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Production Technology
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CONVENTIONAL COMPLETIONS
ADVANCED WELLS AND COMPLETIONS
RESERVOIR AND TUBING PERFORMANCE
SELECTION AND DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT
GAS LIFT
PERFORATING
FORMATION DAMAGE
MATRIX ACIDISING
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
UNSTABLE FORMATIONS AND SAND CONTROL
FIELD DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND FLUID PROCESSING
RESERVOIR AND TUBING PERFORMANCE TUTORIAL
EXAMINATION AND MODEL SOLUTIONS
Production Technology
Petroleum Engineering
Conventional Completions O N E
Initiate Design
Selection of
Production
Conduit
Bottom Hole
Completion
Technique
Completion
String
Facilities
Conceptual Design
Casing
String
Design
Detailed
Completion
String Design
Well
Productivity
Objective of
this chapter
Well
Performance
Optimisation
Final Design(s)
Production Technology
Petroleum Engineering
Conventional Completions O N E
C O N T E N T S
INTRODUCTION
1 BOTTOM HOLE COMPLETION TECHNIQUES
1.1 Open Hole Completion
1.2 Screen or Pre-slotted Liner Completions
1.3 Cemented and Perforated Casing / Liner
2 SELECTION OF FLOW CONDUIT BETWEEN
RESERVOIR AND SURFACE
2.1 Tubingless Casing Flow
2.2 Casing and Tubing Flow
2.3 Tubing Flow Without Annulus Isolation
2.4 Tubing Flow With Annular Isolation
3 COMPLETION STRING FACILITIES
3.1 Basic Completion String Functions and
Facilities
3.2 Additional Completion String Functions
3.3 Composite Completion String
4 COMPLETION STRING COMPONENTS
4.1 Wellhead / Xmas Tree
4.2 Production Tubing
4.2.1 Tubing Diameter
4.2.2 Tensile Strength
4.2.3 Internal Pressure
4.2.4 External Pressure
4.2.5 Corrosion
4.2.6 Coupling Types
4.3 Annular Pressure Seal
4.3.1 Ease of Retrieval
4.3.2 Setting Mechanism
4.3.3 Ability to Withstand Differential Pressure
4.3.4 Number of Packer Bores
4.4 Seal Between Tubing and Packer
4.5 Sub-Surface Safety Valves
4.6 Side Pocket Mandrel (SPM)
4.7 Sliding Side Door (SSD)
4.8 Landing Nipples
4.9 Perforated Flow Tube
4.10 Flow Coupling
Production Technology
26/06/14
5 MULTIPLE COMPLETIONS
5.2
Multiple Zone Depletion Concepts
5.2.1 Co-mingled Flow
5.2.2 Segregated - Multiple Zone Depletion
5.2.3 Alternate Zone Well Completion Stratege
5.2.4 Selection of Development Strategy
!
5.3.1 Dual Zone Completion
5.3.2 Completions for Three or More Zones
5.4
Multiple Completion Equipment
5.4.1 Tubing Hanger Systems
5.4.2 Multiple Tubing Packer Systems
5.4.3 Blast Joint
6. WIRELINE SERVICING OF COMPLETION
ACCESSORIES
6.1
The Wire
6.2
Surface Monitoring Equipment
7 TUTORIALS
7.1
Well Completion Designs
7.2
Completion Tutorials: Spot The Errors
Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Having worked through this chapter the Student will be able to:
" #$
$ ! $!
% %
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make a recommendation based on well integrity and reservoir management
requirements.
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production and injection applications.
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for a variety of situations.
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equipment components.
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mechanisms/operational problems with equipment.
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multiple reservoir units.
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zones simultaneously.
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trees for multiple completion strings.
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% = ! &* ! $
!
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
INTRODUCTION
The development of a hydrocarbon reservoir requires a large number of wells to be
drilled and completed to allow the structure to be depleted. The drilling and completion
!
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objectives. The design and completion of both production and injection wells must:
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of the completed well
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characteristics or development constraints.
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a conceptual design (Figure 1):
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This conceptual design process is initiated on the basis of data from exploration wells.
Considerable uncertainty may exist as to the validity and accuracy of that data. Thus
a number of alternative designs for well completions will normally be selected and
contingency designs may be developed. The detailed design evaluation and costing
of the selected completion concept will then be undertaken to:
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It is essential that an interactive approach is adopted at both the conceptual and detailed
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and production technologists.
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Initiate Design
Selection of
Production
Conduit
Bottom Hole
Completion
Technique
Well
Productivity
Completion
String
Facilities
Objective of
this chapter
Conceptual Design
Casing
String
Design
Detailed
Completion
String Design
Well
Performance
Optimisation
Final Design(s)
Well Integrity is the process that sets the Standards and Policies which the completed
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maintained to these (company) standards and policies. These standards and policies
,
,
;
,
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Conventional Completions O N E
OPERATIONAL
CONSEQUENCES
CONCERN
IF NOT REPAIRED
Well safety
Packer failure
Annulus reservoir
communication
Well safety
Seal failure
Annulus reservoir
communication
Well safety
Tubing - annulus
communication
Well safety
External leak
Well safety
Wellhead leakage
External or annulus
leak
Well safety
Annulus communication
Well safety
Tubing annulus
communication
No or limited
production
No production
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
The three alternative approaches for the completion of the reservoir zones are:
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1.1
The simplest approach to bottom hole completion is to leave the entire drilled reservoir
section open after drilling (Figure 2). Such completions are sometimes referred to
as barefoot completions and the technique is widely applied. Since no equipment
requires to be installed there are savings in both costs and time. However this type of
completion does mean that the entire interval is open to production and hence does
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recommended for production or injection wells where distinctive variations in layer
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wellbore unless the entry pour is at the base of the well where isolation with a cement
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OPEN HOLE
Open hole completions can only be applied in consolidated formations as the borehole
,
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cases either total collapse of the formation or the production of sand may occur.
6
Conventional Completions O N E
The above characteristics of open hole completions explains why they are used in:
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contact between fracture and well
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1.2
This technique shares the inability for zonal control of production or injection with
open hole completion. It may also only effectively control sand production over a
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%= !
conventional sand screens restricts the technique's application to reservoir rock that
consists of relatively large and homogenous sand grains. The introduction of woven
mesh screens and in particular expanding sand screens has greatly extended its range
of applicability.
