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Switching
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8.2
8.3
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
Resource Reservation
Examples of resources that must be reserved during the set up
and released during the teardown:
Channels
Frequency band for FDM
Time Slots in TDM
Switch buffer space
Switch CPU time
Switch input-output ports
8.9
8.11
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
Virtual-circuit network
In Virtual Circuit Networks the Data is Packetized
An End-to-end path is established (setup and teardown) so that
all packets follow the same route.
Often implemented in data link layer
8.18
Virtual-circuit identifier
Two levels of addressing exist in Virtual Circuit networks:
1) Global Addressing for End hosts (e.g. IP Addresses)
2) A local Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCI) on a switch that
identifies the incoming and outgoing circuits
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
Note
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
Crossbar Switch
The Crossbar switch is a Space-Division Switch.
N input, N out put and N2 crosspoints
Enable crosspoint (i , j) when connecting input i to output j
Only one path exists for each connection, so it is non-blocking
(two paths never cross at the same point)
Not Scalable
8.28
Multistage switch
Combines several crossbar switches
Requires fewer crosspoints but probability of blocking exists
2
N
8.29
Example 8.3
Design a three-stage, 200 200 switch (N = 200) with
k = 4 and n = 20.
Solution
In the first stage we have N/n or 10 crossbars, each of size
20 4. In the second stage, we have 4 crossbars, each of
size 10 10. In the third stage, we have 10 crossbars,
each of size 4 20. The total number of crosspoints is
2kN + k(N/n)2, or 2000 crosspoints. This is 5 percent of
the number of crosspoints in a single-stage switch (200
200 = 40,000).
8.30
Clos Criterion
In order to avoid blocking in a multistage switch, the
number of middle stage switches must be at least 2n-1.
Clos Criterion:
k 2n 1
N
n
2
8.31
N
2
# of Crosspoints 4 N 2 N 2 1
Example 8.4
Redesign the previous three-stage, 200 200 switch, using the Clos
criteria with a minimum number of crosspoints so that blocking
does not occur.
Solution
We let n = (200/2)1/2, or n = 10. We calculate k = 2n 1 = 19. In the
first stage, we have 200/10, or 20, crossbars, each with 10 19
crosspoints. In the second stage, we have 19 crossbars, each with
(N/n) = 20 inputs and 20 20 crosspoints. In the third stage, we
have 20 crossbars each with 19 10 crosspoints. The total number
of crosspoints is 20(10 19) + 19(20 20) + 20(19 10) = 15200.
8.32
8.33
8.34
Packet Switches
Packet switches have a different architecture from a circuit switch.
The switching fabric can be a circuit switch (e.g. crossbar) or other
switch fabrics that well discuss in the following.
8.35
8.36
8.37
Batcher-banyan switch
Solves the internal collision problem by adding a trap module.
The trap module checks the output ports of the packets and
determines if there will be an internal collision. If so, it will schedule
packets for different time slots.
8.39