel (K12834;

were discovered in Tomb 65 at Khirbet Nisya

Reg. No. 86; L4;

of wooden handle attached

diameter of the narrower drill-head was 4.5 mm,

It seems, based on the above-cited parallels,

only half of it has survived.

object with a flat base.

dagger's wooden handle (reconstruction, Fig.

178:7, 8); Tell el-Far'ah (N) Tomb AD; Gibeon

Gibeon Tombs 22, 39, 45; Jericho

perforations were drilled from the pommel's

MB IIC. Tell Abu Hawam.11

1912 1:301, III: PI. 61:23);

It may be possible to limit the date of the Kh.

65 yielded a few MB II remains

Petrie, Mackay and Murray 1952:18, PI.

[No. 349]); Megiddo Tombs 911 Al, 1100 B

levels (Lamon and Shipton 1939: PI. 107:11;

34:3; 48, 132-133, Fig. 46:13; 138-139, Fig.

1983: Fig. 39:7); Shechem (Kerkhof 1969:98

Reg. No. 102; L4; Basket

Material: Steatite, yellow glaze.

Method of Manufacture: Carving, drilling and

The head and clypeus, and the elytra and

one of the sides (the right) has survived and

1936: PI. 35:13), while according to

the Xlllth Dynasty (Tufnell 1984:38, Table 34), a

[V 16]. The middle row has the sign nfr 'good'

edges of the central row (Tufnell 1984: PI.

Nisya scarab ('nh

Petrie 1932: PI. 8:153 = Rowe 1936: No. 358 =

Kertesz 1991:59, Fig.l;

No. 2 and its modern

1936: PI. 35:13 = Keel

19:1). It differs only in its lower sign, having a

It seems that both the Kh. Nisya and the Tell

Varia' (Tufnell 1984: Pis. 8, 8b).15 This class,

touches and with antithetic signs on their sides:

examples (cf. Tufnell 1984: Pis. 8:1324, 1327,

name of Khakaure/Sesostris III and all the signs

nemes III (Newberry 1906:119, PI. 9:26 =

XVth Dynasties (Keel 1997:154-155

The Kh. Nisya scarab should be considered as a

into the Hyksos

(3) Since this scarab is considered as a later

natively the later part of the 'extended' MB IIB

(1) The negligent standard of the hieroglyphic

The complete 'nh and its triangular 'head'

Reg. No. 24; L2; Basket 3);

Method of Manufacture: Carving and drilling.

site from the Phoenician

coast together with

The representation of the natural features is

Matouk Collection, now in the collection of the

divided into three strips: the head (or the lower)