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
1.3
Production Technology
CEMENTED AND
PERFORATED
LINER OR CASING
!&
;*%
%!
&& &%
!
;
&
the additional rig time. The use of a liner helps to reduce the required length (and
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into zones are essential to a large number of developments. This has resulted in the
cemented and perforated liner or casing being the most widely applied bottom hole
completion technique.
Conventional Completions O N E
(b)
(c)
TUBINGLESS
COMPLETION
TUBING COMPLETION
WITHOUT PACKER
(with optional
annulus production)
TUBING COMPLETION
WITH ANNULUS PACKER
2.1
Once the well has been drilled and the bottom hole completion technique implemented
Y %
&
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&[*& &
*&*
&[&
is produced up the inside of the casing. This technique is very simple and minimises
Petroleum Engineering
2.2
!!!
[*!& !
;!!
&
&
*
[*
2.3
10
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
2.4
'
!
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!;
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!! &
$ % ;%
!!
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@
&% &
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$
% %
@ %
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!! &[
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&%
! * %
&%
casing. The packer is normally located as close to the top of the reservoir as possible
to minimise the trapped annular volume beneath the packer. Hence the volume of gas
which can accumulate there is minimised; simplifying downhole pressure management
*% %
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such as a sliding side door which allows annulus communication. Alternatively one can
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,
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This completion system is by far the most widely used and offers maximum well
security and control.
There are many capabilities which can be included in the string design. Some of these
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design with a large number of components. Such inbuilt complexity compromises the
reliability of the completion string. The design process should thus initially identify
the minimum functional requirements. Any additional options are then assessed on
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3.1
The basic facilities provided by a completion string must allow it to continue the
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safe operation of the well at all times and also reliably allow for its shutdown in a
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act as a composite high pressure system which prevents the unintended escape of
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Tree into the surface processing facilities.
The following (see also Figure 6) are considered to be the essential for the majority
of completion string installations to allow the well to be produced in a safe and
controlled manner:
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%
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&
[*!
,
26/06/14
11
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Circulation between
Annulus & Tubing (SSD)
%
$
*!%
!&
!
;
Consider each of the functions in turn:
Conventional Completions O N E
is provided by the valve system located on top of the wellhead. This Xmas tree usually
comprises an in-line valve with a backup valve to shut in the well and side outlets
with valves for both choke and kill line attachment during well killing procedures.
Annulus Isolation
Annulus isolation is required in the majority of production wells for reasons of tubing
[*!
,
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!+! = ,
necessary to isolate the annulus to prevent surface injection pressures being exerted
on the wellhead and possibly giving rise to burst of the production casing. This occurs
in injection wells and during well stimulation operations.
This annular isolation is normally achieved by installing a packer at the bottom of the
completion string which is lowered into the wellbore with an elastomeric element
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[
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is normally set quite deep in the well.
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low bottom hole pressure) occurs in the well.
Circulation Capability
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&Y
without a production tubing) is the inability to kill the well by circulation. A coiled
tubing unit or snubbing unit could be used but is unlikely to be available at short notice
to carry out the well killing operation. Hence the majority of completions include
one of the following devices to provide circulation between the annulus and tubing:
" &!& &Y\!&! $ Y\
" &
@
& Y?\
" ? &
They can all be opened when required and subsequently closed. An alternative is to
use a tubing punch or a perforation gun with a low power tubing perforator charge.
}* $ ;%!!,! &
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% !% !
Tubing Isolation
A further means of physical isolation of the reservoir is installed at one or more places
% %!% $!!
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above and/or just below the packer. The isolation is normally provided by lowering
a plug on wireline down the inside of the tubing string until it lands and locks into
a wireline nipple which was incorporated into the design of the tubing string at an
appropriate depth.
26/06/14
13
Petroleum Engineering
3.2
Tubing stresses
Temperature and pressure changes during normal well operations results in the tubing
string can expand or contract in length. The resulting changes in the tubing stress can
!
,! $
!$ ! &
%
@ ;* %
&%
! % !] &
!
&
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,
&% * %
&
and downhole in the packer.
These stresses can be avoided by installing a moving seal system which allows expansion
and/or contraction of the tubing without mechanical failure or disengagement from
the packer or seal bore. Various systems are available. They all feature a concentric
! $
%*% !
!
&
!; !
*%
%
moves while the other is stationary.
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
The selection of an electrical or hydraulically powered downhole pumping system or
of gas lift will require the inclusion of the pump or of multiple side pocket mandrels
in the completion string design. Important design issues will be:
" % %&!
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!
3.3
%
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,& & !! ]!
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be considered. Figure 7 summaries the general completion components and their
functions.
COMPONENT
FUNCTIONALITY
XMAS TREE
WELLHEAD
(SC) S.S.S.V.
Safety Isolation
Downhole
SIDE POCKET
MANDREL(S)
SLIDING SIDE
DOOR
SEAL ASSEMBLY
Circulation or
Fluid Injection
Tubing / Annulus
Circulation
Accomodate
Tubing Stress
PACKER
Annular
Isolation
NIPPLE
Tubing
Isolation
PERFORATED
JOINT
Alternative
Entry for Flow
NIPPLE
Landing T and P
Guages
W.E.G.
Wireline
Re-Entry
26/06/14
15
Petroleum Engineering
!!
&
% *
under a range of operating scenarios. Each component adds undesirable complexity
to the completion. This must be compensated for by the fact that it is necessary or
. One approach to discussing whether a particular
*
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%
!%
%
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!!
&% ![ ],
can be assessed against the drawback of incremental complexity.
Each component in Figure 7 will now be discussed below in relation to its purpose in
production operations. It should be remembered at all times that the purpose of well
design is to minimise the wells "total life time cost" (i.e. the sum of the well construction
capital costs and the subsequent operating costs. Thus a range of reservoir depletion
scenarios should be considered during the above evaluation.
4.1
Wellhead/Xmas Tree
The wellhead provides the basis for the mechanical construction of the well at surface
or the sea-bed. It provides:
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,% *
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!
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& $
% *
This is ether a blow out preventer stack whilst drilling or the Xmas tree for
production or injection
" },&
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!
