MEDIA OF CHINA

The media of China consists of television, newspaper, radio and magazines.

MEDIA HISTORY OF CHINA:The government is heavily involved in the media in the PRC, and the largest media
organizations (namely CCTV, the People's Daily, and Xinhua) are agencies of the Party-State:
Media taboos include topics such as the legitimacy of the Communist Party of China, the
governance of Tibet, and Falun Gong. Within those restrictions there is a diversity of the media
and fairly open discussion of social issues and policy options within the parameters set by the
Party.
The diversity in mainland Chinese media is partly because most state media outlets no
longer receive heavy subsidies from the government, and are expected to cover their expenses
through commercial advertising. While the government issues directives defining what can be
published, it does not prevent, and in fact encourages outlets to compete for viewers and
advertising.
The era of Government control over the Mainland Chinese media, however, has not come
to an end. For example, the Government utilizes financial incentives to manipulate journalists.[9]
Recently, though, the Government's command over the nation's media has begun to falter.
Despite government restrictions, much information is gathered either at the local level or from
foreign sources and passed on through personal conversations and text messaging.
In addition, the traditional means of media control have proven extremely ineffective
against newer forms of communication, most notably text messaging
Although the government can and does use laws concerning state secrets to censor press
reports about social and political conditions, these laws have not prevented the press from all
discussion of Chinese social issues. Chinese newspapers have been particularly affected by the
loss of government subsidies, and have been especially active at gaining readership though must
engaging in hard hitting investigative reporting. As a result, even papers which are nominally
owned by the Communist Party are sometimes very bold at reporting social issues. Among social
issues first reported in the press of mainland China include the AIDS epidemic in Henan.11
ECONOMY OF CHINA:China's socialist market economy is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP
and the world's largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the IMF, although
China's National Bureau of Statistics rejects this claim. Until China was the world's fastestgrowing major economy, with growth rates averaging 10% over 30 years. Due to historical and
political facts of China's developing economy, China's public sector accounts for more share in
the national economy with the burgeoning private sector. China is a global hub for

manufacturing, and is the largest manufacturing economy in the world as well as the largest
exporter of goods in the world. China is also the world's fastest growing consumer market and
second largest importer of goods in the world. China is a net importer of services products. China
is the largest trading nation in the world and plays a vital role in international trade, and has
increasingly engaged in trade organizations and treaties in recent years. China became a member
of the World Trade Organization in 2001.On a per capita income basis, China ranked 77th by
nominal GDP and 89th by GDP (PPP) in 2014, according to the International Monetary Fund
(IMF). The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized, while
regions in the hinterland are less developed. As China's economic importance has grown, so has
attention to the structure and health of the economy. The internationalization of the Chinese
economy continues to affect the standardized economic forecast officially launched in China by
the Purchasing Managers Index in 2005. At the start of the 2010s, China became the sole Asian
nation to have a GDP (PPP) above the $10-trillion mark (along with the United States and the
European Union). As China's economy grows, so does China's Renminbi, which undergoes the
process needed for its internationalization. The economy of China has recently initiated Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015.
China has been criticized by Western media for unfair trade practices, including artificial
currency devaluation, intellectual property theft, protectionism, and local favoritism due to oneparty oligopoly by the Communist Party of China with Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
As of 2015 there was talk of a "slowing" Chinese economy, but that referred to a slowing
of the rate of economic growth, not to a recession. The slowdown manifested in industrial
regions as excess capacity in basic industries such as steel and cement, in the auto industry as
reduced sales.
MEDIA IMPACT ON CHINA'S ECONOMY:Chinas social-media users not only are more active than those of any other country but
also, in more than 80 percent of all cases, have multiple social-media accounts, primarily with
local players (compared with just 39 percent in Japan). The use of mobile technologies to access
social media is also increasingly popular in China: there were more than 100 million mobile
social users in 2010, a number that is forecast to grow by about 30 percent annually. Finally,
because many Chinese are somewhat skeptical of formal institutions and authority, users
disproportionately value the advice of opinion leaders in social networks. An independent survey
of moisturizer purchasers, for example, observed that 66 percent of Chinese consumers relied on
recommendations from friends and family, compared with 38 percent of their US counterparts.
This explosive growth shows few signs of abating, a trend thats at least partially attributable to
the fact that its harder for the government to censor social media than other information
channels. Thats one critical way the Chinese market is unique. As you shape your own socialmedia strategy, its important to fully understand some other nuances of the countrys consumers,
content, and platforms.

