Compression Member PDF

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COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Dr. K.U.MUTHU*
A perfectly straight member of linear elastic material is shown if figure.
The above member has a friction less hinge at each end, its lower end being fixed
in position while its upper end is free to move vertically but prevented from
deflecting horizontally. It is assumed that the deflections of the member remain
small.
The elastic critical load PE at which a straight compression member buckles
laterally can be determined by finding a deflected position which is one of
equilibrium.
Basic Strut Theory
EI
d2y
= P y
dx 2
(1)
Eulers critical load is obtained as
PE =
2 EI y
l2
(2)
*, Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore 54
Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT.
KUM 1
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In terms of the stress equation is
pE =
2E
(KL / r )2
(3)
Strut with initial curvature

In practice, columns are generally not straight and the effect out of straightness on
strength is studied. Consider a strut with an initial curvature bent in a half sine
curve as shown in Figure.
If the initial deflection, at x from A is yo and the strut deflects y further under
load, P, the equilibrium equation is
EI
d2y
= P( y + yo )
dx 2
x
Where deflection y = sin
l
(4)
(5)
If o is the deflection at the centre and the additional deflection caused by P,

then
(PE / P ) 1
(6)
The maximum stress at the centre of the strut is given by
KUM 2
Pmax =
P P( 0 + )h
+
A
Iy
(7)
Where h is shown in figure
i.e.
p y = pc +
P( 0 + )h
Ary 2
i.e. p y = pc + pc
p y = pc +
( 0 + )h
ry 2
pc h
1
1 +
2 0
ry ( p E pc ) 1
(8)
(9)
(10)
Denoting the Perry factor
(p
0h
(11)
ry 2
pc
pc ) = p c 1 +
( p E pc )
(12)
On simplification it gave
( p E pc )( p y pc ) = p E pc
(13)
The value of pc, the limiting strength at which the maximum stress equal the
design strength, can be found by solving this equation and is the Perry factor.
The minimum value of pc after solving the quadratic equation is obtained as
pc = 2 p E p y
0.5
(14)
which is of the form

KUM 3
pc = 2 p E p y
and =
0.5
(15)
0h
(16)
ry2
the initial deflection 0 is taken as (1/1000)th of length of the column and hence
is given by
l h l h
2 =
1000 ry ry 1000ry
l
and hence =
ry
l
and =
r
y
(17)
(18)
(19)
a lower value of was suggested by Robertson as = 0.003 for column designs.

This approach was suggested in British code. is the slenderness ratio. The total
effect of the imperfections (initial curvature, end eccentricity and residual stresses
on strength). They are combined in to the Perry constant and is modified as
= 0.001a ( 0 )
(20)
2E
f
y
0 = 0.02
and
(21)
the value of 0 gives the limit to the plateau over which the design strength py
controls the strut load. The Robertsons constant a is assigned different values
to give the different design curves.
As per IS 800-2007;
f cd =
fy
mo
fy
(22)
mo
And = stress reduction factor for different buckling class, slenderness ratio and
yield stress.
[ + (
1
2
0.5
(23)
KUM 4
and = 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + 2
(24)
= imperfection factor given in Table 7, in P35, IS800:207.

=non dimensional effective slenderness ratio.
fy
(25)
f cc
and f cc Eulers buckling stress =
2E
(KL / r )2
(26)
KL
and
effective slenderness ratio (or) the effective length KL to appropriate
r
radius of gyration, r, mo = partial safety factor for material strength. It is noted
that the stress reduction factor depends on buckling class, slenderness ratio and
yield stress (Table 8, P36- 39, IS800-2007).
KUM 5
Ex.1 A single angle discontinuous member ISA 130x130x10mm with single

bolted connection is 2.5m long. Calculate the safe load carrying capacity of
the section. If it is connected by one bolt at each end.
f y =250Mpa. Class 7, 5.1.2, P48, IS800:2007.
e = k1 + k 2 2vv + k 32
k1 = 1.25, k 2 = 0.5, k 3 = 0.60
l / rvv
vv =
2500 / 25.4
=
1
250
2 x 2 x105
= 1.107
250
(b1 + b2 ) / 2t = (130 + 130) / 2(10) = 0.146
2E
250
2 x 2 x10 5
250
e = 1.25 + 0.5 x1.107 2 + 60 x0.146 2 = 1.772

= 0.5[1 + ( 0.2 ) + 2 ]
= 0.5 1 + 0.49(1.772 0.2 ) + 1.772 2 = 2.455

f cd =
f cd =
Pd =
f y mo
+ [
2
2 0 .5
250 1.1
2.455 + 2.455 2 1.772 2
0.5
(250 1.1) = 54.71N / mm 2