*
&
between the production casing and tubing for well circulation
% K
! $
$ $& [*
% [&!&
&<
&
into the well. The Xmas tree is normally installed on the wellhead after installation
of the production tubing has been completed. The wellhead provides the facility for
all the casing strings and the production tubing are suspended from the well head
*%
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&
;% &
% * %
!
K
! & !! +%
!**$
$ !;
&
&% % <
; * @'&&
,;% %&
outlet (swab value) provides vertical access into the tubing for insertion of wireline
or coiled tubing tools into the well. The lower valve is the master valve. It controls
all hydraulic and mechanical access to the well. Well safety may require it to be
duplicated. All outlets have valves which may be manually operated or are remotely
controlled valves operated from a control room.
16
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
GAUGE VALVE
XMAS TREE
TOP CONNECTION
SWAB VALVE
FLOW FITTING
CHOKE
WING VALVE
MASTER VALVE
WELLHEAD
TUBING
CASING HANGER
CASING HAED
INNER CASING
INTERMEDIATE CASING
SEALING MEDIUM
CASING HANGER
CASING HEAD
OUTER CASING
Figure 8 Simple wellhead assembly including casing spools and Christmas tree.
4.2
Production Tubing
The bulk of the completion string comprises threaded joints of tubing which are coupled
together. The integrity of the tubing is vital to the safe operation of a production or
<
* % !
&
!
&
! &
%
%
&%,&
&! $!
&;% ! &
$
& *
!&
!% ! !
&$&
the following capabilities:
Y\% !& &
% ! $&
&
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,
minimise the total pressure loss (the tubing performance relationship).
(2) The tensile strength of the string (both tubing and coupling) must be high enough
to allow suspension of the complete string without tensile failure.
(3) The completion string must be able to withstand the maximum conceivable
internal (or burst) pressure.
(4) The completion string must be able to withstand the maximum concievable
external differential pressures between the annulus and the tubing (the collapse
pressure).
(5) The tubing must be resistant to chemical corrosion which may arise because of
[&
% * ;
&%
,
26/06/14
17
Petroleum Engineering
18
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
!!
! & % %
& !! =
!% ! $ !! !
the hydrostatic head of gas in the well.
A safety factor which varies from 1.0 to 1.33 is normally used to reduce the tubing
manufactures test data.
The collapse condition occurs when the external pressure exceeds the internal pressure.
This condition is normally greatest at the bottom of the well when the annulus is full
[&
&! $
&
The published minimum tubing collapse data are derated by a safety factor of 1.0 to
1.125.
4.2.5 Corrosion
There are two principal types of corrosion encountered in oil and gas production
wells namely:
(1) Acidic Corrosion due to the presence of carbonic acid (from CO2) dissolved
% &
&*
%
&
% %,&
[&
(2) Sulphide Stress Cracking/Hydrogen Embrittlement due to the presence of
H2% [** [&!% ! $}2S can also be generated by
% *% &
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!_
!
or in the reservoir.
Most corrosion is selective (pitting) rather than an even reduction in wall thickness.
Corrosion inhibitor treatments will assist in minimising corrosion damage but must
be continiously applied. The alternative approach is to select a steel that is naturally
% &
&[&! ]
;*
& ! !
& &!
}2S
!! !!
% !
!!!!
; _
Figure 9 is an example of a completion metallurgy selection chart illustrating how
more complex and expensive alloys are required as the partial pressure of hydrogen
sulphide and carbon dioxide increases. Increasing reservoir temperature will further
complicate the selection process.
(3) Corrosion/erosion is also encountered due to the presence of produced solids
% * !&
&
%%
[*$
,
26/06/14
19
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
This class of coupling includes the Extreme Line as well as a range of specialised
!!
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!
do not always utilise the threads to give the pressure seal but allow torque to be applied
to bring together seal shoulders or a tapered surface within the coupling.
^% !
! &
!;!
%
! ! !
!;
!! &$&
additional seal system.
!
!! &
! Integral or couplings:
" ' ]
!
%
!% ~'
Y
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thread be cut on each end of the tubing joints and while the coupling has two
female connection.
" ' ]
%
!
$ *
%
@ !!%
!
(Dc > D) giving it higher load capacity compared to an integral coupling. The
integral coupling (Figure 9b) has a male and female thread cut on opposite ends
of the pipe.
" ' ]
!
! !
! &*
%
@ !!
&
%
*
%
&
*%!
%
the tensile load carrying capacity.
" '[!%<! *%
%% !
+
Y&&
\%%
the make up connection (Figure 9a).
" '
!
! *%
%% !
!
!
&
! &
Internal Diameter (d > dc) in the area of the coupling (Figure 9b).
1.0E+06
1.0E+05
DUPLEX STAINLESS
22 Cr- 5 NI - 3Mo
COLD WORKED 2205
15 Cr - 60 NI - 16 Mo
21 Cr - 61 NI - 16 Mo
25 Cr - 50 NI - 16 Mo
1.0E+04
QUENCH
ANNEALED
1.0E+03
27 Cr - 31 NI - 3.5 Mo
22 Cr - 42 NI - 3 Mo
1.0E+02
13 Cr
20 Cr - 25 NI - 4 Mo
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
1.0E-01
API J-55
N-80
NACE
API-80
C-75-2
85 SS
90 SS
1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
20
1.00E+06
Conventional Completions O N E
a)
b)
D
d
D
d
dc
dc
Dc
Dc
!"
% !!& &
,,% * &
$,
,!!*%
%& !%
optimum tubing internal diameter based upon the available sizes. Frequently the
completion string will contain tubings of different diameter with the diameter decreasing
towards the bottom of the well. The use of larger diameter tubing higher up the well
%
![*$
!
!% [& ]
&!
&
!!
&
from solution as pressure declines up the tubing. The reduction in tubing size in the
lower sections of the well may be necessary because of limited equipment availability
&
%
; &
!& &
% &
&& !
! &% %
%
&!Y !;!
&
! \
&
% ! !!