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF CHINA:The politics of the People's Republic of China takes places in a framework of a socialist
republic run by a single party, the Communist Party of China. The leadership[ambiguous] of the
Communist Party is stated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. State power
within the People's Republic of China (PRC) is exercised through the Communist Party, the
Central People's Government and their provincial and local representation. The Communist Party
of China uses Internal Reference to manage and monitor internal disagreements among the
people of People's Republic of China.
MEDIA ROLE IN THE POLITICS OF CHINA:The People's Republic of China refers to the use of propaganda by the Communist Party
of China to sway public and international opinion in favor of its policies. Domestically, this
includes censorship of proscribed views and an active cultivation of views that favor the
government. Propaganda is considered central to the operation of the CPC government. The
common Chinese term xunchun can mean "dissemination", "propaganda", or "publicity".
Aspects of propaganda can be traced back to the earliest periods of Chinese history, but
propaganda has been most effective in the twentieth century owing to mass media and an
authoritarian government. China in the era of Mao Zedong is known for its constant use of mass
campaigns to legitimize the state and the policies of leaders. It was the first CPC to successfully
make use of modern mass propaganda techniques, adapting them to the needs of a country which
had a largely rural and illiterate population.
Today, propaganda in China is usually depicted through cultivation of the economy and
Chinese nationalism. the social, cultural, and political as well as economic consequences of
market reform become increasingly manifest, tensions between the oldthe way of the comrade
and the newthe way of the citizenare sharpening. Some Chinese scholars such as Zhou
Tianyong, the vice director of research of the Central Party School, argue that gradual political
reform as well as repression of those pushing for overly rapid change over the next twenty years
will be essential if China is to avoid an overly turbulent transition to a middle class dominated
polity.[9][10] Some Chinese look back to the Cultural Revolution and fear chaos if the
Communist Party should lose control due to domestic upheavals and so a robust system of
monitoring and control is in place to counter the growing pressure for political change.
MEDIA OF CHINA:Much has been written of late about the PRC governments efforts to control and censor
the Internet. The governments censorship of websites is an important issue, but it is not the top
priority of the countrys 420 million Internet users (netizens). Their top priority? Connecting
with other Chinese online. The Internet has opened access to information for ordinary Chinese
citizens in ways that were unimaginable just a few years ago. Coming from a world where

information was pre-filtered by editors at state-run media, Chinas Internet is freewheeling by

