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Organic Molecules
• A cell is mostly water.
– The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-
based molecules.
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Carbon Chemistry
• Carbon is a versatile atom.
– It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds
eight.
Figure 3.2
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• The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons.
– These are organic molecules containing only
carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Figure 3.3
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Larger hydrocarbons are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn
in our cars.
The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies.
Figure 3.4
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Figure 3.5
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Figure 3.6a
Figure 3.6b
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Biological Molecules
• There are four categories of large molecules in
cells:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates include:
– Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
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• The monosaccharides glucose and fructose are
isomers.
– They have the same formula, but their atoms are
arranged differently.
Figure 3.8
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In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides form rings.
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work.
Figure 3.9
Disaccharides
• A disaccharide is a double sugar.
– It is constructed from two monosaccharides.
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Figure 3.10
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Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates are called polysaccharides. They are long
chains of sugar units. They are polymers of monosaccharides.
Figure 3.13
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• Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound
on Earth.
– It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that
enclose plants.
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• Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in
water.
– They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving.”
Figure 3.15a
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• Fats perform essential functions in the human
body:
– Energy storage
– Cushioning
– Insulation
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Figure 3.15b
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Steroids
• Steroids are very different from fats in structure
and function.
– The carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused
rings.
Figure 3.17
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• Synthetic anabolic steroids are controversial.
– They are variants of testosterone.
Proteins
• A protein is a polymer constructed from amino acid
monomers.
• Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs
to function.
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The Monomers: Amino Acids
• All proteins are constructed from a common set of
20 kinds of amino acids.
Figure 3.20
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Proteins as Polymers
• Cells link amino acids together by dehydration
reactions.
– The resulting bond between them is called a
peptide bond.
Figure 3.21
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• Your body has tens of thousands of different kinds
of protein.
– The arrangement of amino acids makes each one
different.
• Primary structure
– The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
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Figure 3.23
Protein Shape
• Proteins have four levels of structure.
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Figure 3.24
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Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are information storage molecules.
– They provide the directions for building proteins.
Figure 3.25
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Figure 3.26
– Guanine (G)
– Thymine (T)
– Cytosine (C)
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Figure 3.27
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Figure 3.28a
Figure 3.28b
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• RNA, ribonucleic acid, is different from DNA.
– Its sugar has an extra OH group.
Figure 3.29
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Figure 3.30
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