&% !!
the tubing is summarised as:
26/06/14
Length
of tubing
tubing
OD
e.g.7000'
51/2
tubing
wt/ft
23 lb/ft
grade coupling
of steel
type
C-75
joint
length
Hydril Range 3
Super EU
21
Petroleum Engineering
4.3
Production Technology
b)
Drag Springs
Slips
Upper
Cone
Lower Cone
Cone
Lower
Sealing Elements
Lower Slips
Slips
The characteristics that determine which type of packer is most appropriate for a
particular application are:
Conventional Completions O N E
" A Retrievable Packer The packer can be run as an integral part of the tubing
string. It is run to the setting depth where the setting mechanism is actuated.
It can be easily retrieved after installation by pulling tension on the tubing and
shearing a set of (weak) screws. This reverses the setting process.
" A Permanent Packer (Figure 10a) cannot be so easily retrieved. It is usually
&! !
,; % *%*%%
% !!
subsequently run and the packer engage to achieve a pressure seal within the
central bore of the packer. Packer retrieval involves milling away the packer's
internal sleeves to allow the rubber element to collapse.
Packer Retrieval
" ' $
@ !
$ &, !% %! !
shears a series of (weak) brass screws at a predetermined value that depends
on the number and strength of the screws. The packer setting action can now
be reversed. The slips disengage from the casing wall and the sealing element
collapses and the packer is released from the casing wall and can be pulled to
the surface.
" $
@ = !
*
,%
! $ ;*%
%
%&!% !!
%!
! !%
@ ;*%
%!*
&
be pulled from the well. The milling operation normally takes between 3-6 hours.
% %
&!& &%
@
&
&
,
& &;
*%
%
!! !%%;%
@ Y \% !
! &
with a retrieval tool and catch sleeve which collects the remains of the packer
*% %
!
;
&% $ &
Packer
Mill
Packer
Milling
Shoe
Catch
Sleeve
Figure 11 Packer milling tool illustrating one trip milling and retrieval.
26/06/14
23
Petroleum Engineering
4.4
Some completion designs anchor the tubing string mechanically to the production
casing at both the packer and the tubing hanger that was landed in the wellhead.
% ;
%
!% [*
& !!
!
or contraction of the tubing string. This may result in buckling or tensile failure of
% ! *% * %
@
& * %
& !
$ , %!; !
!! !
!! &
24
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
(a)
(b)
(c)
Locator
Anchor seal
assembly
(d)
(e)
(f)
Polished Bore Receptacle (PBR)
Packer seals liner annulus
Cemented production liner
Extra Long
Tubing Seal
Receptacle
(ELTSR)
Travel joint
" Static or Anchor Seal Assembly (no tubing movement). An external elastomer
elements seal at the bottom of the tubing. Tubing movements is prevented by
installing a mechanical latch assembly inside the seal bore (Figure 12a).
" Dynamic Seal Assemblies accommodate tubing movement.
" Locator Seal Assembly (Figure 12b) This consists of a series of standard elastomer
seal elements which are run inside the smooth (polished) bore of the packer. The
%% !
!!!
%
% ,
*%%
@ *% %
experiences the maximum expected amount of expansion or contraction. A greater
seal contact area is provided by a seal bore extension run below the packer (Figure
12c). A locator (or shoulder) is included at the top of the seal assembly. It has an
outside diameter that is greater than that of the packer base. The point at which the
!
!%
@ !& &,! $
&
%
string weight when the locator "hangs-up" on the packer.
"
"
!"
#
(ELTSR Figure 12d) This device consists of
two concentric cylinders with elastomer seals between them. The outer cylinder
is attached to the tubing string by a threaded coupling. The inner cylinder is
latched into the packer with an anchor seal assembly as described above. The
typical ELTSR is 10 30 ft long.
" Travel Joint (Figure 12e) This device is very similar to an inverted ELTSR.
" Polished Bore Receptacle (PBR) This completion component simultaneously
provides both an annular pressure seal and a locator seal which permits tubing
movement. The PBR consists of a receptacle with a polished internal bore (Figure
12f) which is run on top of a production liner with packer. A seal assembly can
then be run on tubing and located inside the PBR.
26/06/14
25
Petroleum Engineering
4.5
The Christmas Tree's production wing valve and master valves are used for well
isolation or closure under normal operating conditions. The advantage of these valves
!%
% ,
&
&*% &
,% ! $
$ !
%
primary closure system for the well. Well security is endangered in the absence of
an effective surface closure system. This can occur during:
(1) Xmas tree removal during workover preparations to pull tubing
(2) Removal of valves or valve components for servicing
(3) Accidental damage to Xmas tree
Y\
@
% * %
&_K
! [
!
!
'$
$ !%[*!
&
%% * %
&
!
% !,!
This Sub-Surface Safety Valve or SSSV is required when the Christmas trees valves
are not operational. These valves are based upon two different control philosophies:
(1) Direct Controlled SSSV which are designed to close when downhole well
26
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
Pressurised
control line
Landing
nipple
Sheer pin
Depressurised
control line
Snap ring
Shifting sleeve up
Shifting sleeve
down
Spring
extended
Spring
compressed
Ball
Spring
extended
Spring
compressed
OPEN
CLOSED
Open
Pressurised
control line
Depressurised
control line
Shifting
sleeve down
Spring
compressed
Shifting sleeve up
Flapper
open
Flapper
closed
Spring
extended
Closed
Annular safety values are installed at shallow depth for cases where it is required to
minimise the volume of annular gas released if wellhead assembly is damaged. This
is typically installed in offshore wells where gas lift is installed or where a downhole
packer has not been installed. An example completion is illustrated in Figure 28.
26/06/14
27
Petroleum Engineering
4.6
Production Technology
The side pocket mandrel (Figure 15a and 15b) contains an off-centre pocket with ports
%
!'$
$ ;*%
%
!% [&[* *
&
!;
(b)
Orienting Sleeve
Seal Element
Polished bore
Tool Discriminator
No restriction
to tubing
access
Valve Body
Polish Bore
Valve body
Pocket Assembly
Figure 15a and 15b Side Pocket Mandrel with valve installed.
28
Conventional Completions O N E
4.7
The sliding side door (Figure 16) permits communication between tubing and annulus.
+
!!!*
! $ !;
!!% !;*%
!
!
!
between them. The inner sleeve can move up or down by wireline or coiled tubing.