comparison. Chinese Internet users are actively engaging in social mediaespecially homegrown social media platforms. Domestic social media platforms differ in various ways from
Western platforms. Companies should learn how Chinese consumers use social media and take
advantage of the platforms to conduct consumer research, launch products, manage public
relations crises, and more. Rather than eliminate social media, restrictions on foreign websites
and social media have resulted in a flourishing home-grown, state-approved ecosystem in which
Chinese-owned properties thrive. YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter are blocked in China, but
their Chinese equivalents are expanding. By some measures, usage of Chinese social media is
some of the most intense in the world. A Boston Consulting Group study found that Chinese
Internet users are online for an average of 2.7 hours per day, considerably more than other
developing countries and more on par with usage patterns in Japan and the United States.
Numerous factors help drive Chinese, more than other populations, to engage in social
media. These include rural-to-urban migration that has separated families, the loneliness of the
one-child generation, and a distrust of information from government-controlled media. A 2008
MTV Music Matters survey found that young people across Asia have made a similar number of
friends online and offline. Only in China, however, did young people actually have more friends
online than offline. In China, more than in many countries, social media has become deeply
integrated into peoples lives.
YouTube vs. Youku and Tudou
Different social media usage patterns tell a great deal about the Internet and the country
involved. For example, Chinese netizens use online video platforms quite differently from how
Americans use YouTube. Rather than short videos of cute animals or silly domestic mishaps that
may be popular among YouTube watchers, Youku and Tudou are filled with longer form content,
up to 70 percent of which is professionally produced. Users in China spend up to an hour per day
on the sites, compared with less than 15 minutes spent by Americans on YouTube. In the way
they present programs, the Chinese sites seem more like online television stations or a
replacement for digital video recorders. Though individuals in China produce and post videos, a
large portion of online video content is longer-format professional videos. Much of this content
consists of foreign programs pirated, subtitled, and uploaded hours after broadcast in the United
States. An odd consequence is that the stars of programs such as Prison Break have a huge fan
base in China, despite the series never having been broadcast on Chinese television.
Twitter vs. Sina Weibo
Some differences between Chinese and foreign social media are rooted in culture and
language. At first glance, Sina Weibo is a latecomer to the microblog phenomenon. But launched
in 2009, just about three years after Twitter, Sina Weibo is by far the most popular microblogging
platform in China. (The PRC government has blocked Twitter, though a small number of Chinese

and resident expatriates hack their way around the blockage.)Similar to Twitter, Sina Weibo
allows users to post 140-character messages, and users can follow friends and find interesting
comments posted by others. Small but important differences in the platform have made some say
it is a Twitter clone, but better. Though mobile phones are used to send less than 20 percent of
Twitter updates in the United States, nearly half of Sina Weibos updates are sent via mobile
phone. This phenomenon points to the growth of Chinas mobile Internet, one of the biggest
trends in China and Asia.
Like Facebook, but different
Throughout much of the West, particularly the United States, Facebook holds sway as the
default social network, gathering all demographics. The same does not hold true in China, where
a handful of social networks attract segmented audiences, ranging from upmarket urban youth to
university students and migrant workers. RenRen (www.renren.com), the platform in China most
similar to Facebook, attracts university students who use the platform to connect and interact
with classmates. The site is organized around users school and graduation class. Many users
upload videos and photos of their activities.
CHINESE SOCIAL MEDIA INDEPENDENCE:China is one of the few nations (if not the only one) on earth to have the independent
freedom of indigenous social media services that the rest of the world must rely on US for, such
as Facebook and YouTube the most highly trafficked social media services in the world.
Because China doesn't allow the US to infiltrate its domestic social media networks and
has taken steps to block out certain US social media websites from getting a foothold in the
country, it has received vitriolic response from the US accusing China of censorship, humanrights abuse, and other ridiculous claim the US can pull out her burning ass.
China now should take the next step and ban all suspicious foreign news media in the
country such as CNN, BBC, Al Jazeera and their likes for their subversive and dishonest
reporting.
FIGURE OF TELEVISION:The television industry in China includes high-tech program production, transmission and
coverage. China Central Television is China's largest and most powerful national television
station. By the 1980s, two-thirds of people in China had access to television, while today, over
3,000 channels are available in the country. According to the Chinese government's plans, by
2010 the existing cable television in cities above county levels in eastern and middle parts of
China as well as in most of cities over county level in western parts of the country will be
digitalized. The analog signals within the country will be switched off in stages between 2015 to
2018, due to large size of the territory. In the meantime, the policies emphasize the continued

amalgamation of the three networks of Internet, television and telecom.According to China's