4.154
54.7 x 2506
= 137 kN
1000
KUM 6
Ex.2 In the above problem, if the single angle discontinuous strut is connected
with 2 bolts at each end connection, determine the safe load carrying capacity
of the section.
Fixed condition, Cl 7.5.1.2, P48, IS800:2007
k1 = 0.20, k 2 = 0.35, k 3 = 20
l / rvv
vv =
= 1.107
2E
250
(b1 + b2 ) / 2t = 0.146
2E
250
e = k1 + k 2 vv 2 + k 3 2 = 0.20 + 0.35 x1.107 2 + 20 x0.1406 2 = 1.102

f cd =
f y mo
+ [
2
2 0 .5
250 1.1
1.211 + 1.2112 1.012 2
0.5
= 0.5[1 + ( 0.2 ) + 2 ]
0.5 1 + 0.49(0.012 0.2 ) + 1.012 2 = 1.211
f cd =
f y mo
+ [ 2
Pd = 137.45 x
2 0.5
227.27
= 137.45 N / mm 2
1.211 + 0.683
2506
= 344.4kN
1000
KUM 7
Ex.3 A double angle discontinuous strut ISA 150x75x10mm long leg back to
back is connected to either side by gusset plate of 10mm thick with 2 bolts.
The length of the strut between the intersection is 3.5m. Determine the safe
load carrying capacity of the section.
Ref. CL 7.5.2.1, P48, IS800:2007
Effective length factor is between 0.7 and 0.85 Assume k=0.85
Effective length of the member = 0.85x3500=2975mm
f cd = 107
2. 6
x12.4 = 103.8 N / mm 2
10
Strength of the member =
103.8 x 4312
= 447.6kN
1000
Ex.4 In the above problem if double angles discontinuous strut is connected

to one side of the gusset plate determine the safe load.
Effective length l e = 0.85 x3500 = 2975mm
rmin = 2.56cm P105
le
2975
=
= 116.2
rmin 25.6
KUM 8
Table 9c; P42; IS800

f cd = 94.6
Safe load =
6.2
x10.9 = 87.87 4 N / mm 2
10
87.84 x 4312
= 378.8kN
1000
Ex.5 A rolled steel beam ISHB 300 @ 58.8 kg/m is used as a column. The
column is fixed in position but not in direction at both ends. Determine the
safe load carrying capacity in the section if the length of the column is 4.5m
t f = 10.6mm Table 10, P44, IS800:2007.
Buckling class of cross section

h 300
=
= 1. 2
b 250
KUM 9
t f 40mm
Buckling about zz axis
Buckling class a Table 7, P35, IS800:2007.
About zz axis, = 0.21
Z = 129.5mm
y = 54.1mm
4500
= 250
129.5
x 2 x10 5 = 0.391
= 0.5[1 + ( 0.2 ) + 2 ]
= 0.5[1 + 0.21(0.391 0.2 ) + 0.3912] = 0.5965
f cd = f y mo + 2 2
0.5
])
250
2
2
=
0.5965 + 0.5965 0.391
1.10
0.5
f cd = 237.9 N / mm 2
About y-y axis buckling class (b) = 0.34
KUM 10
f y (kL / r ) / 2
2
y =
4500
= 250
54.1
2 x 2 x105 = 0.9366
= 0.5[1 + ( 0.2 ) + 2 ]
= 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.9366 0.2 ) + 0.9366 2 = 1.0638
f cd =
250
1.0638 + 1.0638 2 0.9366 2
1.10
0.5
f cd = 356.42 N / mm 2
Table 9(a) P40, IS800:2007.
kL 4500
=
= 34.75
r 129.5
f cd = 220
4.75
x7 = 216.7 N / mm 2
10
kL 4500
=
= 83.2
r
54.1
Table 9(b), P41, IS 800:2007.
f cd = 150
3.2
x16 = 144.48
10
Strength = 144.88 x7485 = 1084.4kN
KUM 11
Ex.6 A built up column consists of two ISMC 400 @ 49kg/m and two plates of
500mmx10mm. The clear distance between back to back of channel is
200mm. One plate is connected to each flange. Determine the safe load
carrying capacity of the built u column if the effective length of column is 5m.
Area = 2(62.93) + 2(50 x1) = 225.86cm 2

50 x13
2
I zz = 2[15082.8] + 2
+ 50 x1(20 + 0.5)
12
4
= 72198.9cm
1x50
2
I yy = 2 504.8 + 62.93(10 + 2.42 ) + 2
12
= 41257.6cm 4
I min = 41257.6cm 4
rmin =
41257.6
= 13.5cm
225.86
kL 5000
=
= 37
r
135
f cd = 211
Safe load =
7
x13 = 201.9 N / mm 2
10
201.9 x 22586
= 4560kN
1000
KUM 12
Ex.7 Calculate the safe load of a bridge compression member of two channels
ISMC 350 @ 421.1 kg/m placed toe to toe. The effective length of member is
7m. The widths over the back of the channel is 350mm and the section is
properly connected by lacings.
A = 2(53.66 ) = 107.32cm 2
I zz = 2(10008) = 20016cm 4
I yy = 2 430.6 + 53.66(17.5 2.44 )
= 25201.7cm 4
I min
rmin =
= 13.6cm
A
kL 700
=
= 51.2
r
13.6
Table 9c
f cd = 183
1. 2
x15 = 181.2 N / mm 2
10
Strength of the member =
181.2 x10732
= 1944.6kN
1000
KUM 13
Ex.8 A column 6m high has its ends firmly built in. The column is built up
with two channels. ISMC 300 placed back to back with 180mm gap between
them. The channels are effectively laced together. Using IS800, determine the
safe load carrying capacity of the column.
Area = 9128mm2
From SP (6)
min = 11.66cm
l e = 0.65(6) = 3.9m = 390cm
kL 390
=
= 33.4
r 11.66
Table 9c class c
f cd = 211 3.4
10
x13 = 206.6 N / mm 2
Safe load carrying capacity =
206.6 x9128
= 1885.8kN
1000
KUM 14
Ex.9 A column height 5m is hinged at the ends. It is square in cross section