This movement aligns the inner and outer openings. Its main application is to provide
Sliding (inner)
Sleeve
Seals
Ports on SSD body
Circulation
permitted
Circulation
prevented
Seals
Inner ports
a) Open
b) Closed
26/06/14
29
Petroleum Engineering
4.8
Production Technology
Landing Nipples
Pressure Equalising
Sub allows retrieval
of mandrel
Subsurface
Flow Control
valve
Figure 17!
[*
& !
$
&
30
Conventional Completions O N E
4.9
!! !;
& !;!
&*%
!;
*
!
!
[*%
$
&&$
!
!!
&
with entry to and exit from the nipple system will cause increased turbulence. This
turbulence can lead to substantial abrasive erosion of the tubing wall and nipple
system. Flow couplings (Figure 18b) are installed above and below the nipple to
![*!
% & $
!% ,%
$
! &*
%
@ !!
!
]
allowance for erosion.
(a)
(b)
Flow Coupling
with increased
wall thickness
Turbulence
generated
by landing
nipples profile.
Landing Nipple
Flow Coupling
with increased
wall thickness
26/06/14
31
Petroleum Engineering
$%
&
Multiple zone completions are employed for reservoirs where more than one distinct
! $
, ! !
& ,
! *
& % ! % ;
= ;&
<
% !
, !!
,#
% ! $
%
!;,& ;!* !!
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!_^_
and Water-Oil-Contact.
%
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!& &!
&;
&% &
,& &!
% ] *%
%$
[*
5.2
Disadvantages
" % ]&
&[&!% *
&!
&$
![&!
from one or more of the reservoirs have any of the following characteristics:
1 Corrosive or potentially corrosive materials
&!;}2;^2.
2 Produced sand has an erosive effect. The implementation of sand control
procedures may be more complicated.
3
compositions and hence differing economic
value.
32
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
4
%!*[
% $
lift performance of the total well system.
" Variation in individual zone pressures and permeability can lead to a back pressure
effect on the less productive or lower pressure reservoirs.
"
!
"
#
$
%
"
Only the total well production rate can be effected by choke control.
" &
$"#
'
!
[&!
!,
be diverted into individual layers without temporary isolation using sealants
(diverters) or bridge plugs.
" A change in the production characteristics of one zone e.g. water coning and the
! =
! `^*[
%
&
% *
+
, &
&,*%
!% *
!% &
*%
*
,!
% &
% !;
!= ;
;
"
$
% !!!
" !&
% !!! %!
!!!!
balance or reservoir simulation studies for reservoir management.
Disadvantages
" #
% = !!*!
!% %&
tubing and other completion equipment required. This requires an increase in
%
] & ;% &$&
* !
&
!
the total time required to complete the drilling programme.
" %
%
], %
!
! & =
equipment malfunction can be expected during installation and in the future.
" % &
&! !
%
!
_
!
, &
%
[*
,% *
26/06/14
33
Petroleum Engineering
Disadvantages
" '
* !%
$ & &
&
&
% $ % !
degree of depletion control and reservoir management. The same reservoir drainage
,*,
% $ &,
!!
,
! & && $
cost.
" % &!
&%!% &
!!;*
! & !!
the number of wells is increased.
*
+;
#
<
The installation of complex multiple completions is problematic in high angle
* !
&
&!
&
!
&
! !% &
!
excessive lost time while these problems are corrected.
'
=
>
#
#?
@
K>
%
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& [&! * [
% ,
+
&&;% & *%
%% &
*&*
%! !!&
% !
,[
%
%
completion:
34
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
$Q
U
<
K;
K"
` !
;
&
, !*%% !
*
bore by simply increasing the amount of completion equipment installed to provide
!
& [*
,% ! ! % !
*
&
!
The inherent advantage of the single wellbore completion are lost as the number
!%%
],;
&%
%
;
! !
The optimum number of zones to be produced into any wellbore will depend on the
! $ Y % &
\; % * & ! Y % & $
\
&
the expected problems (e.g. completion component failure and expected operational
problems throughout the well's life).
Casing/Tubing Flow
In this case a single tubing string is run with a single packer installed to provide isolation
between zones. The lower zone will produce up the tubing whilst the upper zone will
&
%
!_
!% &
,*%%!,
!
%
&
[*
&!*%
$
$
! %
!
!!
!
,$
$ '!% &
&[&!
*%%
!
&
,%!
! &
,
!
!+
&&; !!
!
the annulus with respect to casing burst may preclude stimulation of the zone which
produces via the annulus. These issues can be addressed by:
" (""%
&*% % [&!_
!$ ;
non-abrasive and where casing pressure limitations do not preclude stimulation.
" )%
26/06/14
35
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Nipple
Nipple
'
&
!"
%!
%
!
!
!
% + = !*
@ !;
one to isolate between zones and the other to isolate the upper zone from the
upper casing annulus. The depletion of each zone can be accurately monitored
&
&+
&&;% <
[&!
% ! &,
,% & !
%
!
! ! &%
&
* [&!%
,
% %
%
!%* &'
*!
[*% &
&[&!Y
$
!! \ = !
complex running procedure.
" Single String Selective
% * !
&* !;*% !%
%
! & ! &
to selectively allow the production of either zone or to commingle both zones.
%
= !*
@ !; !
* !
&% %
!
%
!+
&&;
,! = &[&%
upper zone to enter the !%!
&
&
! &
!& ! &;
sliding side door (SSD). Finally producing the upper zone into the tubing closure
of the lower zone may be accomplished by setting a plug in a nipple at the base
of the tailpipe.
36
Conventional Completions O N E
5.4
26/06/14
37
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
Y %%$
,
![*\
,%
$
!
% *
% !;
&%,&
!% !
*&
!
,
!
!
&% !& !
&
&
'%
@*
&!
@*
!
!<;!
,
& &%
string opposite the perforated intervals of the upper production zones to compensate
for the increased rate of erosion.
The majority of well completions with "dry" wellheads and deviation angles < 65
use wireline techniques either to operate equipment in the well or eliminate the need
to pull the completion string and replace components which have failed. Typical
wireline applications are the:
" +!
= % &
e.g. a packer and a tailpipe assembly.
" +!
$
= *% % ! $
$ !;
!!