national strategy, the country aims to shift from a major television manufacturer to a digital
television power during the development of digital television industry. The policies show that by
2010, the annual sales of China's digital television sets and related products will reach RMB250
billion and the export volume will reach US$10 billion. By 2015, China's digital television
industry scale and technology level will rank among the top in the world.
Cable television in the usual transmission method in all urban areas of mainland China television aerials are an extremely rare sight. Mainland China had more than 44.5 million digital
cable television users in 2000.
Unlike many cable television operators in other countries that support two-way modes, China's
cable television runs in a one-way mode (download only, no upload and no interactive services).
FIGURE OF RADIO IN CHINA:There are over 3,000 radio stations in China. The Central People's Broadcasting Station,
the nation's official radio station, has eight channels, and broadcasts for a total of over 200 hours
per day via satellite.
Every province, autonomous region and municipality has local broadcasting stations.
China Radio International (CRI), the only national overseas broadcasting station, is beamed to all
parts of the world in 38 foreign languages, standard Chinese and four Chinese dialects, and
broadcasts for a total of over 300 hours every day. It offers various special programs of news,
current affairs, comment, entertainment, politics, economy, culture, technology and so on.
Currently, CRI ranks third in overseas broadcasting time and languages in the world.
FIGURE OF NEWSPAPER:The number of newspapers in mainland China has increased from 42virtually all Communist
Party papersin 1968 to 382 in 1980 and more than 2,200 today. By one official estimate, there
are now more than 7,000 magazines and journals in the country. The number of copies of daily
and weekly newspapers and magazines in circulation grew fourfold between the mid-1960s and
the mid-to-late 1980s, reaching 310 million by 1987.
These figures, moreover, underreport actual circulation, because many publishers use their own
distribution networks rather than official dissemination channels and also deliberately understate
figures to circumvent taxation. In addition, some 25,000 printing houses and hundreds of
individual bookstores produce and sell unofficial materialmostly romance literature and
pornography but also political and intellectual journals.
China has many newspapers but the front runners are all State-run: the People's Daily, Beijing
Daily, Guangming Daily and the Liberation Daily. The two primary news agencies in China are
Xinhua News Agency and the China News Service. Xinhua was authorised to censor and edit the

news of the foreign agencies in 2007. Some[who?] saw the power of Xinhua as making the press
freedom weak and it allowed Xinhua to control the news market fully.
Much of the information collected by the Chinese mainstream media is published in neicans
(internal, limited circulation reports prepared for the high-ranking government officials), not in
the public outlets.
THEORY OF PRESS FOLLOWING BY CHINESE MEDIA:China are the best examples of the Soviet/Communist system in existence today.
MEDIA OF PAKISTANI
Media in Pakistan provides information on television, radio, cinema, newspapers, and
magazines in Pakistan. Pakistan has a vibrant media landscape; among the most dynamic in
South Asia. To a large extent the media enjoys freedom of expression in spite of political
pressure and direct bans sometimes administered by political stake holders. The Pakistan
Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has been used to silence the broadcast media
by either suspending licenses or by simply threatening to do so Media freedom in Pakistan is
complicated, journalists are free to report on most things. However any articles critical of the
Government or the Military and related security agencies are automatically censored.
IN 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters without borders ranked Pakistan number 158
out of 180 countries based on freedom of the press. While Freedom House in its latest report
listed the media in Pakistan as "Not Free."
MEDIA HISTORY OF PAKISTAN:When we talk about media, we must know its history. Media history is based on PRINT
media or we can say that it is the oldest media of mass communication. In the beginning (1947),
Pakistan started a weak press with very little rules and regulations (very few news). Not a single
newspaper was published in East Pakistan and Baluchistan, but in the NWFP (now Khyber
Pakhtoonkhwa) had two daily newspapers. These newspapers were owned by Muslims who had
migrated to Pakistan. Including Daily Azad and Moring news (shifted to Dhaka), Jang, dawn and
anjam (in Karachi).
After Pakistan came in to his existence, a number of newspapers were published, but due
to financial problems and many other reasons, they did not continue their publication such as
ROSHNI, INQALAB and MUSALMAN.
English press was not so strong at that time due to problems like lack of education and
development. Not a single daily had been published from the area of East Pakistan from 1947 to
1971.