(plan) of side 360mm and consists of 4 angles of ISA 80x80x10mm at each
corner suitably laced. Find the minimum load on the column.
A = 4(15.05) = 60.2cm2
I x = 4 87.7 + 15.05(18 2.34 )
= 15113.98cm 4
min =
I min
= 15.85cm
A
kL 5000
=
= 31.5 Buckling class ' c'
r 158.5
f cd = 211
1.5
x13 = 209.05 N / mm 2
10
Safe load =
209.05 x6020
= 1258.5kN
1000
KUM 15
Ex.10 Determine the design strength of the column section ISHB 300 @ 58.8
kg/m. The effective length of the column is 3m.
f y = 250 N / mm 2
h 300
=
= 1.2
bf
250
t f = 10.6 40mm
z z axis Buckling class ' c'
kL le
3000
=
=
= 23.17
r
rzz 129.5
kL
= 23.17
r
f cd = 224
3.17
x13 = 219.9 N / mm 2
10
y y axis Buckling class ' b'

kL 3000
=
= 55.45
r
54.1
f cd = 194
5.45
x13 = 186.9 N / mm 2
10
Design Strength =
186.9 x7485
= 1398.9kN
1000
KUM 16
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

Ex.11 Design a single angle section discontinuous strut to carry a load of
80kN. The length of the member between c/c intersection is 2.75m
Axial load = 80kN
Permissible stress = 0.4 f y = 100 N / mm 2
Area required = 800mm2
Gross area = 800x1.25= 1000mm2 = 10cm2
A = 13.79cm2,
Try ISA 90x90x8mm
rvv = 1.95cm
e = k1 + k 2 2vv + k32
(l
(0.85 x275 / 1.95) = 119.87

rvv )
=
0.1986
E / 250
2 x 2 x105
1
250
vv =
(b1 + b2 / 2t ) = (90 + 90) / 2 x8
2E
250
2 x 2 x10 5
250
e = k1 + k 2 2vv + k 3 2 = 1.25 + 0.5(1.35 + 60(0.1267) 2

e = 1.768
= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.768 0.2] + 1.768 2 = 2.25
f cd =
Pd =
f y / mo
+ [
2
2 0.5
250 / 1.1
2.25 + 2.25 1.768
2 0.5
= 38.57 N / mm 2
38.57 x1379
= 53.18kN < 80kN
1000
Revise the section

Try ISA 100X100X10 Area = 1903mm2
KUM 17
e = k1 + k 2 vv2 + k32
k1 = 1.25; k 2 = 0.5, k3 = 60
l / rvv
vv =
(0.85 x 275) / 1.94 = 120.49

2 x 2 x105
1x
250
88.81
250
vv = 1.36
=
(100 + 100) / (2 x10) =

2
x 2 x10
1x
100
= 0.1126
88.81
250
e = 1.25 + 0.5(1.36) 2 + 60 x0.1126 2 = 1.713

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.713 0.2] + 1.7132 = 2.338
= 0.5[1 + 0.49(2.338 0.2) + 2.338 2 ]

= 3.756
f cd =
Pd =
(250 / 1.1)
3.756 + 3.756 + 1.713
2 0.5
= 32 N / mm 2
32 x1903
= 61kN < 80kN
1000
Try ISA 130 x130 x10 Area = 25.06cm 2
e = k1 + k 2 vv2 + k32
k1 = 1.25; k 2 = 0.5, k3 = 60
l / rvv
vv =
E
250
(0.85 x 275) / 1.94 = 2.63

1x
2 x 2 x10 5
250
KUM 18
(130 + 130) / (2 x10) =

2
1x
x 2 x10
13
= 0.1463
88.81
250
e = 1.25 + 0.5(2.36) 2 + 60 x 0.14632 = 2.448

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(2.448 0.2] + 2.448 2 = 4.047
f cd =
Pd =
(250 / 1.1)
4.047 + 4.047 + 2.448
2 0.5
= 31.26 N / mm 2
3126 x 2506
= 78.33kN < 80kN
1000
Try ISA 150X150X10

A=29.03cm2
rvv = 2.93cm
e = k1 + k 2 2vv + k32
k1 = 1.25; k 2 = 0.5, k3 = 60
l / rvv
vv =
(0.85 x 275) / 2.93 = 0.898

2 x 2 x105
1x
250
250
(150 + 150) / (2 x10) =

1x
2 x 2 x10 5
15
= 0.168
88.81
250
e = 1.25 + 0.5(0.898) 2 + 60 x0.1463 2 = 1.83

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.83 0.2] + 1.832 = 2.574
f cd =
(250 / 1.1)
2.574 + 2.574 1.83
2 0.5
= 51.84 N / mm 2
Strength = 150.5kN>80
Try ISA 130x130x10 A+25.06cm, rvv=2.54cm
KUM 19
l / rvv
vv =
(0.85 x 275) / 2.54 = 92.03 = 1.036