!;
" ^
&*% = % &$ !%[&[*
a sliding side door or install a bridge plug
" $
!;*%
%%
$ % !;!
%
!*
]
sand.
" '&<! %
$
` $$ !*
%
!
%
!
!!! & & %
! !
&* ;
& &
% !; % ,
!* ;*
jarring effect on the tool and activate the setting or retrieval mechanism that will carry
% = &
'
$ ,;
*%
&
an electric signal can be used to initiate the required action.
! * *;
,
! !;
=
@ ;
$
to mobilising a drilling or workover rig to pull the tubing string to replace faulty
= }* $ ;% *
% !
!%,!
,$ ,
from the downhole location where the tool must operate. This remoteness coupled
with the uncertainty of cable stretch (especially important in deviated wells) and the
small scale of the tools makes wireline a technique which requires highly skilled
!
$ }* $ ;
*
& =
%
!& !$& !
! && [ ], !
well operations and servicing capability. Electric line allows real time information and
measurements to be conveyed to the surface operator. This means that the equipment is
% ] !$
&%
!! %%,
&}* $ ;% !
!
% $ !%
= &,%
$
;!
@;
wireline unit.
26/06/14
39
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Wireline's greatest asset is the ability to conduct operations on a "live" well i.e. one
*%
]!! * % ! $;% *
&% %
tubing. Hence pressure is present at the xmas tree during a wireline intervention and
the surface wireline equipment must allow:" * % !% Y&*% \*@
&!!! =
retrieval.
" % !
&%
!
" }
&
&
,!!%
%
&% !
positioned vertically above the well prior for lowering through the Xmas tree
and into the tubing string.
" %
,! % !% $ *
& $ !!! &
* [& !
% $
" '* $ *%
%*!
%
!
&%
&;
= &;
% *
The components of a conventional wireline system are shown in Figure 21.
Pulley
Stuffing Box
(Pressure Seal Around Wireline)
Lubricator
determines
maximum length
of toolstring
that can be inserted
into well
Portable Hoist
Wire
Lubricator Pressure Release
Blow-Out Preventor
Connection to Xmas Tree
Odometer
measures length
of wire inserted
into well
to Wireline Drum
40
Conventional Completions O N E
6.1
The Wire
Work Platform
Wireline Unit
Portable Hoist
BOP Control
SC-SSV Control
6.2
The important parameters that the wireline operator must be aware of at all times
during well operations are the tool string location (depth in the well) and the tension
on the cable. The length of cable in the well gives an approximate depth for the tool
string. It is measured by holding the cable without slippage against an odometer (a
wheel with a device that counts the number of rotations) as the tool string is lowered
into the well (Figure 21).
The cable tension is continuously monitored to ensure that the breaking strength of
the cable is not exceeded. The cable tension will:
" &
!% !!* &%% !
% !&
[& !! }
!
, $
]
indication of tool position.
26/06/14
41
Petroleum Engineering
" +
!
!% !!* &% * & %
!* %
the wire. Hence it will also decrease during recovery of the wire and tool string.
" +
! Y
&,\% !%
!_!
%,
&*%
restriction during recovery of the wireline.
" $ ! ,; & ! % ! % * ; % ! *
reduce when it does not fall easily down the well due to increasing friction or a
downhole restriction.
The maximum well deviation angle for conventional wireline operations is 65 due
to the increasing friction of the wire and tool string against the tubing and production
casing or liner. Wireline servicing of such wells requires use of an electrically driven
tractor that pulls the tool string into the well. Tractors allow servicing of wells with
deviation angles greater than 90; but they require substitution of the slick (solid) wire
by a (more expensive) electrical cable as well as hire of the tractor itself.
TUTORIALS
7.1
"
Geographical factors:
"
" `
& %Y!% \
" `
%
&!
" '
!!,
42
Production Technology
Conventional Completions O N E
Anchor
Permanent Packer Seal Assembly
Millout Extension (Required for packer retrieval)
Crossover 51/2 in x 31/2 in
31/2 Hydril EU Tubing Tailpipe
31/2 in 'X' Nipple
Perforated Flow Tube
31/2 in 'X' Landing Nipple
Wireline Entry Guide
26/06/14
43
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Production Tubing
Nipple
Wireline Operated Sliding
Slide Door
Locator
Seal Assembly
Permanent Packer
Seal Bore Protector
44
Conventional Completions O N E
Wireline Operated
Sliding Side Door
Extra Long Tubing Seal
Receptacle with Nipple and
Anchor Seals on the Slick Joint
4 Hydril Tailpipe
Nipple
Perforated Tube
Landing Nipple
26/06/14
45
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
46
Conventional Completions O N E
Nipple
4 Tail pipe
Perforated flow Tube
Nipple
26/06/14
47
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Upper Zone
Perforations
Blast Joint
9 5/8" Casing
48
Conventional Completions O N E
!!% &
*% #? &
!$ ,!;
%
$
%,&
!
@ !! &%! &
!Y_\% &
!
in pulling the string should the pump need replacing regularly. The run life for a
large capacity ESP can be as long as several years but this depends upon installation
,
&%
$
!%
Y'
\
of the Production Technology module.
Junction
Box
Surface
Power
Cable
Production
Wellhead Incorporating
Cable Penetrator
Production Tubing
(3 1/2")
Downhole Cable
Clamped to Outside
of Tubing
Y-Tool
Selective Nipple
Bypass Tubing (2 3/8")
Pothead Connection
9 5/8" Casing
26/06/14
49
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
2 7/8" EU Tubing
Nipple
3 1/2" Sliding Side Door
Nipple
2 7/8" Nipple
2 7/8" Tubing
2 7/8" Nipple
2 7/8" Wireline Entry Guide
Upper Zone
Perforations
50
Conventional Completions O N E
Production Casing
Nipple
Direct Controled Surface
Controlled Subsurface Safe
Upper Zone Perforations
Wireline Isolating Nipple
Borehole Wall
Direct Controled S.S.S.V
Lower Zone Perforations
Cement Sheath
26/06/14
51
Petroleum Engineering
7.2
Production Technology
Indicate the correct position of the accessories shown on the completion below (Figure
\
!%!
$& &!%
,
&
*%!
and then compare it with a solution on the next page (Figure 33).