The first news agency was APP (Associated Press of Pakistan). It was established in
1947. It was a private news agency since 1947 to 1961. Government took its control on 1961 by
an ordinance.
Except APP, there are six more agencies in Pakistan: PPI (Pakistan Press International)
1968, PA (Pakistan Agency) 1992, UNA (United news agency) and NNI (News Network
International) 1992.
With the passage of time the role of media is increasing day by day.
ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN:The economy of Pakistan is the 26th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power
parity (PPP), and 38th largest in terms of nominal Gross Domestic Product. Pakistan has a
population of over 190 million (the world's 6th-largest), giving it a nominal GDP per capita of
$4,993, which ranks 133th in the world. Pakistan is a developing country and is one of the Next
Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the
world's large economies in the 21st century. The economy is semi-industrialized, with centres of
growth along the Indus River. Primary export commodities include textiles, leather goods, sports
goods, chemicals and carpets/rugs. The economy has suffered in the past from internal political
disputes, a fast-growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment. Pakistan is currently
undergoing a process of economic liberalization, including privatization of all government
corporations, aimed to attract foreign investment and decrease budget deficit.
Pakistan's service sector accounts for about 53.3% of GDP. Transport, storage,
communications, finance, and insurance account for 24% of this sector, and wholesale and retail
trade about 30%. Pakistan is trying to promote the information industry and other modern service
industries through incentives such as long-term tax holidays.
The government is acutely conscious of the immense job growth opportunities in service
sector and has launched aggressive privatisation of telecommunications, utilities and banking
despite union unrest. After the deregulation of the telecommunication industry, the sector has
seen an exponential growth. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd has emerged as a
successful Forbes 2000 conglomerate with over US $1 billion in sales in 2005. The mobile
telephone market has exploded fourteen-fold since 2000 to reach a subscriber base of 91 million
users in 2008, one of the highest mobile teledensities in the entire world.[89] In addition, there
are over 6 million landlines in the country with 100% fibre-optic network and coverage via WLL
in even the remotest areas. As a result, Pakistan won the prestigious Government Leadership
award of GSM Association in 2006.
The contribution of the telecom sector to the national exchequer increased to Rs 110
billion in the year-end 200708 on account of the general sales tax, activation charges and other
steps as compared to Rs 100 billion in the year-end 200607.[citation needed]

The World Bank estimates that it takes about 3 days to get a phone connection in Pakistan.
In Pakistan, the following are the top mobile phone operators:

Mobilink (Parent: Orascom Telecom Holding, Egypt)

Ufone (Parent: PTCL (Etisalat), Pakistan/UAE)
Telenor (Parent: Telenor, Norway)
Warid (Parent: Abu Dhabi Group / SingTel, UAE/Singapore)
Zong (Parent: China Mobile, China)

By March 2009, Pakistan had 91 million mobile subscribers 25 million more

subscribers than reported in the same period in 2008. In addition to the 3.1 million fixed lines,
while as many as 2.4 million are using Wireless Local Loop connections. Sony Ericsson, Nokia
and Motorola along with Samsung and LG remain the most popular brands among customers.
Pakistan is ranked 4th in terms of broadband Internet growth in the world, as the subscriber base
of broadband Internet has been increasing rapidly. The rankings are released by Point Topic
Global broadband analysis, a global research center.
Pakistan has more than 20 million Internet users in 2009. The country is said to have a
potential to absorb up to 50 million mobile phone Internet users in the next 5 years thus a
potential of nearly 1 million connections per month.
Almost all of the main government departments, organizations and institutions have their own
websites.
The use of search engines and instant messaging services is also booming. Pakistanis are
some of the most ardent chatterson the Internet, communicating with users all over the world.
Recent years have seen a huge increase in the use of online marriage services, for example,
leading to a major re-alignment of the tradition of arranged marriages.
As of 2007 there were six cell phone companies operating in the country with nearly 90
million mobile phone users in the country. There were 140 million mobile phone users in
Pakistan in 2014, eighth largest in the world.
Wireless local loop and the landline telephony sector has also been liberalised and private
sector has entered thus increasing the teledensity rate. In mid-2008, the Local Loop installed
capacity reached around 5.5 million.
Telecom industry created of 80,000 jobs directly and 500,000 jobs indirectly.
Impact of Media on Economy