1x
250
250
(130 + 130) / (2 x10) =

2
1x
x 2 x10
88.81
2 x 2 x105
13
= 0.1463
88.81
250
e = 1.25 + 0.5(1.036) 2 + 60 x0.14632 = 1.752

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.752 0.2] + 1.752 2 = 2.415
f cd =
(250 / 1.1)
2 0.5
= 43.89 N / mm 2
2.415 + 2.415 + 1.752

Safe strength = 43.89x2506/1000=110kN>80kN
Ex.12 Design a double angle discontinuous strut to carry a load of 125kN, the
length between the intersection is 3.8m
Axial load = 125kN
Permissible stress 0.4 f y =100Nmm2
Area Required = 125000/100=1250mm2
Gross area required = 1250x1.25=1562.5mm2 = 15.63mm2
Try two ISA 75x75x6 area = 17.32cm2
min = 2.3cm
Effective length kL = 0.85 x380 = 323cm
kL
= 140.4
rmin
Table 9(c) f cd = 66.2 N / mm 2

Safe strength =
66.2 x1732
= 114.7kN < 125kN
1000
Hence revise the section, Try two angle of ISA 80x80x8
KUM 20
Area = 24.42cm2
min = 2.44cm
kL
323
=
= 132.4
rmin 2.44
Table 9(c) f cd = 74.3
2.4
x8.1 = 72.4 N / mm 2
10
Safe strength = 72.4 x 2242 / 1000 = 162.3kN > 125kN
Ex.13 A column connects four equal angles arranged in the form of a square
section of side 400mm. Design the section if the column is to carry an axial
load of 800kN. The length of the column is 5m. Both the ends of the column
are restrained in position but not in direction.
Axial load = 800kN

Allowable compressive stress = 0.4x250=100N/mm2
Area of 4 angles = 800x103/100=800mm2
Area of 1 angle = 2000mm2 = 20cm2
KUM 21
Increase this area by 25%, Gross area of l angle = 20x1.25=25cm2

Try 4 angle of ISA 130x130x12mm A = 29.82cm2
I x = I y = I min = 4 473.8 + 29.82(20 3.66 ) = 33742cm 4

2
33742
= 16.82cm
4 x 29.82
min =
kL
500
=
= 29.7
rmin 16.82
f cd = 211.39 N / mm 2
Strength of the member = 211.39x4x2982/1000=2521>800kN
Hence revise the section
Try 4 angles of ISA 100x100x12 A = 22.59cm2
I min = 4 207 + 22.59(20 2.92 ) = 27188.4cm 4
rmin =
27188.4
= 17.35cm
4 x 22.59
kL
500
=
= 28.8
rmin 17.35
f cd = 212.56 N / mm 2
Safe load = 212.56x4x2259/1000=212.6>80kN
I min = 4 126.7 + 17.03(20 2.59 ) = 21154.5cm 4
rmin =
21154.35
= 17.62cm
4 x17.03
kL
500
=
= 28.4
rmin 17.62
f cd = 224
8.4
x13 = 213.08 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 213x4x1703/1000=1450>800kN

KUM 22
I min = 4 87.7 + 15.05(20 2.34 ) = 19125.7cm 4

2
rmin = 17.82cm
kL
500
=
= 28
rmin 17.82
8
x13 = 213.6 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 213.6x4x1505/1000=1285.2>800kN
f cd = 224
I min = 4 72.5 + 12.21(20 2.27 ) = 15642.99cm 4

2
rmin = 17.89cm
kL
500
=
= 27.95
rmin 17.89
f cd = 224
7.95
x13 = 213.67 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 213.67x4x1221/1000=1043.6kN>800kN

Try 4 angles of ISA 60x60x10 Area = 11cm2
I min = 4 34.8 + 11(20 1.85) = 14633.79cm 4

2
rmin = 18.24cm
kL
500
=
= 27.41
rmin 18.24
f cd = 224
7.41
x13 = 214.38 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 214.38x4x1100/1000=943.2kN>800kN

Try 4 angles of ISA 60x60x8mm A = 8.18cm2
I min = 4 29 + 8.96(20 1.77 ) = 12026.8cm 4

2
KUM 23
rmin = 19.17cm
kL
500
=
= 26
rmin 19.17
f cd = 224
6
x13 = 216.2 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 216.2x4x818/1000=707kN<800kN

Hence revise the section.
Adopt 4 angles of ISA 60x60x8mm
Ex.14 A rolled steel beam ISHB 300@ 58.8kg/m is used as a column. The
column is fixed in position but not in direction at both ends. Determine the
safe load carrying capacity of the section if the length of column is 4.5m
I zz = 12545.2cm 4
I yy = 2193.6cm 4
A = 74.85cm2
h 300
=
= 1.2, t f = 10.6mm < 100mm
b f 250
KUM 24
For the buckling about zz axis b
rzz =
12545.2
= 12.95cm
74.85
le
450
=
= 34.75
rzz 12.95
f cd = 216
4.75
x10 = 211.25 N / mm 2
10
For the buckling about yy axis class c
ryy =
2193.6
= 5.41cm
74.85
le
450
=
= 83.18
ryy 5.41
f cd = 136
3.2
x10 = 131.2 N / mm 2
10
Strength of the member = 131.2x7485/1000=982kN
Ex.15 Design a built up column consisting of two channel sections placed

back to back with a clear spacing of 250mm between them. The column
carries an axial load of 1000kN and is having an effective height of 6m.
Design the lacing for the column.
Axial load = 1000kN