Depth
0
100
Tubing hanger
600
758
Landing Nipple
1055
Landing Nipple
Control Line
9 58 Casing
3 2 Production tubing
Surface controlled
sub-surface safety valve
2000
2550
2562
Permanent packer
2610
7 Liner hanger
2632
2774
SPM
Landing Nipple
2784
52
Conventional Completions O N E
Depth
0
100
Tubing hanger
600
758
Landing Nipple
1055
Landing Nipple
Control Line
9 58 Casing
3 2 Production tubing
Surface controlled
sub-surface safety valve
2000
2550
2562
Permanent packer
2610
7 Liner hanger
2632
2774
SPM
Landing Nipple
2784
26/06/14
53
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Depth
0
100
Tubing hanger
600
758
Landing Nipple
1055
Landing Nipple
Control Line
9 58 Casing
3 2 Production tubing
Surface controlled
sub-surface safety valve
2000
2550
2562
Permanent packer
2610
7 Liner hanger
2632
2774
SPM
Landing Nipple
2784
54
Conventional Completions O N E
Depth
Tubing hanger
Surface controlled
sub-surface safety valve
500
3 2 Tubing
2400
SPM
2488
2520
9 58 Casing
2550
Blast Joints
2562
2570
2580
2610
2632
Cross over 5 x 32
2650
Landing Nipple
7 Liner
perforated flow tube
2665
Landing Nipple
Wire line entry guide
2774
2784
2992
Figure 33 A solution.
26/06/14
55
Petroleum Engineering
FURTHER READING
? ` !
,#
& !;;`
!;
&_
; ?!% & , % ` , ! &
, !!
TN871.2P487 1988 and ISBN 0 471 96938 9
` ! ,
,; ~ $ !
Petroleum Science. First Edition published by Elsevier in 2009. ISBN 978-044-53210-7 and ISSN 0376-7361
56
Production Technology
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
41/2 Inch
7 Inch
14000
1500
TD 15.925 ft. MD
1000
1000
1500
500
2000
Ea
st
(ft)
t)
2500
500
(f
rt
3000
1000
3500 1500
Production Technology
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
C O N T E N T S
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HORIZONTAL WELLS
2.1 Horizontal Well Trajectory and Build Radii
2.2 Extended Reach Wells
2.3 Geosteering
2.4 Horizontal Well Completion
2.4.1 Smart/Intelligent Wells
2.5 Well and Reservoir Performance
2.5.1 Flow Regimes
2.5.2 Reservoir Drainage Area
2.5.3 The Well Productivity Improvement Factor
!}
` !
2.6.1 Increased Exposure to the Reservoir
2.6.2 Connection of Laterally Discontinuous Features
2.6.3 Changing the Drainage Geometry
2.6.4 Extending Field Appraisal Laterally
2.6 Disadvantages of Horizontal Wells
2.8 The Economics of Horizontal Wells
2.8.1 Costs
?
,+&
!
3 MULTI-LATERAL WELLS
+&
!
!+[
% ?
'
Multi-Laterals
3.2.1 Multi-Lateral Interference in the Reservoir
_
+
% `
3.3 Impact on Recovery and Rate
3.4 Initiation Methods for Laterals
3.5 Principal Multi-Lateral Geometries
!_
` !#
Technical
3.6.1 Application of Multi-Lateral Wells
3.6.2 A Multi-Lateral Well Example
Production Technology
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Having worked through this chapter the Student will be able to:
" !
%
%, = &&;!
&
%
wells.
" !
%
%
* !
" & !
&%
!
!_
%,
&!%
!
Production Technology
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the application of advanced wells to enhance the exploitation
&
! ! $!
%* !
!@*
!
$
* !;
%
!
]
<
!;% & ! * !! !! &Y \
% , ,% $ &&
%,%
%
!
$
%
!
,
!%
*!
! &
, &
$ ! &%
* % && $ <
$
{
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
41/2 Inch
7 Inch
14000
1500
TD 15.925 ft. MD
1000
1000
1500
500
2000
Ea
st
(ft)
t)
2500
500
h
rt
(f
3000
1000
3500 1500
Petroleum Engineering
" '
!!% *!
!! ! $ !
" +
!%
$ ,
>!*
,
" +
! &* [*
!
%
&$
&* !
%
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! &&
&!
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&
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! =
,
! !!
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!
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,
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,& &
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,
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%%{
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&
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&
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%= ! $
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lateral limits.
#]
&
!
&
%
!
! *% !
&$
&
!
& {
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! &
], = !
! $
&
%
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design since the potential risks are greater.
" *
!
!
&
&*%
% ! * !
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well details in the area around the proposed well is the foundation of this planning
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4
Production Technology
HORIZONTAL WELLS
Introduction
}
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%=
5,000
50,000
4,000
40,000
3,000
30,000
2,000
20,000
1,000
10,000
Cumulative Wells
% &
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; % * & %
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& %
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,% *
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0
1985
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
Annual
1996
1998
2000
2002
Cumulative
Figure 2+
! %
* !
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Long Radius
Profile
Medium Radius
Profile
Formation Top
Pilot Hole
abandoned after evaluation
Target Reservoir
Build Radius
Heel
Toe
Standoff
Hole Type
Build Radius for 90 turn (ft/m)
Long Radius
1,000-2,000 / 300-600
Medium Radius
300-800 / 100-250
Short Radius
30-200 / 10-60
Ultrashort Radius
1 6 / 0.3 - 2
Oil
Water
% $
&
,!_*% _&
%= !%
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%
,
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!
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the upper section of the well.
2.2
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$ & $ &*%
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% %
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% !%
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
0
5,000
TVD, ft
10,000
15,000
Extended Reach
Drilling Envelope
20,000
25,000
Horizontal Reach
= 0.25
True Vertical Depth
30,000
35,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Departure, ft
2.3
Geosteering
The successful drilling and completion of a horizontal well at the target location
depends on placing the well at the correct depth within the reservoir. The lateral
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known as geosteering.
Shale
Sand
Water
" "Logging-While-Drilling" (LWD) ! & !,; !!$,
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Example applications include
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to severe gas cresting if any part of the well is close to the gas-oil contact.
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tools.
