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and Storage
OSHA 2236
2002 (Revised)
Contents
Introduction .......................................................... 1
What should your employees know before moving,
handling, and storing materials? ..................................................... 1
What are the potential hazards for workers? .................................. 2
What precautions should workers take when
moving materials manually? ........................................................... 2
What precautions should workers take when
moving materials mechanically? ..................................................... 3
What precautions must workers take to avoid
storage hazards? ............................................................................ 4
What safeguards must workers follow when
stacking materials? ......................................................................... 5
iii
Glossary .............................................................. 26
Related Publications .......................................... 27
OSHA Office Directory ........................................ 28
OSHA Regional Offices ............................................................... 28
OSHA Area Offices ..................................................................... 29
State and Territories with Approved Plans .................................... 32
OSHA Consultation Projects ........................................................ 35
iv
Introduction
Handling and storing materials involve diverse operations
such as hoisting tons of steel with a crane; driving a truck
loaded with concrete blocks; carrying bags or materials
manually; and stacking palletized bricks or other materials
such as drums, barrels, kegs, and lumber.
The efficient handling and storing of materials are vital to
industry. In addition to raw materials, these operations
provide a continuous flow of parts and assemblies through
the workplace and ensure that materials are available when
needed. Unfortunately, the improper handling and storing of
materials often result in costly injuries.
Eye protection.
Do not store pipes and bars in racks that face main aisles to
avoid creating a hazard to passersby when removing
supplies;
Stack bags and bundles in interlocking rows to keep them
secure; and
Stack bagged material by stepping back the layers and
cross-keying the bags at least every ten layers (to remove
bags from the stack, start from the top row first).
10
Acetylene
Butadiene
11
Acetaldehyde
Cyclopropane
Ethylene
Isoprene
Ethylene oxide
Propylene oxide
Diethyl ether
12
15
What Is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is defined as the study of work and is based
on the principle that the job should be adapted to fit the
person rather than forcing the person to fit the job.
Ergonomics focuses on the work environment, such as its
design and function, as well as itemssuch as the design and
function of work stations, controls, displays, safety devices,
tools, and lighting to fit the employees physical requirements
and to ensure their health and well being.
Ergonomics includes restructuring or changing workplace
conditions, to make the job easier, and reducing stressors that
cause musculoskeletal disorders. In the area of materials
handling and storing, ergonomic principles may require
controls such as reducing the size or weight of the objects
lifted, installing a mechanical lifting aid, or changing the
height of a pallet or shelf.
Although no approach completely eliminates back injuries
resulting from lifting materials, you can prevent a substantial
number of lifting injuries by implementing an effective
ergonomics program and by training your employees in
appropriate lifting techniques.
16
17
18
Safe postures for lifting and timing for smooth, easy lifting.
Aids such as stages, platforms, or steps, trestles, shoulder
pads, handles, and wheels.
Body responseswarning signalsto be aware of when
lifting.
19
OSHA Assistance
OSHA can provide extensive help through a variety of
programs, including technical assistance about effective
safety and health programs, state plans, workplace
consultations, voluntary protection programs, strategic
partnerships, and training and education, and more. Safety
and health add value to your business, to your work, and to
your life.
Worksite analysis,
22
23
24
25
Glossary
Boom - A long, straight beam hinged at one end and used for
lifting heavy objects by means of cables and/or hydraulics.
Booms can be of lattice construction or be made of heavy
tubular material.
Boom radius - The horizontal distance from the axis of
rotation of a crane or derrick boom to the boom tip.
Bracing - A diagonal piece of structural material that serves
to strengthen something.
Chassis - The frame upon which a vehicles body is mounted.
Chock - A wedge or block for steadying a body and holding it
motionless, for filling in excess space, or for preventing the
movement of a wheel.
Competent person - one who can identify health and safety
hazards in the workplace and has the authority to correct
them.
Crib - To line or support with a framework of timber.
Cumulative trauma disorders - Injuries that result from
continuous or repetitive motions over prolonged periods of
time.
Outrigger - A projecting member that extends from a main
structure to either provide additional stability or support.
Powered industrial trucks - Forklift trucks, tractors, platform
lift trucks, motorized hand trucks, and other specialized
industrialized trucks powered by electrical or internal
combustion engines.
Rigger - A worker who prepares heavy equipment or loads of
material for lifting.
26
Related Publications
Single free copies of the following publications can be
obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA/OSHA
Publications Office, P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 200137535. Send a self-addressed mailing label with your request.
Publications may also be ordered from www.osha.gov.
All About OSHA OSHA 2056
Concrete and Masonry Construction OSHA 3106
Consultation Services for the Employer OSHA 3047
Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) OSHA 3120
Crane or Derrick Suspended Platforms OSHA 3100
Personal Protective Equipment OSHA 3077
Sling Safety OSHA 3072
The following publications are available from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, P.O Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Phone
orders: 1-866-512-1800 (toll free); 202-512-1800 (Metro DC).