Assume the permissible compressive stress = 0.5 f y =125N/mm2
Area required = 1000x103/125=8000mm2 = 80cm2
Area of one channel = 45cm2
KUM 25
Try 2 channels of ISMC 350; area = 2x53.65=107.3cm2
rzz = 13.66cm
ryy = 15.21cm
About zz axis
le
600
=
= 43.92
rzz 13.66
f cd = 198
3.9
x15 = 192.15 N / mm 2
10
About yy axis
le
600
=
= 39.34
ryy 15.21
f cd = 211
9.4
x3 = 208.18 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 192.15x10730/1000-2061.76>1000kN hence OK

Try ISLC 300 A = 84.22cm2
rzz = 11.98cm
ryy = 15.32cm
le
600
=
= 50
rzz 11.98
f cd = 211
0.17
x13 = 210.78 N / mm 2
10
le
600
=
= 39.17
ryy 15.32
Safe load = 183x8422/1000=1541kN>1000kN

Hence adopt the section.
KUM 26
Design of lacing
Cl 7.6.2 Minimum width of lacing bar = 3x16 (dia of bolt) = 48 say 50mm
Cl 7.6.4 Angle of inclination = 40 0 70 0 = = 45 0
Cl 7.6.3 Thickness of lacing bar =
1
[spacing + g + g ] = 1 [250 + 60 + 60] = 6.17mm say 10mm
60
60
Cl 7.6.5.1
Spacing of lacing
50
rmin of one component of member
l
0.7 e
rmin
whole
(250 + 60 + 60) = 12.89 50 0.7(39.17 ) = 27.42

28.7
Cl 7.6.6.3
kL
145
r flat
of the lacing bar =
0.7l
0.7 x37 2
=
= 126.86 145
t 120
1 12
Check the bars for lacing in compression
Shear force =
2.5
x1000 = 25kN
100
Force on the lacing bar =
S
25
cos ec =
cos ec45 = 8.84kN
2n
2 x2
For the flat angle, for = 127

f cd = 83.7
7
x9.4 = 77.15 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 77.12x50x10/1000=38.6kN>8.84kN

Check for the flat in Tension
= (b d )tf y / m =
(50 18)10(410 ) = 105kN

1.25
KUM 27
Or f y Ag / mo = 250 x50 x10 / 1.1 = 113.4kN > for in the lacing bar
Ex.16 Design a battened column for the column shown in figure. Assume that
the channels are kept back to back.
kL
The effective slenderness ratio of battened columns shall be 1.1 times the
r
maximum actual slenderness ratio of the column.
kL
= 1.1x39.17=43
r
3
f cd = 198 x15 = 193.5 N / mm 2
10
Safe load = 193.5 x
8422
= 1629.7 kN > 1000kN
1000
l
Maximum spacing of the batten
0.7 e
rmin of one component of member
rmin
whole
Maximum spacing of batten = 143.5cm = 0.7(2.87)43= 86.4cm

Provide the battens at a spacing of 850mm
Provide 20mm bolts. For rolled, machine flameout, P74, Cl 10.2.4.2 1.5xhole
diameter = 1.5x20=33mm
Effective depth of batten
= 250+2(23.5)=297mm>2(100)=200mm
Overall depth of batten = 297+2(33)=363mm=370mm
Required thickness of batten = 1/50 (distance between inner most bolts.)
KUM 28
1/50(250+2x60)=7.4 say 8mm

Length of the batten = 250+2(100) =450mm
Provide 450x370x8mm
Size of intermediate batten
Effective depth = 3/4x297=222.75mm>2x100=200mm

Hence an effective depth of 225mm
Overall depth = 225+2x33=291say 300mm
Provide 450x300x8mm intermediate battens
Design forces
Transverse shear = V = 2.5/100x1000=25kN=25000N

Longitudinal shear Vb =
Vt C 25000 x85
=
= 28.72kN
NS
2 x370
Vt = transverse shear = 25000N

C = c/c of battens, longitudinally = 850mm
N = number of parallel planes = 2
S = minimum distance between the centroid of the bolt = 370mm
Moment M =
Vt c 25000 x850
=
= 5312500 Nmm
2N
2 x2
For end batten
Shear Stress = 28720/370x8=9.7N/mm2 <
250
= 131.2 N / mm 2
3 x1.1
250
6 M 6 x5312500
Bending stress = 2 =
= 29.10 N / mm 2 <
= 227 N / mm 2
2
td
8
x
370
1
.
1
Hence safe
For Intermediate battens
Shear stress = 28720/300x8=11.97N/mm2 < 131.2N/mm2

Bending stress = 6x53/2500/8x3002=44.27N/mm2 < 250/1.1=227N/mm2
KUM 29
Connections
Strength of the bolt = 45.3kN