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2.4
Horizontal Well Completions are one or two orders of magnitudes longer than
conventional completions.
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Completion Design
Wellbore length
orientation etc.
Lift considerations
Reservoir
Mechanical
problems
Flow capacity
(diameters)
Excessive
water/gas
production
Sand
production
Completion type
Open hole
Perforation
productivity
Reservoir inflow
performance
greatly increased
by horizontal well
Natural
Formation
damage
26/06/14
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Sketches of three type generic horizontal well completions are shown Figure 8.
!
! !%
&$
!
&&!
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System
Advantages
Disadvantages
Open Hole
barefoot completions
(Figure 8a)
- low cost
- large internal diameter
Open-hole liner
completions
(Figure 8b)
- isolation and
selectivity
problematic
- difficult to abandon
- higher cost
- achieving a
good cement bond
requires good
practices
10
Figure 8(c) Selective completion divides the lateral into three zones.
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plugs etc.
26/06/14
11
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
!
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2.5
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Top View
Top View
Side View
Side View
Vertical Well
Horizontal Well
Figure 9 Flow regimes for vertical and horizontal wells in a homogeneous reservoir.
(a)
12
J=
Qhc
( P Pwf )
Where
Qhc },&
?&
&
&&!
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P
= Average reservoir pressure in drainage volume of well
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PIF
JH
JV
Figure 11 shows the PIF value of a 500 m long well placed in a 15 m thick reservoir
as a function of the kv/kh ratio. At low k~/kh values the horizontal well performs more
poorly than a vertical well; while for k~/kh = 1 the horizontal well productivity is 4.3
times that of a vertical well.
5
4
PIF
3
2
Centrally placed
500 m horizontal
well in 15 m thick
reservoir
1
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
kv/kh
26/06/14
13
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
[
\
]*
^
Horizontal well applications are summarised in Figure 12.
Increased Formation Exposure
Lateral Connectivity
Layered reservoirs
Reduced sand
production
Natural fractures
Hydraulic fractures
Viscous Oil
Fault blocks /
compartments
Vugular reservoirs
14
300
Mode
203 Fields
1,305 Wells
250
200
Number of Wells
150
100
50
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
PIF
20
22
Figure 13?&
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5,000
Forecast
4,000
Actual
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
A
Well Number
Adapted from SPE 30745
26/06/14
15
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
1000
A typical horizontal well initially
produces at 150 - 200 bbls/d and
recovers 150,000 - 200,000 bbls
100
10
A typical vertical well initially
produces at 40 - 60 bbls/d and
recovers 50,000 - 70,000 bbls
1
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Horizontal Well
Year 4
Year 5
Vertical Well
16
Figure 16(a)~
&%
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Fault
Reservoir 1
Reservoir 2
&
&,
! %
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26/06/14
17
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Water
Oil
Oil
Gas
Oil
Gas
Oil
Water
Water
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horizontal well respectively.
18
Producing Wellbore
Water Crest
Water Cone
Figure 18?&
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2.7
!!,
drill the horizontal well.
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to the directional drilling specialist.
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for removal of the mudcake.
" % !* ;
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in a horizontal well.
26/06/14
19
Petroleum Engineering
" %
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2.8
2.8.1 Costs
Horizontal wells normally take longer to drill than vertical wells in the same reservoir.
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The sum of the NCF for the period of the project is commonly referred to as Cumulative
Cash Surplus or Ultimate Cash Surplus. The discount factor
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(1 + d / 100)i 1/ 2
!
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= 1N
NCFi
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20
Production Technology
PIR(d )
NPV(d )
Capex(d )
Unit Cost-per-Barrel=
Capex(d)+Opex(d)
Producttion(d)
% $ &, $ %
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capacity.
26/06/14
21
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
140
14
PI,
PI, STBD/Psi
STBD/Psi
Rate,
Rate, MBOD
MBOD
12
100
10
80
60
40
20
PI, bbl/day/psi
120
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.8
Reservoir Contact, Km
8.5
12.3
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1
10
11
12
13
Reservoir Contact, Km
Figure 20
! && $
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MULTI-LATERAL WELLS
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or close to horizontal in the reservoir.
The main reason for drilling a multi-lateral well is to increase the return
on investment through improved reservoir drainage even though the initial
well cost is higher. For example the reported reserves per multi-lateral
% '! %
@ Y ]
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$ & ! %
reserves per single lateral while the cost was 1.4 times that of a single lateral.
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22
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have encouraged the service companies to invest in new methods of drilling and
completing multi-laterals. This particularly applied to the construction of the multilateral junction to achieve zonal isolation and allow re-entry.
The most common multi-lateral well has two or three laterals per well. They are often
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one multi-lateral well thus made sense.
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23
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Q
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reservoirs at the same pressure regime commingled production when producing dry
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Figure 22(a)_
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production rate from a single lateral is non-economic. Both acceleration and improved
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Increased recovery
Multilateral
Production Rate
Single lateral
Multilateral
with early decline
Time
Cumulative Production
or Reserves
Multilateral
Single lateral
or multilateral
showing early
decline
Time
Figure 23#
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24
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Low Permeability
High Oil Saturation
High Permeability
Low Oil Saturation
Figure 24 & & $ , & ! $!
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26/06/14
25
Petroleum Engineering
" Planar
Y \!! &
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%
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heel of the well.
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Technical advantages of multi-laterals centre on greater reservoir exposure at a lower
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to the reduced impact of this smaller surface presence.
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26
Production Technology
'
+
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naturally fractured case it depends on how well the natural fracture orientation is
known. If this orientation is relatively poorly known one could place laterals at
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make well placement easier.
" Depleted or mature reservoirs
&&
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especially when the pace of development in the various zones is different. Figure
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rates from each two lateral.
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26/06/14
27
Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
-9,100
-9,200
Lateral
Zone F
Zone E
-9,400
Zone D
Horizontal Wellbore
-9,500
GWC
Zone C
-9,585
Zone B
-9,700
-9,800
Rotligendes Formation
Depth (SSTVD)
-9,300
Top Carboniferous
-9,900
41/2" Tubing
TD 13975
Openhole completion
41/2" Liner Top 9800
abandoned
pilot hole
7" Liner
TD 13743
41/2" Slotted Liner
28