Or visit GPO online at www.gpo.gov/su_docs/ for current
ordering and pricing information.
Assessing the Need for Personal Protective Equipment: A
Guide for Small Business Employers (OSHA 3151).
Ergonomics: The Study of Work (OSHA 3125).
Handbook for Small Business (OSHA 2209).
Job Hazard Analysis (OSHA 3071).
Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1900 to
1910.999 (General Industry Standards).
Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1910.1000
to End (General Industry Standards).
Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1926
(Construction)
27
Region VI
Region II
Region VII
Region III
(DE, DC, MD,* PA,* VA,* WV)
The Curtis Center
170 S. Independence Mall West
Suite 740 West
Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309
(215) 861-4900
Region VIII
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)
1999 Broadway, Suite 1690
PO Box 46550
Denver, CO 80202-5716
(303) 844-1600
Region IV
Region IX
Region V
(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)
230 South Dearborn Street,
Room 3244
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2220
Region X
(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)
1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715
Seattle, WA 98101-3212
(206) 553-5930
*These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety
and health programs (Connecticut, New Jersey and New York plans cover
public employees only). States with approved programs must have a
standard that is identical to, or at least as effective as, the federal standard.
28
31
32
Commissioner
Indiana Department of Labor
State Office Building
402 West Washington Street Room W195
Indianapolis, IN 46204
(317) 232-2378
Secretary
Kentucky Labor Cabinet
1047 U.S. Highway 127 South,
Suite 4
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3070
Commissioner
Maryland Division of Labor and
Industry
Department of Labor Licensing and
Regulation
MOSH
1100 N. Eutaw Street, Room 613
Baltimore, MD 21201-2206
(410) 767-2215
Director
Michigan Department of
Consumer and Industry Services
P.O. Box 30643
7150 Harris Drive
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-7230
Commissioner
Minnesota Department of Labor
and Industry
443 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155
(651) 284-5010
Commissioner
North Carolina Department of
Labor
4 West Edenton Street
Raleigh, NC 27601-1092
(919) 807-2900
Commissioner
New Jersey Department of Labor
John Fitch Plaza - Labor Building
Market and Warren Streets
P.O. Box 110
Trenton, NJ 08625-0110
(609) 292-2975
Secretary
New Mexico Environment
Department
1190 St. Francis Drive
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87502
(505) 827-2850
Commissioner
New York Department of Labor
W. Averell Harriman State Office
Building-12, Room 500
Albany, NY 12240
(518) 457-2741
Administrator
Nevada Division of Industrial
Relations
400 West King Street, Suite 400
Carson City, NV 89703
(775) 6847260
Administrator
Oregon Department of Consumer
and Business Services
Occupational Safety and Health
Division (OR-OSHA)
350 Winter Street, N.E. Room 430
Salem, OR 97310-3882
(503) 378-3272
Secretary
Puerto Rico Department of Labor
and Human Resources
Prudencio Rivera Martinez Building
505 Munoz Rivera Avenue
Hato Rey, PR 00918
(787) 754-2119
Director
South Carolina Department of
Labor, Licensing and Regulation
Koger Office Park, Kingstree
Building
110 Centerview Drive
P.O. Box 11329
Columbia, SC 29211
(803) 896-4300
Commissioner
Tennessee Department of Labor
and Workforce Development
710 James Robertson Parkway
Andrew Johnson Tower
Nashville, TN 37243-0659
(615) 741-2582
Commissioner
Labor Commission of Utah
160 East 300 South Street,
3rd floor
P.O. Box 146650
Salt Lake City, UT 84111
(801) 530-6901
Commissioner
Virginia Department of Labor and
Industry
Powers-Taylor Building
13 South 13th Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-2377
33
Commissioner
Virgin Islands Department of Labor
2203 Church Street
Christiansted, St. Croix, VI
00820-4660
(340) 773-1990
Commissioner
Vermont Department of Labor and
Industry
National Life BuildingDrawer 20
120 State Street
Montpelier VT 05620-3401
(802) 828-2288
Director
Washington Department of Labor
and Industries
P.O. Box 44001
Olympia, WA 98504-4001
(360) 902-4200
(360) 902-5430
34
Administrator
Workers Safety and Compensation
Division (WSC)
Wyoming Department of
Employment
Herschler Building, 2nd Floor East
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7786
269-4957
348-3033
682-4522
542-1695
263-2856
491-6151
566-4550
541-3727
761-8219
974-9962
894-2643
475-1101
586-9100
281-7629
426-3283
814-2337
232-2688
296-2251
564-6895
342-9601
727-3982
880-4970
624-6400
322-1809
284-5060
751-3403
939-2047
444-6418
807-2905
328-5188
471-4717
271-2024
292-3923
827-4230
35
36
457-2238
486-9140
644-2631
528-1500
378-3272
357-2396
754-2171
222-2438
734-9614
688-4101
741-7036
804-4640
530-6901
828-2765
786-6359
772-1315
902-5638
266-9383
523-3044
558-7890
777-7786