Required number of bolts = 28.72/45.3 < 1.0
As the bending moment is also present, provide 3 bolts
Check
Force in each bolt due to shear = 28.72/3=9.57kN
Adopt a pitch of 100mm
Force due to moment =
M r
r2
5312500 x100
= 26.56kN
100 2 x100 2
Resultant force =
9.57 2 + 26.56 2 = 28.23kN < 45.3kN
Hence safe.
KUM 30
CASED COLUMNS
Encased I sections or filled hollow sections carries more load. In cased columns,
the advantages derived from the properties of concrete and steel are used. The
concrete is strong in stronger in compression and it provides greater rigidity. The
solid concrete casing assists in carrying the load and the entire load is resisted by
concrete and steel. The design of the above columns is currently based on IS
11384-1985. As the above code is on working stress method the guide lines given
in BS5950, Part I is presented here. The role of concrete is that it acts as a fire
protection for the encased steel columns and also prevents the column from
buckling about the weak axis. As per the BS5950, Part I the column must satisfy
the following specifications.
(i)
The steel section is either a single rolled or fabricated I or H section

with equal flanges, channels and compound sections can also be used.
(ii)
The steel section should not exceed 1000mmx500mm. The dimension

100mm is in the direction of web.
(iii)
Primary structural connections should be made in the steel section.
(iv)
The steel section is unpainted and free from dirt, grease, rust, scale etc.
(v)
The steel section is encased in concrete of at least Grade 20, to BS

8110.
(vi)
The cover on the steel is to be not less than 50mm. The corners may be
chamfered.
(vii)
The concrete extends the full length of the member and is thoroughly
compacted.
(viii)
The casing is reinforced with bars not less than 5mm diameter at a
maximum spacing of 200mm to form a cage of closed links and
longitudinal bars. The reinforcement is to pass through the centre of
the cover.
(ix)
The effective length is not to exceed 40bc, 100b2c / dc or 250 r

whichever is the least, where
bc = minimum width of solid casing.

dc = minimum depth of solid casing.
r = minimum radius of gyration of steel section.
KUM 31
BS5950, Part I guidelines for estimating the compressive strength of column.
a) The radius of gyration about yy axis is shown in figure, ry should be taken

as 0.2bc but not more than 0.2 (B+150) where B = overall width of flange.
The radius of gyration for the zz axis should be taken as that of the steel
section.
b) The compression resistance Pc is
f A
Pc = Ag + 0.45 cu pc Pcs
p y
f
Pcs = Ag + 0.25 cu Ac p y
py
Where Ac = gross sectional area of concrete. Casing in excess of 75mm from the
steel section is neglected. Finish is neglected.
Ag =gross area of the steel section
f cu =characteristic strength of the concrete at 28 days. This should not exceed

40N/mm2.
p c =compressive strength of steel section determined using rx and rz in the
determination of which p y 335 N / mm 2
p y = design strength of steel
Cased Column
KUM 32
CASED COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOAD

Ex.17 An internal column in a building has an actual length of 4.5m centre to
centre of floor beams. The steel section is ISHB250 @ 51kg/m. Calculate the
compression resistance of the column if it is cased in accordance with the
codal provision. M25 concrete grade has been use. The casing has been made
325mm square.
Properties of ISHB 250

A=6496mm2
rzz =10.91cm
ryy =5.49cm
For the above cased column;
ry = 0.2(325) = 65mm
0.2(250 + 150 ) = 80mm
i) effective length = 0.7 (4500) = 3150mm of cased column
ii) 40 bc =40(325) = 13000mm
iii) 100
bc2
=100x325=32500mm
dc
iv) 250 r =250x54.9=13725mm

slenderness ratio =
kL 3150
=
= 48.46
r
65
refer Table 9(c) in P42, IS800:2007.
KUM 33
f cd = 198
8.46
x15 = 185.3 N / mm 2
10
The gross sectional area of concrete

Ac = 325 x325 = 105625mm 2
Compressive strength of concrete
25
185.3
Pc = 6496 + 0.45 x
x105625
= 2084.5kN
250
1000
Short column strength
25 x105625 250
Pcs = 6496 + 0.25 x

= 2284kN
250
1000
Compressive strength of column = 2084.5kN
KUM 34
Column with axial load and moment

Ex.18 A stanchion carries an factorial axial load 500kN and a factored
bending moment of 250kNm. Design the section if the length is 6m and one
end of the column is restrained in position and direction whereas, other end is
restrained only in position but not in direction.
Try section ISWB 600@ 133.7kg/m

kL 0.8 x6000
=
= 91.43
r
52.5
Yura suggested
My
Mz
for initializing the size of the column. If the BM is
+ 7.5
d
b
predominant then the equivalent BM can be found out from
peff = P + 2
M eq = M z + Pu
d
2
In this case;
Peff = P + 2
Mz
250
= 500 + 2 x
= 1333.33kN
d
0.6
KUM 35
Check the above section

h 600
=
= 2.4 > 1.2
b 250
t c = 21.3mm < 40
Buckling about yy axis, buckling class b
f cd = 134
1.43
x16 = 131.7 N / mm 2
10
Compressive strength of the trial section=131.7x17038/1000=2244kN>1333.33kN

Section properties
A = 177.38cm2
I zz = 1.06(10 ) cm 4
5
I yy = 47.7(10 ) cm 4
3
Z pz = 2bt t f (H t t ) / 2 + t w (H 2t f )/ 4
Z pz = 2(250 )21.3(600 21.3) / 2 + 11.2(600 2 x 21.3) / 4 = 3986.66cm 3

2
(P138, IS800:2007)
Z py = 2t f b 2f / 4 + (H 2t f )t w3 4 = 2(21.3)
250 3
11.2 2
+ (600 2 x 21.3)
= 683.1cm 3
4
4
Cross section classification
KUM 36
2.50
=
fy
250
= 1.0
250
Outstanding flanges
b 250 / 2
=
= 5.87 < 9.4 (Table 2, P18)
tf
21.3
Hence the flange is plastic
Web
d = H 2t f 2r1 = 600 2(21.3) 2(18) = 521.4mm

d 521.4
=
= 46.6 < 84
tw
11.2
Hence the cross section is plastic

Refer d 9.3.1.1 for plastic and compact sections
My
M
N
+
+ z 1.0
N d M dy M dz
N = factored applied axial force = 500kN
N d = design strength in compression =
mx
170.38 x10 2 x 250

= 3872.3kN
1.1x1000
M dz =
Ag f y
1x3986.66 x10 3 x 250

= 906.05kNm
1.1x10 6
500
250
+
= 0.4 < 1.0
3872.3 906.05
Member buckling resistance in compression

Effective length of member = 0.8x6000=4800mm
kLz
4800
=
= 19.22
rz
249.7
KUM 37
kLy
ry
4800
= 91.43
52.5
h 600
=
= 2.4; t f = 21.3 < 40mm
b 250
Buckling about zz axis (Buckling class a)

9.22
x1 = 226 N / mm 2
10
Buckling about minor axis (Buckling class b)
f cd = 227
f cd = 134
1.43
x16 = 131.7 N / mm 2
10
Safe compressive strength =
131.7 x17738
= 2336kN > 500kN
1000
Hence the section is conservative.

Member buckling resistance in bending
M d = b Z p f bd
b = 1.0 for plastic sec tion

LT = Imperfection parameter = 0.21 for rolled steel section P54, cl 8.2.2
f cr ,b = extreme fibre bending compressive stress
f cr ,b
1.1 2 E
1 LLT / ry
=
1+
2
(LLT ry ) 20 h f / t f
0.5
LLT
= 91.43
ry
f cr ,b
2
1.1 2 x 2 x10 5
1 91.43
=

1 +
91.43 2
20 600 / 21.3
= 259.48[1 + 0.527 ]
0.5
0.5
= 320.64 N / mm 2
KUM 38
L,T = Non dimensionless slenderness ratio

fy
f cr ,b
250
= 0.883
320.64
LT = 0.5[1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + 2LT ]
Strength reduction factor = 0.5 1 + 0.21 0.883 0.2 + 0.863 2
)]
LT = 0.96
LT = bending stress reduction factor to account for lateral Torsional buckling
=
1
2
2
LT + LT XL
LT =
1
0.96 + 0.96 2 0.853 2
f bd = LT
fy
mo
= 0.748 x
= 0.748
250
= 170 N / mm 2
1.1
Elastic lateral buckling moment
M cr = b Z p f cr ,b
M cr = Elastic lateral buckling moment
M cr =
3986.66 x10 3 x320.64

= 1278.3kNm > 250kNm
10 6
Hence it is safe
Moment amplification factors
k Z 1 = 1 + ( 0.2 )
P
Pdz
500
= 1 + 0.883 0.2
= 1.146
2336
P
500
k ZZ = 1 + 0.8
= 1 + 0.8 X
= 1.171
Pdz
2336
KUM 39
z =
M2
=0
M1
C mz = max[(0.6 + 0.4 ),0.4]

C mz = 0.6
M
P
250
+ k z C mz 1 = 0.21 + 1.146 x0.6 x
= 0.34 < 1
Pdz
M cr
1278.3
Hence the section is safe against bending moment and axial force.
KUM 40
Questions on Compression members, Column Splices, Slab &

Gusset Bases and Connections between beams & columns
1. Design a single angle discontinuous strut (equal & unequal angle) to carry a
compressive force of 500kN. The c/c distance between the joints is 3m.
Design also the connections using
a) M24 bolts of property class 5.6
b) M24 HSFG bolts of property class 10.9
c) Equivalent welded connections
2. Repeat the above problem using double angles (on same side & on either side
of gusset plate) for a force of 1000kN.
3. A discontinuous double angle strut is placed back to back on the same side of
the gusset plate 8mm thick. The angles are ISA 125x95x8 with c/c distance
between the joints =3m. Calculate the safe load when:
a) connected by one bolt at each end
b) connected by two or more bolts at each end
What will the % change of load if the above angles are placed on either side of
the gusset plate?
4. A single angle discontinuous strut ISA 130x130x12 is 3m between centre to

centre of intersections. Calculate the safe load when:
i) connected by one bolt at each end
ii) connected by two or more bolts at each end
5. A truss member has a length of 3.5m between the centre of joints. The force in
the member is 150kN compression due to DL & IL; 200kN due to DL & WL.
Design the member and the connection to a 10mm thick gusset plate. Adopt
single equal angle; single unequal angle; double equal angles & double
unequal angles.
KUM 41
6. Compute the strength of the column shown in figure
7. Design a builtup column to carry an axial load of 1400kN with the length of
column being 8m. The column is effectively held in position at both ends, but
not restrained against rotation at both ends. The C/S of the column is:
a) Two channels back to back (heel to heel)

b) Two channels toe to toe separated & unseparated
c) Two I- sections - ISHB & ISMB
d) I- section with cover plates
e) Four angles equal & unequal (arranged as square or rectangular
section)
In all the cases, design also the lacings and battens, if applicable. Also, check
other end conditions as specified in the code. (Connections can be bolted or
welded)
KUM 42
8. a) Design a builtup column carrying an axial load of 1300kN. The height of

column is 7m & is effectively held in position at both ends, but restrained
against rotation
at one end only. Adopt two channels toe to toe with the
width over the back of the channels being 400mm. Also, design a suitable
lacing and battens. Connections can be bolted or welded.
b) Repeat the design in 7a) with two channels back to back with a clear
spacing of 300mm between them.
9. Design a suitable slab base and gusset base in problems (6) & (7) assuming
plain concrete pedestal of grade M15. Design the pedestal also. Adopt suitable
bolts. SBC of soil is 150kN/m2.
10. Design a column using an ISHB section with cover plates to carry a
compressive load of 3000kN. The effective length of the column is 6m. Also,
design a suitable gusset base & plain concrete pedestal of M15 grade. Adopt
suitable bolts. SBC of soil is 200kN/m2
11. An upper storey column ISHB300 @ 58.8 kg/m carries a load of 1000kN & a
BM of 40kNm. It is spliced with a lower storey column ISHB400 @ 82.2
kg/m. Ends of the columns are machined. (Milled) Design a suitable splice.
Adopt suitable bolts or welds.
12. a) A column section ISHB400 @ 82.2 kg/m carries an axial load of 1200kN &
BM of 50kNm. Design a suitable column splice. Adopt bolts or welds of
suitable size.
b) Design a suitable splice for a 5m effective length ISHB450 @ 87.2 kg/m
column carrying an axial load of 1000kN & a BM of 50kNm. Assume the
surfaces to be unmilled. Adopt bolts or welds of suitable size.
KUM 43
13. An ISMB600 @ 122.6 kg/m transfer a reaction of 300kN framing into the
flange of a column ISHB400 @ 82.2kg/m. Design a suitable
a) Stiffened seated connection;
b) Unstiffened seated connection (simple seated)
c) Framed connection.
Adopt bolts or welds of suitable size.
14. Two secondary beams ISMB300 @ 58.8kg/m are directly welded on either
side of the web of the girder ISMB600 @ 122.6 kg/m. Each secondary beam
transfer an end reaction of 250kN. Design fillet field welded connection.
15. Repeat the above problem as a framed connection adopting bolts or welds of
suitable size.
16. A secondary beam ISMB400 @ 62.6 kg/m transmit an reaction of 300kN to a

main beam ISMB550 @ 86.9 Kg/m. Design a suitable framed connection
using bolts or welds of suitable size.
17. A stanchion factorial axial load of 750kN and factored Bending moment of
300 kNm. The effective length of the column is 5 m. Design the stanchion as
per IS 800:2007
18. A column of effective length 6.5m shown in fig is subjected to the design data
as follows.
Factored axial load at the top = 1250kN

Factored axial load at the bottom = 600kN
KUM 44
Moment about the major axis at the top = 100kNm

Moment about the major axis at the bottom = 55kNm
Check the adequacy of the section.
19. A column between the floor is provided with ISHB 300 @ 58.8kg/m.
Investigate its adequacy if the ultimate design loads and moments are as
follows
Axial compression = 2500kN
Ultimate Moments at Top
About Major axis = 350kNm

About Minor axis = 50kNm
Ultimate Moments at Bottom
About Major axis = 175kNm

About Minor axis = -75kNm
Effective length of the column = 6.0m
Dr. K.U. Muthu

Sri H. Narendra
KUM 45

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Eulers critical load is obtained as

*, Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore 54

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In terms of the stress equation is

Strut with initial curvature

If o is the deflection at the centre and the additional deflection caused by P,

The maximum stress at the centre of the strut is given by

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Where h is shown in figure

Denoting the Perry factor

which is of the form

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a lower value of was suggested by Robertson as = 0.003 for column designs.

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and = 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + 2

= imperfection factor given in Table 7, in P35, IS800:207.

and f cc Eulers buckling stress =

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Ex.1 A single angle discontinuous member ISA 130x130x10mm with single

(b1 + b2 ) / 2t = (130 + 130) / 2(10) = 0.146

e = 1.25 + 0.5 x1.107 2 + 60 x0.146 2 = 1.772

= 0.5 1 + 0.49(1.772 0.2 ) + 1.772 2 = 2.455

2.455 + 2.455 2 1.772 2

(250 1.1) = 54.71N / mm 2

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e = k1 + k 2 vv 2 + k 3 2 = 0.20 + 0.35 x1.107 2 + 20 x0.1406 2 = 1.102

1.211 + 1.2112 1.012 2

0.5 1 + 0.49(0.012 0.2 ) + 1.012 2 = 1.211

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Strength of the member =

Ex.4 In the above problem if double angles discontinuous strut is connected

rmin = 2.56cm P105

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Table 9c; P42; IS800

Buckling class of cross section

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About y-y axis buckling class (b) = 0.34

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= 0.5 1 + 0.34(0.9366 0.2 ) + 0.9366 2 = 1.0638

Table 9(a) P40, IS800:2007.

Table 9(b), P41, IS 800:2007.